Ch. 26 Motor Drives, Tech-Check: Ch. 25 Solid-State Relays and Starters, chapter 18- generators and motor controls, Chapter 19 Reduced Voltage Starting, Chapter 15: Reversing Motors, Chapter 17: Motor Stopping Methods, Chapter 16 - Timing and Countin...
Applications that use flow switches to detect the presence or absence of flow include ___ systems
(sprinkler, refrigeration, water treatment) hoist
Transient suppression modules normally consist of resistance/capacitance (RC) circuits and are designed to suppress the voltage transients to approximately ___% of peak coil supply voltage.
200
A ___ V, 1Φ power source has two hot wires, L1 and L2 (ungrounded conductors), and no neutral.
230
cingulate motor areas
3 small areas in the cortex of the cingulate gyrus
The majority of industrial applications normally use ___ motors.
3Φ induction
A ___ timer is an integrated circuit (IC) that can function as either a timer or an oscillator.
555
A motor started in the wye configuration receives approximately______ of the normal voltage and develops approximately ______ of the normal torque.
58% , 33%
How many leads extend from a wye-delta motor?
6
In a solenoid coil, the inrush current is approximately ___ times the sealed current.
6 to 10
Drop-out voltage can be as low as ___% of the solenoid rated voltage.
70
For most solenoids, the minimum pick-up voltage is about ___ of the solenoid rated voltage.
80% to 85%
A form ___ relay has one contact that is NO and closes (makes) when the coil is energized.
A
3 principles of sensorimotor function
- system is hierarchially organized - motor output is guided by sensory input - learning can change the nature and the locus of sensorimotor control
What benefits does a braking resistor have?
1. helps stop the motor faster 2. helps control motor torque during repeated on/off motor cycling.
27.68
1 psi = ______ in WC
Overvoltage or undervoltage conditions in relays of more than ___% should be corrected.
10
The voltage applied to a solenoid should be +/- ___% of the solenoid rated value.
10
When troubleshooting a contactor or motor starter, the voltage is acceptable if the voltage reading is within ___% of the motor voltage rating.
10
Relays are available with 1 to ___ poles.
12
A preset value of 1234 with a time base setting of 0.01 sec is equal to ___ sec.
12.34
Depending on design relays normally do not control power-consuming devices directly except for small loads that draw less than ___ A.
15
___ the stator pole is the simplest method used to start a 1 phase motor.
Shading
What is the only way to reverse a DC compound motor?
reversing the armature connections only
A(n) ___ coil sets up an auxiliary magnetic field that helps hold in the armature as the main coil magnetic field drops to zero in an AC circuit.
shading
A ___ circuit is a circuit that suppresses noise and high voltage on the power lines.
snubber
The installation costs for ___ motor starters tend to be the highest.
solid-state
primitive reflexes
suck/swallow, ATNR, STNR, TLR, PSR, CER, palmar grasp, plantar grasp
Primary resistor starting is a reduced-voltage starting method that uses a resistor connected in each motor line (in one line for a 1Φ starter) to produce a ___.
voltage drop
Push roller
A ____ actuator is an actuator operated by direct forward movement into the limit switch
Brownout
A ____ is a reduction of the voltage level by a power company to conserve power during times of peak usage or excessive loading of the power distribution system.
Contact pole
A ____ is not a basic actuator used on limit switches
Capacitive
A ____ level switch detects the dielectric variation when a product is in contact with the probe and when the product is not in contact with the probe
Momentary
A ____ power interruption is a decrease to 0v on one or more power lines lasting from 0.5 cycles up to 3 sec.
Limit
A ____ switch is a mechanical input that requires physical contact of the object with the switch actuator
Level
A ____ switch is a switch that detects the height of a liquid or solid inside of a tank
Operating
A pressure switch is rated according to its _____ pressure range
SPDT-SB
A relay contact with one pole, two throws, and one break is abbreviated as________
Sticking
A relay should be checked for contact _______ or binding if it is not functioning properly.
impulse
A(n)____ transient voltage is a transient voltage commonly caused by lightning strikes and when loads with coils (motor starters and motors) are turned off.
tap
A____ is a connection brought out of a winding at a point between its end points to allow the voltage or current ratio to be changed.
A(n) ___ is a letter or combination of letters that represents a word.
Abbreviation
In most cases it is the operating coil in the circuit that is responsible for initiating the ___.
Action
Push Roller Actuator
Actuator operated by direct forward movement into the limit switch.
Fork Lever Actuator
Actuator operated by either one of two roller arms. Used where the actuating object travels in two directions.
Lever Actuator
Actuator operated by means of a lever that is attached to the shaft of the limit switch.
Wobble Stick Actuator
Actuator operated by means of any movement into the switch, except a direct pull.
________ in electric motor drives are single phase full-wave rectifiers, single phase bridge rectifiers, or 3 phase full-wave rectifiers.
Converters
Rises
Cooling system maintains a set temperature when the ambient temperature ____________
Originally, most knife switches were made of ___, which required replacement after repeated arcing, heat generation, and mechanical fatigue.
Copper
___ is the most commonly used conductor material.
Copper
Two
All contacts can have a maximum of _______ break(s)
Constant Horsepower/Variable Torque
An example of a ____ load is a center-driven winder used to roll and unroll materials such as paper or metal.
What two devices are used to for DC motor reduced-voltage starting?
A starting rheostat or solid-state circuit
Why is the current high when starting a three phase motor?
Because of the lack of CEMF
The current drawn by a motor when starting is excessive due to a lack of ___ at the instant of starting.
CEMF
Jumbo Mushroom Button Operator
Can be operated from any angle and is used in applications that require fast operation such as emergency stops, motor stops, and valve shutoffs
__________ frequency is the frequency that controls the number of times solid-state switches in the inverter of a motor drive with pulse width modulation turn on and off.
Carrier
The numerical cross-reference method is used on ___ line diagrams.
Complex
A(n) ___ is a material that has very little resistance to current flow and permits electrons to move through it easily.
Conductor
Typical ___ life ratings are 100000 to 500000 operations.
Contact
Relay ___ are described by their number of poles throws and breaks.
Contacts
Temperature Switch
Control device that reacts to heat intensity
Flow Switch
Control switch that detects the movement of a fluid
Foot Switch
Control switch that is operated by a person's foot.
The control circuit for a motor drive does not require a ________ __________ because the motor drive provides the control circuit power at the terminals where the control devices are connected.
Control transformer
________ measurements are taken to determine the condition of a motor.
Current
Piston
Cylinder that is moved back and forth in a tight-fitting chamber by the pressure applied in the chamber.
Bellows
Cylindrical device with several deep folds that expand or contract when pressure is applied.
A _____ ______ filters the voltage and maintains the proper DC voltage level in a motor drive.
DC bus
What is another name for electric braking?
DC injection breaking
What type of motor is dynamic breaking more commonly used with?
DC motors
___ timers are the oldest type of industrial timers.
Dashpot
The ___ of a circuit adds, subtracts, sorts, selects, and redirects the signals from the control devices to the load.
Decision
_________ parameters are normally the most conservative and frequently used parameter values that create the least amount of risk to equipment and personnel.
Default
Diaphragm
Deflecting mechanism that moves when a force(pressure) is applied.
Operator
Device that is pressed, pulled, or rotated by the individual operating the circuit.
An example of a(n) ____ process is a standard light switch that has only two positions: fully on or fully off.
Digital
What is the oldest and most straightforward motor control wiring method used?
Direct Hardwiring
_______ parameters are used to give a visual display of operating conditions, which can be used when installing, testing, operating, and troubleshooting a circuit using a motor drive.
Display
A(n) ___ relay is a switching device that has sets of contacts that are closed by a magnetic effect.
Electromechanical
___ overload relays are extremely quick to reset because they do not require a cooling-off period before being reset.
Magnetic
A ___ switch contains a float a moving magnet and a magnetically operated reed switch to detect the level of a liquid.
Magnetic Level
___ are used to reduce the distance required and yet quench arcs quickly.
Magnetic blowout coils
What is the first step to troubleshooting reversing power circuits?
Measure the incoming voltage between each pair of power leads. Incoming voltage must be within 10% of the voltage rating of the motor. Measure the voltage at the main power panel feeding the control cabinet if no voltage is present or if the voltage is not at the correct level.
What is the first step to troubleshooting reversing control circuits?
Measure the supply voltage of the control circuit by connecting a DMM set to measure voltage between line 1 (hot conductor) and line 2 (neutral conductor). Test the power circuit if the voltage is not correct. The control circuit voltage rating is determined by the voltage rating of the loads used in the control circuit (motor starter coils, etc.).
What is the fourth step to troubleshooting reversing power circuits?
Measure the voltage at the motor terminals. The voltage must be within 10% of the motor rating and equal on each power line. There is a problem with the motor or mechanical connection if the voltage is correct and the motor does not operate.
What is the third step to troubleshooting reversing control circuits?
