Ch 27 Russia and Japan

When/why did emancipation of the Russian serfs happen?

1861 to dev. more vigorous & mobile labor force and industrialize

Kulaks

Agricultural entrepreneurs who used the Stolypin reforms to buy more land and increase production.

Emancipation of the serfs

Alexander II in 1861 ended serfdom in Russia; serfs did not obtain political rights and had to pay the aristocracy for lands gained.

Holy Alliance

Alliance among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in defense of the established order; formed by the most conservative monarchies of Europe during the Congress of Vienna.

Matthew Perry

American naval officer; in 1853 insisted under threat of bombardment on the opening of ports to American trade.

Why would Russian industrialization have to be state supported?

B/c Russia lacked preexisting middle class and capital

What was the attitude of Russian leaders toward liberal political reforms?

Bad, hated it

How did the role of the samurai change in the 1870's?

Became poor b/c compensated by gov't-backed bonds but those decreased in value; 1877 final samurai uprising

Crimean War (1854 -1856)

Began with a Russian attack on the Ottoman Empire; France and Britain joined on the Ottoman side; resulted in a Russian defeat because of Western industrial might; led to Russian reforms under Alexander II.

What effects did industrialization have on population growth, education, family life, and culture in Japan?

Better nutrition, new medical provisions, reduced death rates, universal education system; stress science, technical sub, pol loyalty; study abroad, copied W fashions and standards, adopted calendar & metric system; birth rate dropped, women inferior, Japanese polite

Where/why was the Crimean War fought?

Black Sea

Describe what was characteristic of Japanese nationalism.

Built on traditions of superiority, cohesion, deference to rulers, and new tensions generated by rapid change

How did the Russian czars make sure that Western liberal ideas did not spread in Russia?

Censored liberal/radical intellectuals, repress political opponents, newspapers & schools tightly supervised, police force expanded, no political criticism allowed

What economic changes developed during the 19th century in Japan?

Commerce expanded, big merchant companies est. monopoly privileges, manufacturing up: soy sauce and silks etc.; mostly organized by city merchants

Terakoya

Commoner schools founded during the Tokugawa shogunate to teach reading, writing, and Confucian rudiments; by the middle of the 19th century resulted in the highest literacy rate outside of the West.

Describe how the Japanese government was structured under the 1889 constitution.

Conservative nobility w/ former nobles and Meiji leaders that operate House of Peers; bureaucracy reorganized and civil service exams back

Trans-Siberian railroad

Constructed during the 1870s and 1880s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; increased the Russian role in Asia.

What reforms were made by the tsar to stop the violence?

Creation of the duma for liberals; peasants: more freedom from redemption taxes and village controls, buy/sell land more freely; goal t create stratified market-oriented peasantry → successful farmers become rural capitalists

How did the Japanese respond to the shogunate opening up Japan to the West?

Daimyo opposed, samurai on the fence b/c possible opportunity to overthrow the shogunate and for change

Explain how the Americans were able to gain access to Japan.

Def. of Perry; pressure them like Br did w/ China in Opium War

Russian Revolution of 1905

Defeat by Japan resulted in strikes by urban workers and insurrections among the peasantry; resulted in temporary reforms.

How did Japanese industry compare to that of the West in pre-WWI Japan?

Depended on imports of W equipment and raw materials; resource-poor nation; needed exports to pay for imports so used hordes of low-paid workers

Why did the Russians support the Greek independence movement of 1820?

Desire to cut back the Turks

How was the Japanese government modeled after the German government?

Diet = new parliament, emperor commanded army directly & named his ministers; Diet can pass laws if Diet and House of Peers agree, could approve budgets, only advise gov't

Why did the Russo-Japanese War start in 1904? Who won?

Dvlpmt of trans-Siberian railroad; JAPAN WON!!!

Describe the Russian economy of the early 19th century.

Falling increasingly behind W in technology and trade

Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)

Fought in Korea between Japan and China; Japanese victory demonstrated its arrival as new industrial power.

Why were the Russian able to produce on a large scale?

Great size and population, rich natural resources

Zaibatsu

Huge industrial combines created in Japan during the 1890s.

Why did the Japanese become imperialistic?

Imitate W models, allow displaced samurai to exercise military talents elsewhere, needed access to markets and raw materials

What was characteristic of 19th century governments, economies, and culture in Eastern Europe?

Imitate but limit freedom

Explain how Russia and Japan differed from the Ottomans and the Chinese in their responses to the West.

Imitated other civilizations, improved political effectiveness, knew that learning from outsiders was profitable and didn't destroy native cultures, use states to sponsor changes that W had rested in part with private businesses

How did the Russian and Eastern European farmers increase their grain exports?

Increased exports by tightening labor obligations on serfs b/c low-cost grain

How did Lenin change his views from those of Marx?

Insisted on importance of disciplined revolutionary cells that could maintain doctrinal purity and effective action even under sever police repression

What groups were beginning to agitate for revolution at the end of the 19th century in Russia?

Intelligentsia & Russian workers

What was similar about Japan and China's foreign relations from the 17th century to the 19th century?

Isolation

How were the responses to the West different for China and Japan?

Japan was more fast, open, and receptive b/c already know the art of imitation having imitated whatever China did all those centuries. The only thing China copied was Buddhism from India so the Chinese thought they were so cool and didn't need any Western stuff so that was why they were more slow and hesitant.

Diet

Japanese parliament established as part of the constitution of 1889; able to advise government but not control it.

Where was the first territory invaded by the Japanese?

Korea

What changes did emancipation bring?

Larger urban labor force, peasant uprisings, discontentment, pop growth, more potatoes

What social changes resulted from the introduction of new reforms?

