ch 24 (urinary system) quiz

Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that is made in the atria of the heart. The influence of this 78) hormone is to ________. A) activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism B) prevent pH changes caused by organic acids C) enhance atrial contractions D) reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention

D) reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention

An important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is ________. A) the same as water B) much higher than water C) less than water D) slightly higher than water

D) slightly higher than water

The maintenance of the proper pH of the body fluids may be the result of ________. A) control of the acids produced in the stomach B) the active secretion of OH- into the filtrate by the kidney tubule cells C) the operation of the various buffer systems in the stomach D) the control of respiratory ventilation

D) the control of respiratory ventilation

Hypoproteinemia is a condition of unusually low levels of plasma proteins. This problem is often characterized by ________. A) confusion B) extreme weight loss C) nerve damage D) tissue edema

D) tissue edema

Which of the following is not a disorder of water balance? A) excess water in interstitial spaces due to a low level of plasma proteins B) edema or tissue swelling, which is usually due to an increased capillary hydrostatic pressure C) excessive hydration due to excess ANP secretion

C) excessive hydration due to excess ANP secretion

The regulation of potassium balance ________. A) is accomplished mainly by hepatic mechanisms B) includes renal secretion, but never absorption C) involves aldosterone-induced secretion of potassium D) is not linked to sodium balance

C) involves aldosterone-induced secretion of potassium

The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________. A) is impermeable to most substances B) has a basement membrane C) is drained by an efferent arteriole D) has a blood pressure much lower than other organ systems

C) is drained by an efferent arteriole

The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________. A) distal convoluted tubule B) collecting duct C) nephron loop D) glomerular filtration membrane

C) nephron loop

Which of the following is not a chemical buffer system? A) protein B) phosphate C) nucleic acid D) bicarbonate

C) nucleic acid

Site that drains the distal convoluted tubule.

Collecting duct.

What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal? A) Net filtration would increase above normal. B) Capsular osmotic pressure would compensate so that filtration would not change. C) Filtration would increase in proportion to the increase in capsular pressure. D) Net filtration would decrease.

D) Net filtration would decrease

Annie has just eaten a large order of heavily salted French fries, some pickled eggs, and some cheese. How will consuming this much salt affect her physiology? A) It will cause a prolonged increase in the osmolality of the blood. B) There will be a shift in the pH of her body fluids to the higher side of the pH scale. C) She will experience hypotension. D) There will be a temporary increase in blood volume.

D) There will be a temporary increase in blood volume.

Which of the choices below exerts primary control over sodium levels in the body? 80) A) water levels B) ADH C) glucocorticoids D) aldosterone

D) aldosterone

Total body water is not a function of which of the following? A) age C) body mass B) amount of body fat D) amount of water ingested

D) amount of water ingested

Which of the choices below is not an essential role of salts in the body? A) secretory activity C) membrane permeability B) neuromuscular activity D) anabolism of lipids

D) anabolism of lipids

The function of angiotensin II is to ________. A) decrease arterial blood pressure B) decrease the production of aldosterone C) decrease water absorption D) constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure

D) constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure

Which of the following is not a method for regulating the hydrogen ion concentration in blood? A) chemical buffer systems B) respiratory changes C) renal mechanism D) diet

D) diet

The most important force causing net water flow across capillary walls is ________. A) intracellular hydrostatic pressure C) hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid B) osmotic pressure of plasma proteins D) hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood

D) hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood

Problems with fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance are particularly common in infants because of their ________. A) low daily rate of fluid exchange B) low rate of insensible water loss C) comparatively low metabolic rates D) inefficient kidneys

D) inefficient kidneys

The movement of fluids between cellular compartments ________. 75) A) requires ATP for the transport to take place B) involves filtration C) requires active transport D) is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces

D) is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces

Which of the following is the least important influence on reabsorption of a substance in the nephron? A) molecule size relative to fenestrations. B) lipid solubility. C) number of carriers. D) molecular complexity

D) molecular complexity

* Which of the following is not a part of the juxtaglomerular complex? A) macula densa B) granular cells C) mesangial cells D) podocyte cells

D) podocyte cells

Which of the following is the correct sequence of kidney development from embryo to fetus? A) pronephros, metanephros, mesonephros C) mesonephros, pronephros, metanephros B) mesonephros, metanephros, pronephros D) pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros

D) pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros

If the GFR is too low, needed substances may pass so quickly through the renal tubules that they are not absorbed and instead are lost in the urine.