Measure the voltage into and out of the control switch or contacts. NC switches (stop pushbuttons, etc.) should have a voltage output before they are activated. NO switches (start pushbuttons, memory contacts, etc.) should have a voltage output only after they are activated.
Additional stop pushbuttons are connected in series using _________ logic with the existing stop pushbutton.
NOR
___ logic is an extension of NOT logic in which two or more NC contacts in series are used to control a load.
NOR
___ logic has an output if the control signal is OFF.
NOT
________ logic is used in a circuit when a pilot light is used to show that an operation has stopped.
NOT
Reed relays are sealed with dry ___ creating a clean inner atmosphere for the contacts.
Nitrogen
___ start is the most common solid-state starting method.
Soft
A(n) "___" indicated when the load is de-energized.
O
In a foot switch, the ___ position is normally spring-loaded so that the switch automatically returns to that position when released.
OFF
The load is ___ all the time if no control device is included in a line.
ON
Addition start pushbuttons are connected in parallel using _______ logic with the existing start pushbuttons.
OR
___ stop is the most common solid-state motor starter stopping method.
Soft
___ timers are the most common type of timer in use.
On-delay
No more than ___ load(s) should be placed in any circuit line between the power lines L1 and L2.
One
27.68 in WC.
One psi
An ____________ is the device that pressed, pulled, or rotated by the individual operating the circuit.
Operator
Joystick
Operator that selects one to eight different circuit conditions when the joystick is shifted from the center position into one of the other positions.
A(n) ___ is a disconnect switch with circuit breakers (CBs) or fuses added to provide overcurrent protection for the switched circuit.
Overcurrent Protection Device (OCPD)
10
Overvoltage or undervoltage conditions in relays of more than ______% should be corrected.
___ action is the principal operating mechanism for magnetic contactors.
Solenoid
A numerical cross-reference system consists of numbers in ___ to the right of the line diagram.
Parentheses
Contact Block
Part of the pushbutton that is activated when the operator is pressed.
What starting method is typically the cheapest?
Part-winding
Operating
Pressure switch is rated according to its operating pressure range
Constant Horsepower/Variable Torque
Speed and torque are inversely proportional in ____ loads.
What are the advantages of Autotransformer starting
Provides highest torque per ampere of line current, 3 different starting torques available through autotransformer taps, suitable for relatively long starting periods, motor current is greater than line current during starting.
Extended Button Operators
Pushbutton that has the button extended beyond the guard.
Flush Button Operator
Pushbutton with a guard ring surrounding the button that prevents accidental operation.
Half-Shrouded Button Operators
Pushbutton with a guard ring that extends over the top half of the button.
___ are the most common control switches used on industrial equipment.
Pushbuttons
_________________ are the most common control switches used on industrial equipment.
Pushbuttons
full-load
Starting Torque is the torque required to start a motor and is normally expressed as a percentage of ______ torque.
How do you reverse a three-phase motor?
Swap the L1 and L3 power lines
Three-Position Selector Switch
Switch that allows the operator to select one of three circuit conditions.
Two-Position Selector Switch
Switch that allows the operator to select one of two circuit conditions.
Selector Switch
Switch with an operator that is rotated to activate the electrical contacts.
A(n) ___ is a graphic element that represents a quantity or unit.
Symbol
In a 3 phase motor, the leads that are brought out externally are labeled with a(n) ___.
T
_________ is used to reduce interference in the power source.
Reduced-voltage starting
Sulfidation increases the ___ of the contacts.
Resistance
How do you tell which windings resistance you are reading when trying to find the leads of a single phase motor?
Running windings have much heavier gauge wire making them having much less resistance then the starting windings which have much smaller gauge of wire.
Piston
Sensing devices that are used for high-pressure application
___ motors that fail are usually replaced.
Shaded-pole
The ___ accomplishes no work by itself; it merely starts or stops the flow of current in that part of the circuit.
Signal
The dashed line method works well when the control contacts are close together and the circuit is relatively ___.
Simple
What are the advantages of Primary Resistor Starting?
Smooth acceleration, high power factor during start, less expensive than autotransformer starter in low HPs, available with as many as 5 accelerating points
What are the conditions for the two methods used to connect the solenoid into the circuit?
The first method is used if the solenoid has a voltage rating equal to the motor voltage rating. The second method is used if the solenoid has a voltage rating equal to the voltage between L1 and the neutral.
___ starting is the least expensive and most efficient means of starting a motor for applications involving small-horsepower motors.
Full-voltage
A ___ relay is a mechanical switch operated by a magnetic coil.
General-Purpose
___ relays are designed for commercial and industrial applications where economy and fast replacement are high priorities.
General-Purpose
___ is/are not an additional feature of machine control delays.
Hermetic Sealing
___ trip is the trip point after the overloads have tripped and have been reset (motor operating near or over nameplate rated current).
Hot
___ is the property of matter by which a mass persists in its state of rest or motion until acted upon by an external force.
Inertia
Reed
Is a fast operating, single-pole, single-throw switch with normally open contacts hermetically sealed in a glass envelope.
What are the disadvantages of Autotransformer starting
It is the most expensive design in lower HP ratings, low power factor, large physical size
________ is the frequent starting and stopping of a motor for short periods of time.
Jogging
A ________ is an operator that selects one to eight different circuit conditions when it is shifted from its center position.
Joystick
Although any two lines may be interchanged to reverse a 3Φ motor, the industry standard is to interchange L1 and ___.
L3
Resistive Loads
Least destructive loads to switch
What are the advantages of Part-winding starting
Least expensive reduced voltage starter, most dual-voltage mtors can be started part-winding on lower voltage, small physical size
A(n) _____________ is a part of a switch that includes the written description of the switch's operation.
Legend plate
Conductive Probe Level Switch
Level switch that uses liquid to complete the electrical path between two conductive probes
___ switches may be used to provide automatic control of reversing circuits.
Limit
Dot
Line diagrams may use a ____ to indicate which joystick position will operate the contacts
Dot
Line diagrams use _____________ to indicate which joystick position will operate the contacts
A ___ diagram is used to show the relationship between circuits and their components but not the actual location of the components.
Line(Ladder)
___ diagrams are one of the oldest and most common methods of illustrating and understanding basic logic functions.
Line(ladder)
What is the steady-state current taken from the power line with the rotor locked (stopped) and with the voltage applied?
Locked rotor current (LRC)
What are the disadvantages of Primary Resistor Starting?
Low torque efficiency, resistors give off heat, starting time in excess of 5 sec, requires expensive resistors, difficult to change starting torque under varying conditions
___ control provides low-voltage release and low-voltage protection.
Three-wire
A __________ table is made and positioned near the switch to illustrate each position and each contact.
Truth
All contacts can have a maximum of ___ break(s).
Two
___-way valves are used as shutoff, check, and quick-exhaust valves.
Two
To differentiate between NO and NC contacts NC contacts are indicated as a number that is ___.
Underlined
Flow Switches
Use a paddle to detect the movement of the product
Pulse width modulation controls the amount of ______ output.
Voltage
A __________ is placed in a truth table if a contact is closed in any position.
X
A(n) ___ is placed in a truth table if a contact is closed in any position.
X
selective motion
abiltiy to control motion at each joint
motor end-plate
activated by acetylcholine, causes muscle fibers to contract
dynamic contraction
activation of a muscle that increases the tension it exerts on two bones by shortening and pulling them together
isometric contraction
activation of a muscle that increases the tension it exerts on two bones without shortening and pulling them together
selected pattern with overlay
affected side will move into synergy when stressed
A(n) ___ switching relay has a built-in synchronizing circuit that controls the amount of output voltage as a function of the input voltage.
analog
A(n) ___ is a meter that can measure two or more electrical properties and displays the measured properties along calibrated scales using a pointer.
analog multimeter
A(n) ___ is the movable part of a solenoid.
armature
Dynamic braking is normally applied to DC motors because there must be access to the ___ via the brushes to take advantage of the generator action.
armature
Reversal of a DC compound motor is accomplished by reversing the ___ connections only.
armature
A(n) ___ recycle timer is a timer that has independent adjustments for the on and off time periods.
asymmetrical
A motor cannot be used for plugging if it cannot be reversed ___.
at full speed
postural mechanisms
automative involuntary motiions that provide mobilty and stability
The ___ starting method provides the highest possible starting torque per ampere of line current and is the most effective means of motor starting for applications where the inrush current must be reduced with a minimum sacrifice of starting torque.
autotransformer
The amount of reduced torque is adjustable when using the ___ starting method, which has taps.
autotransformer
treatment for motor control problems
balance of opposing muscles in strength
A ___ is not a common sensing device used by most pressure switches.
barometer
A ___ is a two-piece test instrument that includes a transmitter that is plugged into a receptacle and a receiver that provides an audible indication when located near the circuit to which the transmitter is connected.