Literacy increased rapidly; new market developed for popular reading, Russian potboiler novels; some women access to higher education, try out medicine; premarital sex up, dads nicer

Bolsheviks

Literally "majority" party, but actually a political group backed by a minority of the population; the most radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement; led by Lenin.

Zemstvoes

Local political councils created as part of Alexander II's reforms; gave the middle class professional experience in government but did not influence national policy.

What areas of the world had Russia been involved with during the 19th century?

ME, c. Asia, Persia, Afg., China, Manchuria

Who were the anarchists and what were their goals?

Majority of Russian radicals; goals: to abolish all formal gov't

What role did the Japanese government play in industrialization?

Manufacturing, creation of transportation networks; state operation of mines, shipyards, and metallurgical plants; gov't control helped check foreign advisors needed by early industry; 1870 Ministry of Industry; expand tech training and education, set up banks and post offices, regularize commercial laws

By 1890 what doctrine had spread to the Russian intelligentsia movement?

Marxist doctrines

Why were so few Japanese men allowed to vote in the new political system?

Most weren't rich enough

What two ideologies began to rival Confucianism?

National studies and Dutch studies

What effect did losing the Crimean War have on Russia?

Needed reforms to keep up with the West

Explain how Japanese intellectual life grew during the Tokugawa period.

Neo-Confucianism, more secular, strong religious-based resistance to change, debates, expansion of schools/academies, commoner schools (terakoya), 40% men 15% women literate

What changes were made to strengthen Japan militarily?

New army w/ nat'l conscription, formal training, upgrades, new navy

How was the economy of Japan changed to facilitate industrial growth?

New gov't banks funded growing trade and provided capital; railroads, steam engine, new agri methods, guilds & internal road tariffs abolished, land reform, new technology

What other reforms were introduced by Alexander II?

New law codes cut back traditional punishments, serfs legally free, zemstvoes created, army improved, state-sponsored basic education

Were the reforms lasting? Why or why not?

No b/c Nicholas II took away all the duma's power

Who was Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov and what was significant about him?

One of most active Marxist leaders, aka Lenin, introduced Marxist ideas that seemed perfect for Russian conditions then

What was characteristic of Russia and Japan in the late 19th century?

Only societies outside W begin industrializing before 1960s

What two areas were the focus of Russian territorial expansion in the 19th century?

Poland, Ottoman territory

Anarchists

Political groups that thought the abolition of formal government was a first step to creating a better society; became important in Russia and was the modern world's first large terrorist movement.

Why were some in Japan arguing for building a strong navy by 1791?

Potential outside threats from Russia and the West

Meiji restoration

Power of the emperor restored with Emperor Mutsuhito in 1868; took name of Meiji, the Enlightened One; ended shogunate and began a reform period.

Why were peasants still upset, despite having new social reforms made in the 19th century?

Recurrent famines, redemption taxes

Who were the intelligentsia and what were their goals?

Refer to def; goals: greater freedom in schools and press, liberal reforms, political freedom and deep social reform while maintaining unique Russian culture

Lenin

Russian Marxist leader; insisted on the importance of disciplined revolutionary cells.

What caused the Russo-Japanese War in 1904? Who won?

Russian expansions into N China & maybe into Korea; JAPAN WON!

Count Sergei Witte

Russian minister of finance (1892-1903); economic modernizer responsible for high tariffs, improved banking system; encouraged Western investment in industry.

Stolypin reforms

Russian minister who introduced reforms intended to placate the peasantry after the Revolution of 1905; included reduction of land redemption payments and an attempt to create a market-oriented peasantry.

Duma

Russian national assembly created as one of the reforms after the Revolution of 1905; progressively stripped of power during the reign of Nicholas II.

Intelligentsia

Russian term for articulate intellectuals as a class; desired radical change in the Russian political and economic systems; wished to maintain a Russian culture distinct from that of the West.

What happened in 1868 that brought an end to the political crisis in Japan?

Samurai proclaimed Mutsuhito as Emperor Meiji

What two groups fought in the Japanese civil war of 1866?

Samurai vs. shogunate

What social class was not largely growing in Russia, even with industrialization?

Self-confident middle class

How did Russian emancipation differ from the emancipation of slaves in North America?

Serfs got land and freedom, slaves only freedom; serfs no new pol rights at national level b/c had to pay for land given

Describe what was characteristic of the early 19th century government in Japan?

Shogunate + daimyos & samurai alliances

Where did most of the money from Russian industrialization come from?

State enterprises

What industries in Russia showed the most growth?

Steels production. petroleum production & refining

How did the railroad boom affect Russia?

Stimulated Russia's iron & coal sectors, export of grain to West, open Siberia up to new development, more active and contested Asian role, modern factories spring up in big cities: printing, metallurgy, textile factories

Dutch studies

Studies of Western science and technology beginning during the 18th century; based on texts available at the Dutch Nagasaki trading center.

How did the tsar Alexander II respond to the intelligentsia and anarchists?

Tighten censorship, arrest & exile them to Siberia

What was the Pan-Slavic movement?

Unite Slavic peoples under Russian leadership

Decembrist uprising

Unsuccessful 1825 political revolt in Russia by mid-level army officers advocating reforms.

Why had some Japanese scholars remained interested in European book/studies?

Western knowledge now superior to Chinese

Yellow Peril

Western term for perceived threat from Japanese imperialism.

How did workers, peasants, and liberals respond to the war?

Workers organized strikes, peasants led revolts, liberals agitated

Describe the political, social, and economic changes that were made by the Meiji emperor in the 1870's.

abolish feudalism, replace daimyos w/ appointed prefects 1871, centralized power, samurai ambassadors, abolish samurai class, agri tax paid in $$

Pogroms

mass executions