False

Site of filtrate formation.

Glomerulus.

* The factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the ________.

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________.

increase in the production of ADH

If one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does this mean?

Normally all the glucose is reabsorbed.

Blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells

Peritubular capillaries.

Site at which most of the tubular reabsorption occurs.

Proximal convoluted tubule.

* Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle?

a vasa recta

Which gland sits atop each kidney?

adrenal

Which of the choices below are the most important hormone regulators of electrolyte reabsorption and secretion? A) angiotensin II and ADH B) angiotensin I and atrial natriuretic peptide C) angiotensin I and epinephrine D) angiotensin II and aldosterone

angiotensin II and aldosterone

* If the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the amino acid will ________.

appear in the urine

* The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________.

by a decrease in the blood pressure

* Tubular reabsorption ________.

by active mechanisms usually involves movement against an electrical and/or chemical gradient

* The descending limb of the loop of Henle ________.

contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla

* Which of the choices below is not a glomerular filtration rate control method? A) hormonal regulation B) neural regulation C) renal autoregulation D) electrolyte levels

electrolyte levels

The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________. A) capsular space C) glomerular capsule B) nephron D) nephron loop

nephron

* The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________. A) filtration B) osmosis C) active transport D) cotransport with sodium ions

osmosis

Urine passes through the ________.

pelvis of the kidney to ureter to bladder to urethra

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for ________.

regulating the rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic blood pressure

* The filtration membrane includes all except ________.

renal fascia

What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion and water retention? A) aldosterone C) atrial natriuretic peptide

C) atrial natriuretic peptide

The macula densa cells respond to ________. A) antidiuretic hormone B) changes in pressure in the tubule C) changes in solute content of the filtrate D) aldosterone

C) changes in solute content of the filtrate

* An important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is ________.

1.001-1.035

Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts? A) Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts. B) There are always more positive electrolytes than negative in a solution; it is therefore impossible to follow fluid shifts. C) Nonelectrolytes are the controlling factor in directing fluid shifts.

A) Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest

Which of the following does not describe the juxtaglomerular complex? A) Its macula densa cells produce aldosterone. B) It helps control systemic blood pressure. C) Its granular cells produce rennin. D) It regulates the rate of filtrate formation.

A) Its macula densa cells produce aldosterone.

Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids? A) K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids B) Na+ mainly in the cells, K+ in the body fluids C) little of either in the cells, but large amounts of each in the body fluids D) equal amounts of each ion in the cells and body fluids

A) K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids

Which of the following best describes kidney function in older adults (70 years or older)? A) Kidney function decreases due to kidney atrophy. B) Kidney function remains the same throughout life, regardless of age. C) Only obese and diabetic older adults have any kidney dysfunction. D) Only about 3% of older adults have any loss of kidney function.

A) Kidney function decreases due to kidney atrophy.

Select the correct statement about the nephrons. A) The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium. B) The glomerulus is correctly described as the proximal end of the proximal convoluted tubule. C) Filtration slits are the pores that give fenestrated capillaries their name. D) Podocytes are the branching epithelial cells that line the tubules of the nephron.

A) The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium.