branch circuit identifier
DC electric braking circuits, like most DC braking circuits, use a(n) ___ circuit to change the AC into DC.
bridge rectifier
palmar grasp reflex
cannot release objects placed in the hand if not properly integrated
symmetrical tonic neck reflex
cannot support the body weight on hands and knees, maintain balance in quadruped, and creep normally if not properly integrated: may struggle to move from supine to sitting due to head flexion increasing extension in the legs
A ___ level switch detects the dielectric variation when a product is in contact with the probe and when the product is not in contact with the probe.
capacitive
A variable resistor and a(n) ___ are used to determine the amount of time delay in a 555 timer.
capacitor
A ___ motor has the starting winding and capacitor connected in series at all times.
capacitor-run
The capacitor used in the starting winding gives a ___ motor high starting torque.
capacitor-start
The ___ method is a method of SSR replacement in which a logical sequence is used to determine the reason for a failure.
circuit analysis
A ___ is an overcurrent protection device with a mechanism that automatically opens the circuit when an overload condition or short circuit occurs.
circuit breaker
A(n) ___ is a meter that measures the current in a circuit by measuring the strength of the magnetic field around a single conductor.
clamp-on ammeter
Some DC motors have _____________ that are used to prevent sparking at the brushes in the motor.
commutating windings (interpoles)
A(n) ___ may be used to determine the winding circuits on an unmarked motor by conncting one test lead to any motor lead and temporarily connecting the other test lead to each remaining motor lead.
continuity tester
A ___ circuit does not operate when the overloads are tripped.
control
An SSR circuit consists of an input circuit, a ___ circuit, and an output circuit.
control
The ___ circuit includes the motor starter (mechanical or solid-state), overload contacts, and timing circuit.
control
The ___ circuit includes the required circuit inputs (pushbuttons, limit switches, etc.), motor starter coils, motor starter auxiliary contacts, overload contacts, timers, and counters.
control
Contactor and magnetic motor starter modification devices include additional electrical contacts, power poles, pneumatic timers, transient suppression modules, and ___.
control circuit fuse holders
motor nuclei (of cranial nerves)
control the muscles of the face
Magnetic coils are normally constructed of many turns of insulated ___ wire wound on a spool.
copper
It is possible for small amounts of ___ (OFF-state leakage) to pass through an SSR because some conductance is still possible even though the SSR is turned off.
current
Line diagrams may use a(n) ___ to indicate which joystick position will operate the contacts.
dot
All power tools should be grounded unless they are an approved ___ design.
double-insulated
Sharp-edged and pointed tools should be carried with the cutting edge or point ___ and away from the body.
down
The input circuit is deactivated when a voltage less than the specified minimum ___ voltage of the relay is applied.
dropout
An electromagnet's strength can be controlled by regulating its ___.
electric current
Although most magnetic reversing starters provide mechanical interlock protection, some circuits are provided with a secondary backup or safety backup system that uses auxiliary contacts to provide ___ interlocking.
electrical
A(n) ___ is a magnet whose magnetic energy is produced by the flow of electric current.
electromagnet
A ___ alloy is a metal that has a fixed temperature at which it changes directly from a solid to a liquid state.
eutectic
Variable Torque/Variable Horsepower
examples of _____ loads include fans, blowers, centrifugal pumps, mixers, and agitators.
protective extension reactions
extending the arms to break a fall when a person is off balance or falling
Betz cells
extremely large pyramidal neurons of the primary of the primary motor cortex, located in the dorsolateral corticospinal tract
nystagmus
eyes involunatrily move
There are ___ different solenoid configurations.
five
hypotonicity
flaccid low tone; muscle is heavy and cannot move against gravity, DTR (deep tendon reflexes) are diminshed or absent
synergy
flexor pattern or extensor pattern
A ___ is the electronic equivalent of a toggle switch.
flip-flop
A ___ switch is a control switch that detects the movement of a fluid.
flow
Most ___ switches use a paddle to detect the movement of a product.
flow
A dual-voltage, wye connected motor has ___ separate circuits.
four
The ___ of a motor should be grounded, especially if the motor is used in a damp location.
frame
The maximum recommended acceleration time depends on the motor ___ size.
frame
A motor heats excessively and damage occurs to the windings if the voltage is not reduced when ___________ is reduced.
frequency
The speed of an AC motor is determined by the number of stator poles and the _______ of the AC power supply.
frequency
Electromechanical ___ brakes are often used along with dynamic braking in applications that require the load to be held.
friction
What is a danger to using the plugging method to stop the motor?
heat caused by high current
full-load
if a motor is overloaded, it must produce more than ____ torque to keep the load operating at the motors rated speed.
ataxia
impaired coordination
hypertonicity (spasticity)
increased resistance to stretch; increased DTR, clonus
Reduced-voltage starting provides ___ current draw over a longer period of time than full-voltage starting.
incremental
An ___________ acts much like a short circuit in the secondary of a transformer when it is started.
induction motor
The magnetic opposition upon energizing a solenoid is referred to as ___ reactance or total impedance.
inductive
When any motor is started, high ___ current is produced.
inrush
Drum switches are totally enclosed and a(n) ___ provides the means for moving the contacts from point to point.
insulated handle
associated reactions
intensive work on unaffected side causes motion on affected side
classifications of tremors
intention, resting, pill rolling tremor
components of postural mechanisms
intergration of primitive reflexes, muscle tone, postural tone, righting andional motion equalilibrium reactions, protective extension, selective volit
A mechanical ___ is the arrangement of contacts in such a way that both sets of contacts cannot be closed at the same time.
interlock
Additional NC contacts are used to turn on additional loads anytime a contactor or starter is OFF, as well as to provide electrical ___.
interlocking
spasms
involuntary contractions of muscle groups
Flow chart
is a diagram that shows a logical sequence of steps for a giving set of condition.
Wiring diagram
is a diagram that shows the connection of all components in a piece of equipment.
Block diagram
is a diagram that shows the relationship between individual sections, or blocks, of a circuit or system.
Overcurrent protection device
is a disconnect switch with circuit breakers or fuses added to provided overcurrent protection device with a fusible.
Pictorial drawing
is a drawing that shows the length, height, and depth of an object in one view.
Symbol
is a graphic elements that represents a quantity or unit.
Conductor
is a material that has very little resistance and permits electrons to move through it easily.
Control switch
is a switch that controls the flow of current in a circuit.
A drum switch is used only as a means of controlling the direction of a motor by switching the ___ of the motor.
leads
A ___ switch is a mechanical input that requires physical contact of the object with the switch actuator.
limit
A ___ is used to illustrate circuit logic.
line diagram
In autotransformer starting, the motor terminal voltage does not depend on the ___ current.
load
A ___ rotor is a condition when a motor is loaded so heavily that the motor shaft cannot turn.
locked
What are the advantages of friction brakes?
lower initial cost and simplified maintenance
What are the differences between manual and magnetic reversing starters?
magnetic reversing starters have the addition of forward and reverse coils and the use of auxiliary contacts.
What two ways does a drum switches contacts come in?
maintained contacts or spring return contacts
equilibrium reactions
maintains and restores a person's balance in all activites (sitting or standing) by ensuring sufficient postural alignment when the body's supporting surface is changed altering the center of gravity
righting reactions
maintains or restores the normal position of the head in space (eyes parallel to the hoizon) and its normal relationship with the trunk and limbs. will have difficulty moving from one position to the next without this reaction
A ___ starter is a contactor with an added overload protective device.
manual
What can be used to reverse the direction of current flow through the armature of all DC motors?
manual starter
Power tools should be inspected and serviced by a qualified repair person at regular intervals as specified by the ___ or by OSHA.
manufacturer
Line Diagram
may be used to illustrate a manual control circuit of a pushbutton controlling a pilot light.
asymmetrical tonic neck reflex
may have difficulty maintaing the head at midline while moving the eyes towards or past midline if not properly integrated: may not be able to bring hands to midline with both hands
How do you determine the leads of a single phase motor if a manufacturer's wiring diagram is not available?
measure the resistance of the starting winding and running winding to determine which leads are connected to which windings.
A(n) ___ interlock is normally factory-installed by the manufacturer.
mechanical
Solenoids usually fail due to electrical problems or ___.
mechanical damage
A(n) ___ is the arrangement of contacts in such a way that both sets of contacts cannot be closed at the same time.
mechanical interlock
A(n) ___ is a device that detects insulation deterioration by measuring high resistance values under high test voltage conditions.
megohmmeter
Normally, a surge suppressor consists of _______ ______ varsities connected to the converter of a motor drive.
metal-oxide
functional assist levels
minimal stabilizing assist, minimal active assist, maximal active assist, incorporation of B UE into bilateral activities
reflex response
motor response to sensory stimulation
Friction brakes normally consist of two friction surfaces (shoes or pads) that come in contact with a rotor (wheel) mounted on the ___.
motor shaft
line
motors that are started at reduced voltage must be switched to _____ voltage before reaching full speed.
mirror neurons
neurons that fire when an individual performs a particular goal-directed hand movement or when he or she observes the same goal-directed movement performed by another
no motion
no motion is present
Brunnstrom's stages of motor recovery
no motion, reflex response, associated reactions, mass response (synergistic), deviation from pattern, wrist stability, individual finger movements, selective pattern with overlay, selective movement
A(n) ___ timer is a timer that does not maintain its current accumulated time value when its control input signal is interrupted or power to the timer is removed.
nonretentive
The left-hand rule states that if the fingers of the left hand are wrapped in the direction of the current flow of the coil, the thumb points to the magnetic ___ pole of the coil.
north
AC manual starters are selected based on phasing, voltage, starter size, enclosure type, and ___.
number of poles
A(n) ___ timer may also be used for plugging a motor to stop during emergency stops.
off-delay
A(n) ___ timer can be designed to open or close a circuit after a preset time delay.
on-delay
A(n) ___ timer is a device in which the contacts change position immediately and remain changed for the set period of time after the timer has received power.
one-shot
Wye-delta starters have the disadvantage of being ___ transition.
open
current
open circuit transition produces higher ______ surge than closed circuit transition at the transition point because the motor is momentarily disconnected from the voltage source.
A pressure switch is rated according to its ___ pressure range.
operating
A(n) ___ was an improvement made to the original design of a knife switch.
operating spring
In a(n) ___ diagram, the top line shows the position of the control switch and the bottom line shows the condition of the load.
operational
A(n) ___ is the device that is pressed, pulled, or rotated by the individual operating the circuit.
operator
A(n) ___ is a test instrument that is used to measure fiber optic attenuation.
optical time domain reflectometer
A(n) ___ is a test instrument that provides a visual display of voltages.
oscilloscope
Loose connections in the power circuit of contactors and motor starters cause ___.
overheating
A solenoid ___ when the voltage is excessive.
overheats
An electrician can observe the even blackening of all motor windings that occurs when a motor has failed due to ___.
overloading
The ___ starting method requires a nine-lead wye motor.
part-winding
plantar grasp reflex
patient will have trouble keeping toes from curling into shoes if not properly integrated
causes of hypotonicity
peripheral nerve injury, cerebellar disease, frontal lobe damage, shock phase of SCI
cerebellum
plays major role in motor learning, movements in which timing is a critical factor; damage results in loss of ability to control precisely the direction, force, velocity, and amplitude of movement, posture, and disturbances in balance, gait, speech, and the control of eye movement
sensory feedback
plays role in directing the continuation of responses (to a sensory stimuli)
A motor and load would start to run in the opposite direction without stopping if a ___ switch were not present when braking a motor using plugging.
plugging
In direct hardwiring, the power circuit and the control circuit are wired ___.
point-to-point
Troubleshooting reversing ___ circuits normally involves determining the point in the system where power is lost.
power
Voltage and current readings are taken when troubleshooting ___ circuits.
power
Normally, only one ___ unit with one or two contacts is added per contactor or motor starter.
power pole
response chunking hypothesis
practice combines the central sensorimotor programs that control individual response into programs that control sequences (chunks) of behavior
The ___ starting method is used when it is necessary to restrict inrush current to predetermined increments.
primary resistor
ballism
projectile motion-involunatry axial motion
automatic reactions
protective extension, righting reactions, equilibrium reactions
Drum switches are not motor starters because they do not contain ___.
protective overloads
A ___ actuator is an actuator operated by direct forward movement into the limit switch.
push-roller
The T-frame used with a 3Φ manual contactor is activated by a ___ mechanism.
pushbutton
A ___ clock allows for outputs to be turned on and off at preset times of the day and days of the week.
real-time
secondary motor cortex
receive much of their input from the association cortex and send much of their output to the primary motor cortex - supplementary motor area and premotor cortex
tectum
receives auditory and visual information about spacial location
vestibular nucleus
receives information about balance from receptors in the semicircular canals of the inner ear
dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex
receives projections from the posterior parietal cortex and sends projections to the secondary motor cortex, to primary motor cortex, and to the frontal eye field
A ___ tester is a device that is plugged into a standard receptacle to determine if the receptacle is properly wired and energized.
receptacle
A(n) ___ timer is a device in which the contacts cycle open and closed repeatedly once the timer has received power.
recycle
The ___ indicator on a trip indicator informs the operator or electrician why the unit is not operating and that it is potentially capable of restarting with an automatic reset.
red (can be other colors though)
General-Purpose
relays designed for commercial and industrial applications where economy and fast replacement are high priorities.
Two-wire control is normally used for ___ installations where an immediate return to service after a power failure is required.
remote or inaccessible
A solenoid draws ___ current when first connected to power.
several times its rated
A(n) ___ is a single turn of conducting material (normally copper or aluminum) mounted on the face of the magnetic laminate assembly or armature of a solenoid.
shading coil
An induction motor acts much like a ___ in the secondary of a transformer when it is started.
short circuit
An advantage of ___ contacts is that the oxide (rust) that forms on the metal is an excellent conductor of electricity.
silver alloy
frontal eye field
small area of prefrontal cortex that controls eye movements
sensorimotor system
spinal motor circuit ^ brain stem nuclei ^ primary motor cortex ^ secondary motor cortex ^ association cortex - hierarchical structure, functionally segregated, parallel descending pathways, feedback circuits
A typical solid-state ___ circuit consists of both start and run contactors connected in the circuit.
starting
central sensorimotor program theory
suggests that all but the highest levels of the sensorimotor system have certain patterns of activity programmed into them; complex movements are produced by activating the appropriate combinations of these programs - once activated, each level of sensorimotor is capable of operating on the basis of current sensory feedback without the direct control of the higher levels
ventromedial corticospinal tract
the direct ventromedial pathway
posterior parietal association cortex (association cortex)
the portion of the parietal neocortex posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex; provides spacial information and directs attention
What size of resistor should you use in dynamic breaking and why?
the smaller the resistance of the resistor, the greater the rate of energy dissipation and the faster the motor comes to rest.
What are the disadvantages of friction brakes?
they require more maintenance than other braking methods
basal ganglia
thought to be involved in a variety of cognitive functions in addition to their role in modulation of motor output
postural muscle tone
tonus or state of readiness in hte neck, trunk, and torso that allows for proximal stability with distal mobility; must be hight enough to move against gravity, but low enough to allow volitional motion
A ___ is a counting device that keeps track of the total number of units or events and displays the total counted value.
totalizer
A(n) ___ can be used when only the total number of units or events is required to be known.
totalizer
withdrawal reflex
when painful stimulus is applied to the body, the first responses are recorded in the motor neurons and flexor muscles, causing a withdrawal or flinch
Locked rotor
____ Torque is the Torque a motor produces when it's rotor is stationary and full power is applied to the motor.
Contant torque/variable horsepower
____ loads include loads that produce friction.
Piston
____ sensing devices are used for high pressure applications
apraxia
a disorder of voluntary movement that is not attributable to a single motor / comprehension / motivation deficit; patients have difficulty making specific movements out of context - result of damage to posterior parietal cortex
What two circuits are required when using motor starters or motor drives?
a power circuit and a control circuit
Solenoids, ___, and magnetic motor starters are used for remote control of devices.
Contactors
What other breaking system is used with dynamic braking in applications that require the load to be held?
Electromechanical friction breaking
crossed extension reflex
if not properly integrated will have trouble developing normal gait pattern due to strong extension of the affected leg as the unaffected leg flexes; has trouble bridging
In a DC shunt motor, regardless of whether the forward contacts or reverse contacts are closed, ___ is always positive.
F2
incorporation of B UE into bilatral activities
in all activities, but may be slow in pull over shirt
dysmetria
inability to estimate targeted object
astereognosia
inability to identify an object by touch without additional sensory input
adiaochokinesia
inability to perform rapidly alternating motions
How do you reverse a single-phase motor?
interchanging the leads of the starting or running windings.
___ is a phenomenon that occurs when a relay fails to turn off because the current and voltage in the circuit reach zero at different times.
Half-waving
If several connections of a given number are required, ___ can be added to the terminal strip to provide multiple connection points to one given terminal number.
jumpers
What is the third step to troubleshooting reversing power circuits?
Measure the voltage our of the motor starter. The voltage should be present when either the forward power contacts or reverse power contacts are closed. The contacts can be closed manually at most motor starters if the power contacts cannot be closed by using the control circuit push buttons. Disconnect the incoming power and check the motor starter contacts for burning or wear if the voltage is not at the correct level.
What is the second step to troubleshooting reversing power circuits?
Measure the voltage out of each fuse or circuit breaker. The fuse or circuit breaker is open if no voltage reading is obtained. Replace any blown fuse or tripped circuit breaker.
What is the second step to troubleshooting reversing control circuits?