One of the major physiological factors that triggers thirst is ________ A) a rise in plasma osmolality B) a dry mouth from high temperatures C) drinking caffeinated beverages D) becoming overly agitated

A) a rise in plasma osmolality

The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney. A) arcuate B) interlobar C) cortical radiate D) lobar

A) arcuate

The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the ________ buffer system. A) bicarbonate B) protein C) hemoglobin

A) bicarbonate

Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule? A) creatinine B) Na+ C) K+

A) creatinine

A disease caused by inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the pituitary gland with symptoms of polyuria is ________. A) diabetes insipidus B) diabetes mellitus C) diabetic acidosis D) coma

A) diabetes insipidus

* The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________. A) glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure) B) protein-regulated diffusion C) the ionic electrochemical gradient D) the size of the pores in the basement membrane of the capillaries

A) glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)

Most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________. A) hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments B) accomplished after the nephron loop is reached C) not limited by a transport maximum D) in the distal convoluted tubule

A) hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments

Excretion of dilute urine requires ________. A) impermeability of the collecting tubule to water B) transport of sodium and chloride ions out of the descending nephron loop C) relative permeability of the distal tubule to water D) the presence of ADH

A) impermeability of the collecting tubule to water

A patient is breathing slowly and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high value. What is the likely diagnosis? A) metabolic alkalosis B) respiratory acidosis C) metabolic acidosis D) respiratory alkalosis

A) metabolic alkalosis

The fluid in the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of ________. A) plasma protein B) glucose C) hormones D) electrolytes

A) plasma protein

Which of the choices below is the least important role of tubular secretion? A) ridding the body of bicarbonate ions B) ridding the body of excessive potassium ions C) disposing of substances not already in the filtrate, such as certain drugs D) eliminating undesirable substances such as urea and uric acid that have been reabsorbed by passive processes

A) ridding the body of bicarbonate ions

Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)? A) the stretching of the bladder wall B) motor neurons C) the sympathetic efferents D) the pressure of the fluid in the bladder

A) the stretching of the bladder wall

* Which of the hormones below is responsible for facultative water reabsorption?

ADH

Which statement is correct?

ANSWER IS NOT - The excretion of sodium ions is one of the mechanisms that maintains the pH balance of the blood

Which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system? A) maintains blood osmolarity B) eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat C) regulates blood glucose levels and produces hormones D) helps maintain homeostasis by controlling th

B) eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat

Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from 12) the body. 1. major calyx 2. minor calyx 3. nephron 4. urethra 5. ureter 6. collecting duct A) 2, 1, 3, 6, 5, 4 B) 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4 C) 6, 3, 2, 1, 5, 4 D) 3, 1, 2, 6, 5, 4

B) 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4

The renal corpuscle is made up of ________. A) the renal pyramid B) Bowman's capsule and glomerulus C) the descending loop of Henle D) the renal papilla

B) Bowman's capsule and glomerulus

Respiratory acidosis can occur when ________. A) a runner has completed a very long marathon B) a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction C) the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions D) a person consumes excessive amounts of antacids

B) a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction

Which of the following does not depend on the presence of electrolytes? A) membrane polarity B) amount of body fat C) maintenance of osmotic relations between cells and ECF D) neuromuscular excitability

B) amount of body fat

Which of the choices below is not a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH? A) by producing new bicarbonate ions B) by secreting sodium ions C) by secreting hydrogen ions into the filtrate D) by reabsorbing filtered bicarbonate ions

B) by secreting sodium ions

Which of the choices below is a function of the nephron loop? A) absorb electrolytes actively and water by osmosis in the same segments B) form a large volume of very dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine C) absorb water and electrolytes into the tubular network D) form a large volume of very concentrated urine or a small volume of very dilute urine

B) form a large volume of very dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine

What is the most direct function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? A) help regulate urea absorption by the kidneys B) help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys C) help regulate water and electrolyte excretion by the kidneys D) help regulate blood pressure and the rate of excretion by the kidneys

B) help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys

Which of the following is not a trigger for juxtaglomerular granular cells to release renin? A) decreased filtrate NaCl concentration B) increased extracellular fluid water levels C) sympathetic stimulation D) decreased stretch due to decreased blood pressure

B) increased extracellular fluid water levels

Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________. A) increases the rate of glomerular filtration C) increases secretion of ADH B) inhibits the release of ADH D) is not reabsorbed by the tubule cells