Measure the voltage out of the overload contacts to ensure the contacts are closed. The contacts are tripped or faulty if no voltage is present. Reset the overloads if they are tripped. Overloads are installed to protect the motor during operation. The control circuit does not operate when the overloads are tripped.
___ level switches use a float that moves up and down with the level of the liquid and activates electrical contacts at a set height.
Mechanical
Limit Switch
Mechanical input that requires physical contact of the object with the switch actuator.
___ could be added to a circuit if the circuit requires a momentary input, such as a pushbutton, it initiate timing.
Memory
OFF
Position normally spring-loaded so that the switch automatically returns to the _______ position when released
De-rating a motor decreases the ________ rating of the drive.
Power
___ involves identifying an electrical symbol, understanding where the component is located within a system, and understanding how it is used.
Print Reading
Flow Chart
Which type of diagram helps when troubleshooting because it shows a logical path to take that helps solve a problem?
Pictorial drawing
Which type of diagram shows physical details, such as the length and height of an object, as seen by the eye?
Line diagram
Which type of diagram shows the logic of an electrical circuit drawn with vertical power lines and circuit components drawn on horizontal lines between the power lines.
Schematic diagrams
Which type of diagrams uses symbols to show the interconnection of components in electronic circuits.
Variable Torque/Variable Horsepower
With ___ loads, a motor must work harder to deliver more output at a faster speed.
In a DC compound motor, the series and shunt field relationship to the armature must be _________
left unchanged. the shunt field and the series field must be connected in series with the armature.
motor units
smallest unit of motor activity; comprises a single motor neuron and all of the individual skeletal muscle fibers that it innervates
When is a drum switch usually used?
where an operator's eyes must remain on a particular operation such as when a crane is raising and lowering a load
tonic-labrynith reflex
will cause the peson to have severly limited movement if not properly integrated. inability to lift the head in supine position, to roll supine to prone, move from supine to sitting using flexion of trunk and hips, and to sit in a wheelchair for long periods due to stiffness caused by leg extension
suck/swallow
will have difficulty eating due to tonge involuntary protrusion and retraction of the tongue if not properly integrated
positive supporting reflex
will have difficulty placing the heel of the ground for waling if not properly integrated. other body parts have to compensate for balance reactions due to the legs remaing stiffly extended
A ___ diagram is used to locate the actual test points at which a DMM is connected to the circuit.
wiring
When troubleshooting reversing control circuits, a ______ diagram is used to locate the actual test points at which a DMM is connected to the circuit.
wiring
Always consult the manufacturer ___ to ensure proper wiring.
wiring diagram
Manual contactors are normally used ___.
with lighting circuits
athetoid movements
wormlike-not in sleep
supplementary motor area
wraps over the top of the frontal lobe and extends down its medial surface into the longitudinal fissure
wrist stabilty
wrist is stable
Deadband
______ is the amount of pressure that must be removed before the switch contacts reset for another cycle after the set point has been reached and the switch has been actuated
Flow
______ is the travel of fluid in response to a force caused by pressure or gravity
Pushbuttons
_____are the most common control switches used on industrial equipment.
breakdown
__torque is the maximum torque a motor can provide without an abrupt reduction in motor speed.
General-Purpose
a relay that is a mechanical switch operated by a magnetic coil.
cogwheel rigidity
a rhythmic give occurs in the resistance throughout the ROM
Magnetic Level
a switch that contains a float, a moving magnet, and a magnetically operated reed switch to detect the level of a liquid.
A(n) ___ probe level switch is a level switch that uses liquid to complete the electrical path between two conductive probes.
conductive
When starting a split-phase motor, both the running windings and the starting windings are ___.
connected in parallel
How does dynamic breaking work?
connecting the motor in this way makes the motor act as a loaded generator that develops a retarding torque, which rapidly stops the motor.
The advantage of the ___ control method is that the control switch can be wired using low-voltage wire (AWG 16, 18, or 20).
contact
The most common problem of contact-based timing circuits is ___ failure.
contact
A ___ is not a basic actuator used on limit switches.
contact pole
reticular formation
contains motor programs that regulate complex species-typical movements such as walking, swimming, and jumping
A ___ tester is a test instrument that tests for a complete path for current to flow.
continuity
It is estimated that every ___°C rise over normal ambient temperature ratings for insulation can reduce the life expectancy of a motor by almost a year.
1
deviation from pattern
deviation from synergy in motion
resting tremor
during rest
__________ is used to reduce the large current drawn from the electric utility lines by an across-the-line start of a large motor.
Reduced-voltage starting
synergistic muscles
any two muscles whose contraction produces the same movement (flexion or extension)
Solid-state timers are less susceptible to outside environmental conditions because they, like relay coils, are often encapsulated in ___ for protection.
epoxy resin
dystonia
faulty muscle tone
dyssynergia
faulty working together
The direction of rotation may be reversed in a DC motor by reversing the direction of the current through the armature without changing the direction of the current through the ___.
fields
An RC circuit is a circuit in which resistance (R) and capacitance (C) are used to help ___ the power in a circuit.
filter
Why are limits on inrush current necessary?
for smooth, steady power regulation and for eliminating objectionable voltage disturbances such as annoying light flicker.
coordiantion
harmonious interaction between muscle groups throughout the limb for smooth, controlled motions
factors that may influence abnormal muscle tone
head position, temperature, pain, infection, emtion stress
A(n) ___ coil converts the excess current drawn by a motor into heat, which is used to determine whether the motor is in danger.
heater
What are the pros of a DC motor over AC motor?
high torque and good speed control and the available source of power.
The most common application of a joystick is in controlling a ___.
hoist
lead pipe rigidity
id'd in pt who demonstrate a constant resistance throughout the joint ROM when a limb is passively moved in any direction
closed
in ____ circuit transition, a motor remains connected to the voltage source when switching from a reduced starting voltage level to a running voltage level before reaching full motor speed.
rebund phenomenon of holmes
inabilty to stop motion
A(n) ___ motor protector is an overload device located directly on or in a motor to provide overload protection.
inherent
A motor that is starting draws a tremendous ___ current (normally six to eight times the running current) when the circuit is closed.
inrush
intrafusal motor input
intrafusal muscle is innervated by its own intrafusal motor neuron; neuron shortens the intrafusal muscle each time the extrafusal muscle becomes shorter to keep tension in the middle
tremor
involuntary shaking or trembling motion
An electromagnet consists of a(n) ___ core inserted into a coil.
iron
Contactor
is a control device that uses a small control current to energize or de-energize the load connected to it.
Power source
is a device that converts various forms of energy into electricity.
A ___ is a flow path through a valve.
way
When is Autotransformer starting preferred over primary resistor starting?
when the starting current drawn from the line must be held to a minimum value but the maximum starting torque per line ampere is required.
Wye-delta starting accomplishes reduced-voltage starting by first connecting the motor leads in a ___ configuration for starting.
wye
How does a wye-delta starter compare to a part-winding starter?
wye-delta starting gives a higher starting torque per line ampere than part-winding starting, with considerably less noise and vibration. However, wye-delta starters have the disadvantage of being open transition.
The ___ switching relay is the most widely used relay.
zero
Rises
In a cooling system, as the ambient temperature ______, the switch contacts close and turn on a cooling device
All circuits are composed of ___ basic section(s).
Three
1. Heating contactors 2. Lighting contactors
What are two basic types of contactors?
motor pool
all of the motor neurons that innervate the fibers of a single muscle
The most common application of a joystick is in controlling a ________.
Hoist
___ is not a signal condition.
Random
If a motor has an FLC rating of 10 A with an SF of 1.15, the excess short-term current equals ___ A.
11.5
___ switches are control devices that react to heat intensity.
Temperature
Hoist
The most common application of a joystick is in controlling a _____
decrebrate
full body extension
treatment for hypotonicity
weight bearing, proprioceptive
Pressure
Force exerted over a surface divided by its area
Nitrogen
Reed relays are sealed with dry_________
pull-up
____ Torque is also referred to as accelerating torque.
___ voltage is the minimum voltage that causes the armature to start to move.
Pick-up
Air Compression
An ______ system is not a common application of temperature switches
___ fuses are normally required when using part-winding starting.
Dual-element
___ has the highest electrical conductivity of all metals.
Fine silver
Hoist
Most common circuit condition controlled by a joystick
A relay should be checked for contact ___ or binding if it is not functioning properly.
Sticking
An integrated circuit's notch indicates the ________ of the chip.
Top
What diagram is used to properly wire a DC compound motor for reversing?
Wiring Diagram
two major differences between dorsolateral motor pathways and ventromedial motor pathways
- ventromedial tracts are much more diffuse, many axons innervate interneurons on both sides of spinal gray matter in several segments; dorsolateral tracts terminate in contralateral half of one spinal cord segment, sometimes directly on motor neurons - motor neurons activated by ventromedial tracts project to proximal muscles of trunk and limbs; motor neurons activated by dorsolateral tract project to distal muscles
What are the steps troubleshooting contactors and motor starters?
1. Inspect the motor starter and overload assembly 2. Reset the overload relay if there is no visual indication of damage 3. Observe the motor starter for several minutes if the motor starts after resetting the overload relay. 4. Check the voltage into the starter if resetting the overload relay does not start the motor. 5. Energize the starter and check the starter contacts if the voltage into the starter is present and at the correct level. 6. Check the overload relay if voltage is coming out of the starter contacts.
What are the steps to troubleshooting reduced-voltage starting circuits?
1. Visually inspect the motor starter. 2. Measure the incoming voltage coming into the power circuit. 3. Measure the voltage delivered to the motor from the reduced voltage power circuit during starting and running 4.Measure the motor current draw during starting and after the motor is running
brain stem structures that interact with the ventromedial cortico-brainstem-spinal tract
1. tectum 2. vestibular nucleus 3. recticular formation 4. motor nuclei (of cranial nerves)
Even at full conduction, an SSR presents some residual resistance, which can create a voltage drop of up to approximately ___ V in the load circuit.
1.5
One psi equals ___ in. WC.
27.68
Basic motor drives can contain approximately ______ parameters.
30
A motor with a service factor of 1.0 is derated when it operates at altitudes above ___'.
3300
Overload relay devices are normally rated to trip at a specific current when surrounded by an ambient temperature of ___°C.
40
Standard primary resistor starters provide two-point acceleration (one step of resistance) with approximately ___% of line voltage at the motor terminals at the instant of motor starting.
70
When a split-phase motor reaches approximately ___% of full speed, the centrifugal switch opens, disconnecting the starting winding from the circuit.
75
Barrow Meter
A ___ is not a common sensing device used by most pressure switches
Flow
A ___ switch is a control switch that detects the movement of a fluid
Jumbo mushroom
A _____ button operator can be operated from any angle and is used in applications that are hiring fast operations such as emergency stops, motor stops, and valve shut offs.
Joystick
A _____ is an operator that selects one to 8 different circuit conditions when it is shifted from its center position
Conductor
A _____ probe level switch is a level switch that uses liquid to complete the electrical path between 2 conductive probes
Two hand safety circuit
A ______ is not a common foot switch application
X
A ______ is placed in a truth table if a contact is closed in any position.
Truth
A ______ table is made in position near the switch to illustrate each position and each contact
Two
A fork lever actuator is an actuator operated by one of ____ roller arms
A
A form _____ relay has one contact that is NO and closes when the coil is energized.
Oscillatory
A(n) _____ transient voltage is a transient voltage commonly caused by turning off high inductive loads and by switching off large utility power factor correction capacitors.
Rotated
A selector switch is a switch with an operator that is _____ to activate the electrical contacts
peak voltage
A transient voltage measurement is different from a standard voltage measurement displays the RMS voltage value of a circuit and a transient voltage measurement displays the ____ value of a circuit.
fluctuation
A voltage ____ is an increase or decrease in the normal line voltage within the range of +5% to -10%.
operator
A(n) _____ is the device pressed, pulled, or rotated by the individual operating the circuit.
Legend plate
A(n) _____ is the part of switch that includes the written description of the switch's operation.
How is a DC permanent-magnet motor wired to the starter?
A2 is positive and A1 is negative for forward and vice versa for reverse.
How is a DC compound motor wired to the starter?
A2 is positive and A1 is negative for forward and vice versa for reverse. F1 is always negative and F2 and S2 are always positive.
How is a DC shunt motor wired to the starter?
A2 is positive and A1 is negative for forward and vice versa for reverse. F1 is always negative and F2 is always positive.
How is a DC series motor wired to the starter?
A2 is positive and A1 is negative for forward and vice versa for reverse. S1 is always negative and S2 is always positive.
_______ drives are most common drives because they can easily vary the speed of a 3 phase motor.
AC
The ____ gate is a universal building block of digital logic.
AND
___ logic is used in industry when two NO pushbuttons are connected in series to control a solenoid.
AND
Deadband (differential)
Amount of pressure that must be removed before the switch contacts reset for another cycle after the setpoint has been reached and the switch has been actuated.
Sprinkler refrigeration and water treatment
Applications that use flow switches to detect the presence or absence of flow include ______ systems
Machine control
Are relays that are the backbone of electromechanical control circuitry and are expected to have a long life and a minimal amount of problems.
The ______ produced by conductors causes high voltage spikes in the voltage to a motor.
Capacitance
________ in a DC bus are charged from rectified DC voltage produced by the converter.
Capacitors
___ the wire reference numbers is a common method to help differentiate wire reference numbers from other numbering systems.
Circling
A ___ is an overcurrent protection device with a mechanical mechanism that may manually or automatically open the circuit when an overload condition or short circuit occurs.
Circuit Breaker
A ________ is not a basic actuator used on limit switches.
Contact pole
A ___ is a control device that uses a small control current to energize or de-energize the load connected to it.
Contactor
___ lines are used between the manual starters in a wiring diagram to indicate a mechanical interlock.
Crossing dashed
Motor torque is controlled by controlling the amount of _________ in the armature of a DC motor.
Current
___ readings can be taken at the incoming power leads or the motor leads.
Current
_______ to an AC motor drive is limited by the size of the conductors to the drive, fuse and circuit breaker sizes, and the transformer delivering power to the system.
Current
___ is the amount of pressure that must be removed before the switch contacts reset for another cycle after the setpoint has been reached and the switch has been actuated.
Deadband
Current rating of cr1
Determines the amount of current that the proximity switch must switch.
Line diagrams may use an ______ to indicate which joystick position will operate the contacts.
Dot
A DC motor drive can provide_____ braking by connecting a resistor across the motor armature after the motor input power is removed.
Dynamic
___ braking is a method of motor braking in which a motor is reconnected to act as a generator immediately after it is turned off.
Dynamic
___ current is unwanted current induced in the metal structure of a device due to the rate of change in the induced magnetic field.
Eddy
_______ parameters are parameters that can be programmed or adjusted to set a drive for a specific application and motor.
Editing
Pushbutton Station
Enclosure that protects the pushbutton, contact block, and wiring from dust, dirt, water, and corrosive fluids.
When AC power is from a single phase source, a ________ circuit should be used to smooth the DC waveform.
Filter
All electrical circuits include ___ basic components.
Five
___ is the travel of fluid in response to a force caused by pressure or gravity.
Flow
What is the oldest motor stopping method?
Friction Brakes
What is the current required by a motor to produce full-load torque at the motor's rated speed.
Full-load current (FLC)
___ voltages are produced by the magnetic fields generated by current-carrying conductors, fluorescent lighting, and operating electrical equipment.
Ghost
Mechanical Level Switch
Level switch that uses a float that moves up and down with the level of the liquid and activates electrical contacts at a set height
What is the current equation for finding both the starting and running current?
I = (E - Cemf)/R
solenoids
What electrical device converts electrical energy into a linear mechanical force?
pull-up
If a motor is properly sized to the load, ______ Torque is brief.
Off
In a foot switch, the _____ position is normally spring loaded so that the switch automatically returns to that position when released
1. Normally Open 2. Normally Closed
In electrical switches, what do the abbreviation NO and NC stands for.
Capacitive Level Switch
Level switch that detects the dielectric variation when the product is in contact(proximity) with the probe and when the product is not in contact with the probe
___ use fluid power, cylinders, actuators, and grippers to provide the required power and movement.
Industrial robots
________ in an AC motor drive are the most important part of the drive because they determine the voltage level, voltage frequency, and amount of current that a motor receives.
Inverters
A(n) ___ is a special DC voltmeter that detects the presence or absence of a signal.
digital logic probe
A _____________ button operator can be operated from any angle and is used in applications that require fast operation such as emergency stops motor stops and valve shutoffs.
Jumbo Mushroom
A(n) ___ button operator can be operated from any angle and is used in applications that require fast operation such as emergency stops, motor stops, and valve shutoffs.
Jumbo mushroom
A ___ circuit allows the operator to start a motor for short times without memory.
jogging
A _______ switch is a mechanical input that requires physical contact of the object with the switch actuator.
Limit
A ___ is the electrical device in a line diagram that uses the electrical power from L1 to L2.
Load
___ current and the resulting torque produced in the motor shaft (in addition to load requirements) determine whether the motor can be connected across the line or whether the current must be reduced through reduced-voltage starting.
Locked rotor
1. Manual starter 2. Magnetic motor starter
What electrical device is used to turn a motor on and includes overload protection?
___ relays are the backbone of electromechanical control circuitry and are expected to have a long life and a minimal amount of problems.
Machine Control
___ are used to help determine the cause of solenoid failure.
Manufacturer charts
Auxiliary contacts are added to provide ______ to circuits with pushbuttons circuits are also known as holding or sealing circuits.
Memory
Flow
Most ______ switches use a paddle to detect the movement of a product
Pushbutton
Most common control switches used on industrial equipment.