B) inhibits the release of ADH

The regulation of sodium ________. A) involves aldosterone, a hormone that increases sodium excretion in the kidneys B) is linked to blood pressure C) involves hypothalamic osmoreceptor detection of ion concentration D) is due to specific sodium receptors in the hypothalamus

B) is linked to blood pressure

Which of the choices below is the salt level-monitoring part of the nephron? A) vasa recta B) macula densa C) loop of Henle D) principal cell

B) macula densa

Which cells of the kidney are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in solute content of the filtrate? A) podocytes B) macula densa cells C) juxtaglomerular cells D) mesangial cells

B) macula densa cells

Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is breathing rapidly. Given your knowledge of acid-base balance, which of the following is most likely? A) metabolic alkalosis B) metabolic acidosis C) respiratory acidosis D) respiratory alkalosis

B) metabolic acidosis

The fluid link between the external and internal environment is ________. A) interstitial fluid C) intracellular fluid B) plasma D) cerebrospinal fluid

B) plasma

The single most important factor influencing potassium ion secretion is ________. A) the potassium ion content in the renal tubule cells B) potassium ion concentration in blood plasma C) intracellular sodium levels D) the pH of the ICF

B) potassium ion concentration in blood

A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates ________. A) metabolic acidosis B) respiratory acidosis C) metabolic alkalosis D) respiratory alkalosis

B) respiratory acidosis

Newborn infants have a relatively higher ________ content in their ECF than do adults. A) bicarbonate B) sodium C) iron D) magnesium

B) sodium

The body's water volume is closely tied to the level of which of the following ions? A) potassium ions B) sodium ions C) hydrogen ions D) calcium ions

B) sodium ions

In the ascending limb of the nephron loop the ________. A) thin segment is freely permeable to water B) thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption C) thick segment is permeable to water D) thin segment is not permeable to sodium and chloride

B) thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption

Which of the following is not true regarding tubular reabsorption? A) It is a reclamation process. B) It involves hormonal signals in the collecting ducts. C) It is a purely passive transport process. D) It occurs via transcellular or paracellular routes.

C) It is a purely passive transport process.

The term hypotonic hydration refers to ________. A) a condition that is caused by high levels of sodium in the extracellular fluid compartment B) the feeling one might have after profuse sweating with exertion C) a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking extraordinary amounts of water D) the unpleasant feeling people have after drinking too much liquor

C) a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking extraordinary amounts of water

Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid? A) antidiuretic hormone B) renin C) aldosterone D) erythropoietin

C) aldosterone

Which of the following hormones is important in stimulating water conservation in the kidneys? 79) A) progesterone B) atrial natriuretic peptide C) antidiuretic hormone

C) antidiuretic hormone

Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement?

The male urethra serves both the urinary and reproductive systems at the same time.

Select the correct statement about urinary system development. A) The pronephros (first tubule system) develops during the tenth week of gestation. B) The mesonephros will develop into the kidneys. C) Kidneys develop from urogenital ridges. D) The metanephric ducts will become the urethras.

Kidneys develop from urogenital ridges.

* Select the correct statement about the ureters.

The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract.

Which of the following is not a reason why substances are either not reabsorbed or are incompletely reabsorbed from the nephron?

They are extremely complex molecules.

Which of the following statements describes the histology of the ureters?

They are trilayered (mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia).

* Water reabsorption through the proximal convoluted tubule is termed obligatory water reabsorption, whereas water reabsorption through the distal convoluted tubule is termed facultative water reabsorption.

True

The entire responsibility for urine formation lies with the nephron

True

Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by ________. A) facilitated diffusion C) countertransport B) secondary active transport D) passive transport

secondary active transport

* The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it ________.

stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position

Fetal kidneys do not have to work very hard because ________.

the placenta allows the mother's urinary system to clear the waste from fetal blood

The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium. 11) A) simple squamous B) stratified squamous C) transitional

transitional