Flush Button Operator
Most common operator used in applications in which accidental turn-on may create a dangerous situation.
2
Most foot switches have ____ positions
Two
Most foot switches have ________ positions
Starting
Motors draw large amounts of current when running and even more current when _____.
_____ is an extension of NOT logic in which two or more NC contacts are connected in parallel to control a load.
NAND logic
___ logic is used in industry when an NO pushbutton and an NO temperature switch are connected in parallel.
OR
causes of rigidity
Parkinson's, degenerative diseases, encephalities, tumors, TBI
Actuator
Part of a limit switch that transfers the mechanical force of the moving part to the electrical contacts.
Legend Plate
Part of a switch that includes the written description of the switch's operation.
What is the method of starting a motor by first applying power to part of the motor coil windings for starting and then applying power to the remaining coil windings for normal running?
Part-winding
What method of reduced-voltage starting is technically not a true reduced voltage starting method?
Part-winding
___ drawings show physical details of an object as seen by the eye.
Pictorial
_____ single an operator that any one of a sequence of events may be taking place.
Pilot Light
___ sensing devices are used for high-pressure applications.
Piston
X
Placed in the table if a contact is closed in any position
___ wiring is wiring in which each component in a circuit is connected (wired) directly to the next component as specified on the wiring and line diagrams.
Point-to-point
A _________ (with resistance of 5k ohm to 10k ohm) can be connected directly to the motor drive control terminals as specified by the manufacturer.
Potentiometer
The ______ circuit is simplified when using a motor drive because there is no need for a reversing part.
Power
A ___ is a device that converts various forms of energy into electricity.
Power Source
A _________ actuator is an actuator operated by direct forward movement into the limit switch.
Push Roller
Jumbo Mushroom Button Operators
Pushbutton that has a large curved operator extending beyond the guard.
________ stop is a stopping method in which the level of voltage applied to a motor is reduced as the motor decelerates.
Ramp
Dielectric Variation
Range at which a material can sustain an electric field with a minimum dissipation of power
A ___ relay is a fast-operating single-pole single-throw switch with normally open contacts hermetically sealed in a glass envelope.
Reed
________ braking requires a method to transfer the energy produced by a rotating motor shaft back to main power supply.
Regenerative
A ___ is a device that controls one electrical circuit by opening and closing contacts in another circuit.
Relay
Contacts
Relay _______ are described by their number of poles, throws, and breaks.
12
Relays are available with 1 to _______ poles.
15 amps
Relays normally do not control power-consuming devices directly, except for small loads that draw less than
What are the disadvantages of Wye-Delta starting
Requires special motor, low starting torque, momentary inrush occurs during open transition when delta contactor is closed.
___ loads are the least destructive loads to switch.
Resistive
A selector switch is a switch with an operator that is __________ to active the electrical contacts.
Rotated
___ windings are made of a heavier gauge wire than starting windings, so they have a much lower resistance than starting windings.
Running
What device is typically used to control the applied voltage of a DC motor?
SCR
A relay contact with one pole two throws and one break is abbreviated as ___.
SPDT-SB
___ diagrams are intended to show the circuitry that is necessary for the basic operation of a device.
Schematic
___ voltage is the minimum control voltage required to cause the armature to seal against the pole faces of the magnet.
Seal-in
Two loads must not be connected in ___ in one line of a line diagram.
Series
Torque
Since all motors produce ___ that can be used to operate loads, all motors are capable of producing work.
______ stop is a stopping method in which the programmed deceleration time is doubled and the stop function is changed from a ramp slope to an S-curve slope.
Soft
___ timers are normally discarded when they fail since they cost less than other timers.
Solid-state
___ timers are the most common stand-alone timer used in control applications today.
Solid-state
Pressure Switch
Switch that detects a set amount of force and activates electrical contacts when the set amount of force is reached.
Level Switch
Switch that detects the height of a liquid or solid (gases cannot be detected by level switches) inside a tank
Truth Table
Table is made and positioned near the switch to illustrate each position and each contact
An electric overload is a device that has built-in circuitry to sense changes in current and ________.
Temperature
___ is the largest problem in applications that use an SSR.
Temperature rise
What conditions are required for a motor to use the plugging stop method?
The motor has to be a reversible motor the motor has to be able to be reversed at full speed.
Each line in a line diagram should be numbered starting with the ___ line.
Top
___ should always be used on electrical braking circuits.
Total interlocking
A ___ is a counting device that keeps track of the total number of units or events and displays the total counted value.
Totalizer
Flow
Travel of fluid in response to a force caused by pressure or gravity
___ state a problem, its possible cause(s), and corrective action(s) that may be taken.
Troubleshooting guides
A fork lever actuator is an actuator operated by one of _______ roller arms.
Two
What are the types of part-winding construction and which one is most common?
Two - step and three - step and two-step is more common
What are the disadvantages of Part-winding starting
Unsuited for high-inertia, long-starting loads, requires special motor design for voltage higher than 230v, motor does not start when torque demanded by load exceeds that developed by motor when first half of motor is energized, first step of acceleration must not exceed 5 sec or motor overheats
Motor speed is controlled by controlling the _______ to a DC motor.
Voltage
___ variations are on of the most common causes of solenoid failure.
Voltage
________ measurements may help determine circuit problems such as blown fuses, improper grounding, contacts not closing, etc.
Voltage
sags
Voltage ___ commonly occur when high-current loads, such as motors, are turned on.
swells
Voltage ____ commonly occur when large loads, such as motors, are turned off and voltage on the power line increases above the normal voltage fluctuation (+10%) for a short period of time.
The primary limit to the distance between a magnetic motor starter and a motor is the _____ _____ of the conductors.
Voltage drop
1. A load 2. source of electricity 3.conductors 4.A protection device 5.
What are the five parts of a basic electrical circuit?
1. Fuse 2. circuit breaker
What are the two basic types of circuit protection devices.
coil
When troubleshooting EMRs, the relay _______ and contacts are checked to determine whether the relay is the problem.
A(n) ___ is a meter that can measure two or more electrical properties and displays the measured properties as numerical values.
digital multimeter
A ___ diagram is a diagram that shows the connection of all components in a piece of equipment.
Wiring
___ diagrams are required on multiple-contact timers because several different connection points must be located and wired to the timer for it to perform properly.
Wiring
What diagram is used to properly wire a DC permanent-magnet motor for reversing?
Wiring Diagram
What diagram is used to properly wire a DC series motor for reversing?
Wiring Diagram
What diagram is used to properly wire a DC shunt motor for reversing?
Wiring Diagram
In most cases, diodes are tested with a(n) ___.
digital multimeter
Mechanical
_____ level switches use a float that moves up and down with the level of the liquid and activates electrical contacts at a set height
Resistive
_____ loads are the least destructive loads to switch
Temperature
_____ switches are control devices that react to heat intensity
What is electric braking?
a DC voltage is applied to the stationary windings of a motor after the AC voltage is removed.
What is used to assist a motor drive in stopping a motor when you want the motor to stop fast (especially with high inertia loads)?
a braking resistor
relay
a device that controls one electrical circuit by opening and closing contacts to another circuit.
contralateral neglect
a disturbance of the ability to respond to stimuli on the side of the body opposite to the side of the brain legion in the absence of sensory or motor deficits - result of damage to posterior parietal cortex
stretch reflex
a reflex that is elicited by a sudden external stretching force on a muscle; keeps external forces from altering the intended position of the body
Electromechanical
a relay that is a switching device that has sets of contacts that are closed by a magnetic effect.
The disadvantage of a(n) ___ circuit is that circuit troubleshooting and circuit modification are time consuming.
direct hardwired
A ___ control valve is a valve that is used to direct the flow of fluid throughout a fluid power system.
directional
A ___ is an operator that selects one to eight different circuit conditions when it is shifted from its center position.
joystick
minimal stabilizing assist
affected stabilizing for unaffected side (placing)
minimal active assist
affected will actively be involved when assisting unaffected side (holding)
maximal active assist
affected-pushing, pulling, gross type activities
A(n) ___ system is not a common application of temperature switches.
air compression
reciprocal innervation
antagonistic muscles are innervated in a way that permits a smooth, unimpeded motor response: when one is contracted, the other relaxes
A __ solenoid uses a lever attached to an armature to transform the armature's vertical action into a horizontal action.
bell-crank
A(n) ___ overload relay is an overload relay that resets automatically.
bimetallic
Part-winding starting is usually classified as reduced-voltage starting because of the resulting reduced ___.
current and torque
A ___ is used to change the amount of current flowing to a motor but reduces the current to a lower value for the overload relay.
current transformer
The rotating motion of the motor is transmitted to the plugging switch contacts either by a _____________ or by a ____________.
centrifugal mechanism or by a magnetic induction arrangement.
A ___ timer is a timer that provides time delay by controlling how rapidly air or liquid is allowed to pass into or out of a container through an orifice (opening) that is either fixed or variable in diameter.
dashpot
What parameter is used to Stop a motor using a motor drive?
deceleration parameter
Plugging is a method of motor braking in which the motor connections are reversed so that the motor develops a(n) ___ that acts as a braking force.
countertorque
All capacitors are made with two conducting surfaces separated by ___.
dielectric material
A(n) ___ display helps eliminate human error when taking readings by displaying exact values measured.
digital
The strength of a magnetic field and current are ___ related.
directly
A ___ is a device used only periodically to remove electrical circuits from their supply source.
disconnect
A _________ is a manual switch made up of moving contacts mounted on an insulated rotating shaft
drum switch
A _________ is used only as a means of controlling the direction of a motor by switching the leads of the motor.
drum switch
intention tremor
during volitional motion
A solenoid's ___ is usually given in operations per minute.
duty cycle
muscle spindles
embedded in muscle tissue; respond to changes in muscle length, insensitive to changes in muscle tension
Golgi tendon organs
embedded in tendons; respond to increases in muscle tension, insensitive to changes in muscle length; provide CNS with information, excite inhibitory interneurons in spinal cord that cause muscle to relax
decorticate
full body flexion
For fully reliable motor protection, heat coils should be selected based on the motor ___ rating shown on the motor nameplate.
full-load current
A(n) ___ is a device used to measure ground connection resistance of electrical installations such as power plants, industrial plants, high-tension towers, and lightning arrestors.
ground resistance tester
Electrical circuit
is an assembly of conductors and electrical device through which current flows.
treatment for hypertonicity
inhibition of agonists, facilitation of antagonists, serial casting, splinting, peripheral nerve blocks, cold, heat, estem
reflexes
innate motor responses elicited by specific sensory stimuli
The ___ section of a PLR is where the circuit's digital (ON/OFF, OPEN/CLOSED, etc.) switches are connected.
input
Solenoid
is an electric output device that converts electrical enegry into a linear mechanical force.
Magnetic motor starter
is an electrically operated switch ( contactor ) that includes motor overload protection.
Manual control circuit
is any circuit that requires a person to initiate an action for the circuit to operate.
Hermetic sealing
is/are not an additional feature of machine control delays.
What are some disadvantages to dynamic breaking
it cannot bring a motor to a complete stop and it also cannot hold a load once it is stopped because there is no braking action
Schematic diagram
is a diagram that shows the electrical connection and functions of a specific circuit arrangement with graphic symbols.
Line (ladder) diagram
is a diagram that shows the logic of electrical circuit or system using standard symbols.
A solid-state motor starter is an electronically operated switch (contactor) that uses solid-state components to eliminate mechanical contacts and includes ___.
motor overload protection
antagonistic muscles
muscles that act in opposition (ex. biceps and triceps)
A(n) ___ is the part of a switch that includes the written description of the switch's operation.
legend plate
A ___ switch is a switch that detects the height of a liquid or solid inside a tank.
level
Torque
the type of load and operating torque requirements of an application must be understood because the type of load and any changes in required operating ____ are programmed into a drive before the system is operated and when any load requirement changes are made.
How do you reverse a DC compound motor if the motor has commutating pole windings as well?
these windings are considered a part of the armature circuit and the current through them must be reversed when the current through the armature is reversed.
individual finger movements
opposition or tapping individual fingers on a table
A ___ is an electric output device that converts electrical energy into a linear mechanical force.
solenoid
Friction brakes are normally controlled by a(n) ___, which activates the brake shoes
solenoid
A ___ is the number of locations within the valve in which the spool can be placed to direct fluid through the valve.
position
requirements for motor control
postural control and postural mechanisms, "normal" muscle tone, selective motion, and coordination
clonus
quick repetitive, alternae contraction of the agonist and antagonist muscle
When a motor is first connected to power, the ___ of the starting winding is lower and the resistance is higher than the running winding.
reactance
The larger the horsepower (HP) size of a DC motor, the less the ___ and the higher the current.
resistance
One of the significant advantages of an SSR over an EMR is its ___.
response time
How do you reverse a DC permanent-magnet motor?
reversing the direction of the current through the armature
The purpose of a starting ___ is to reduce the voltage (and thus current and torque) during starting.
rheostat
In a cooling system, as the ambient temperature ___, the switch contacts close and turn on a cooling device.
rises
A selector switch is a switch with an operator that is ___ to activate the electrical contacts.
rotated
When using electric braking in AC induction motors, the opposing magnetic fields are induced from the stator windings into the ___ windings by transformer action.
rotor
Reversing the rotation of 1Φ motors is accomplished by interchanging the leads of the starting or ___ windings.
running
premotor cortex
runs in a strip from the supplementary motor area to the lateral fissure
pill rolling tremor
thumb and first 2 fingers (parkinson's)
extensor pattern movements
scapular abduction and depression, humeral adduction and ir, elbow extension, forearm pronation, wrist/finger flextion or extension
flexor pattern movements
scapular adduction and elevation, humeral abduction, er, elbow flexion, forearm supination, and wirst/finger flextion
A(n) ___ switch and a basic start/stop station can be used to reverse a motor.
selector
A(n) ___-controlled timer is a timer controlled by an external sensor in which the timer supplies, the power required to operate the sensor.
sensor
cocontraction
smooth movements that can be stopped with precision by a slight increase in the contraction of antagonistic muscles; insulates from effects of unexpected external forces
Some ___ motors include a thermal switch that automatically turns the motor off when it overheats.
split-phase
Dashpot, synchronous clock, and sold-state timers are ___ timers.
stand-alone
The ___ is the stationary part of an AC motor.
stator
The motor ___ windings must be divided into two or more equal parts for a motor to be started using part-winding starting.
stator
To develop a rotating magnetic field in a 3 phase motor, the ___ must be connected to the proper voltage level.
stator windings
AC contactor assemblies are made of laminated ___, while DC assemblies are solid.
steel
To reverse a running motor using a drum switch, the handle must first be moved to the center position until the motor ___ and then moved to the reverse position.
stops
What are the advantages of Wye-Delta starting
suitable for high-inertia, long acceleration loads, high torque efficiency. ideal for especially stringent inrush restrictions, ideal for frequent starts
A ___-controlled timer is a timer that requires the control switch to be connected so that it controls power to the timer coil.
supply voltage
What is the braking torque directly proportional to?
surface area and spring pressure.
The 5S organization system is a workplace organizational system that stands for sort, straighten, sweep or shine, standardize, and ___.
sustain
ventromedial cortico-brainstem-spinal tract
the indirect pathway
recurrent collateral inhibition
the inhibition produced by local feedback circuits
primary motor cortex
the major point of convergence of cortical sensorimotor signals, and the major, but not only, point of departure of sensorimotor signals from the cerebral cortex
What is Increment current?
the maximum current permitted by the utility in any one step of an incremental start.
Autotransformer starting uses a(n) ___ 3Φ autotransformer to provide reduced-voltage starting.
tapped
motor equivalence
the fact that the same basic movement can be carried out in different ways involving different muscles
the motor homunculus
the somatotopic map of the human primary motor cortex; stimulation of the sites in the primary motor cortex elicit simple movements in the indicated parts of the body
A ___ is provided in the control circuit of a primary resistor starting circuit to short the resistors after the motor accelerates to a specified point.
timer
What is the primary function of a plugging switch?
to prevent the reversal of the load once the countertorque action of plugging has brought the load to a standstill
Although the power circuit and control circuit operate together to control a motor, they are electrically isolated from each other through a(n) ___.
transformer
Modern industrial control circuits are often connected to DC electronic circuits that include a(n) ___ as their output.
transistor
A ___ table is made and positioned near the switch to illustrate each position and each contact.
truth
Autotransformer starting may use its ___ advantage to provide more current on the load side of the transformer than on the line side.
turns ratio
A fork lever actuator is an actuator operated by one of ___ roller arms.
two
How many manual starters are connected together to create a manual reversing starter?
two
Most foot switches have ___ position(s).
two
When a wye-delta starter is energized, ___ contactors close.
two
The current drawn by a motor during starting is typically about how many times more then the current rating found on the motor nameplate?
two to six times
A ___ is not a common foot switch application.
two-hand safety circuit
motor control
unconscious ability t make continual adjustmenmts for trunk and limb motion
choreiform movements
uncontrolled irregular mtion, jerky sleep
A(n) ___ counter is a device used to count inputs and provide an output (contacts) after the preset count value is reached.
up
A(n) ___ counter is a device used to count input from two different inputs, one input that adds a count and another input that subtracts a count.
up/down
causes of hypertonicity
upper motor neuron damage: MS, CVA, SCI, brain injuries, head injury
Magnetic coil data is normally given in ___.
volt amperes
A ___ tester is a device that indicates approximate voltage level and type (AC or DC) by the movement and vibration of a pointer on a scale.
voltage
Always check for the presence of ___ before taking any measurements.
voltage
