Ch 27
35) Biologists sometimes divide living organisms into two groups: autotrophs and heterotrophs. These two groups differ in ________. A) their sources of carbon B) their electron acceptors C) their mode of inheritance D) the way that they generate ATP
A Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.3
2) Jams, jellies, preserves, honey, and other foods with high sugar content hardly ever become contaminated by bacteria, even when the food containers are left open at room temperature. This is because bacteria that encounter such an environment ________. A) undergo death as a result of water loss from the cell B) are unable to metabolize the glucose or fructose, and thus starve to death C) are obligate anaerobes D) are unable to swim through these thick and viscous materials
A Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.1
3) Use the information in the following paragraph to answer the question. A hypothetical bacterium swims among human intestinal contents until it finds a suitable location on the intestinal lining. It adheres to the intestinal lining using a feature that also protects it from phagocytes, bacteriophages, and dehydration. Fecal matter from a human in whose intestine this bacterium lives can spread the bacterium, even after being mixed with water and boiled. The bacterium is not susceptible to the penicillin family of antibiotics. It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan. This bacterium's ability to survive in a human who is taking penicillin pills may be due to the presence of ________. A) gram-negative cell wall B) peptidoglycan in the cell wall C) lipopolysaccharides in the cytoplasm D) long polypeptides in the cell wall
A Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.1
4) Use the information in the following paragraph to answer the question. A hypothetical bacterium swims among human intestinal contents until it finds a suitable location on the intestinal lining. It adheres to the intestinal lining using a feature that also protects it from phagocytes, bacteriophages, and dehydration. Fecal matter from a human in whose intestine this bacterium lives can spread the bacterium, even after being mixed with water and boiled. The bacterium is not susceptible to the penicillin family of antibiotics. It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan. Adherence to the intestinal lining by this bacterium is due to its possession of ________. A) fimbriae B) pili C) a capsule D) a flagellum
A Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.1
13) If a bacterium regenerates from an endospore that did not possess any of the plasmids that were contained in its original parent cell, the regenerated bacterium will probably also lack ________. A) antibiotic-resistant genes B) a cell wall C) a chromosome D) water in its cytoplasm
A Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.2
22) A hypothetical bacterium swims among human intestinal contents until it finds a suitable location on the intestinal lining. It adheres to the intestinal lining using a feature that also protects it from phagocytes, bacteriophages, and dehydration. Fecal matter from a human in whose intestine this bacterium lives can spread the bacterium, even after being mixed with water and boiled. The bacterium is not susceptible to the penicillin family of antibiotics. It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan. The cell also lacks F factors and F plasmids. Which of the following statements about the bacteria is most probably accurate? A) The bacterium cannot donate DNA through conjugation with another cell. B) The bacterium cannot take up DNA from its external environment. C) The bacterium cannot form an endospore. D) The bacterium cannot reproduce.
A Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.2
25) The following question refers to the figure. In this eight-year experiment, 12 populations of E. coli, each begun from a single cell, were grown in low-glucose conditions for 20,000 generations. Each culture was introduced to fresh growth medium every 24 hours. Occasionally, samples were removed from the populations, and their fitness in low-glucose conditions was tested against that of members sampled from the ancestral (common ancestor) E. coli population. Which term best describes what has occurred among the experimental populations of cells over this eight-year period? A) microevolution B) speciation C) adaptive radiation D) stabilizing selection
A Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.2
40) The following table depicts characteristics of five prokaryotic species (A-E). Use the information in the table to answer the question. Trait Species A Species B Species C Species D Species E Plasmid R None R F None Gram Staining Results Variable Variable Negative Negative Negative Nutritional Mode Chemohetero- troph Chemoauto- troph Chemohetero- troph Chemohetero- troph Photoauto- troph Specialized Metabolic Pathways Aerobic methanotroph (obtains carbon and energy from methane) Anaerobic methanogen Anaerobic butanolic fermentation Anaerobic lactic acid fermentation Anaerobic nitrogen fixation and aerobic photosystems I and II Other Features Fimbriae Internal membranes Flagellum Pili Thylakoids Which two species might be expected to cooperate metabolically, perhaps forming a biofilm wherein one species surrounds cells of the other species? A) species A and B B) species A and C C) species B and E D) species C and D
A Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.3
36) Data were collected from the heterocysts of a nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium inhabiting equatorial ponds. Study the graph and choose the most likely explanation for the shape of the curve. A) Enough oxygen (O2) enters heterocysts during hours of peak photosynthesis to have a somewhat inhibitory effect on nitrogen fixation. B) Atmospheric nitrogen (N2) levels increase at night because plants are no longer metabolizing this gas, so they are not absorbing this gas through their stomata. C) Heterocyst walls become less permeable to nitrogen (N2) influx during darkness. D) The amount of fixed nitrogen that is dissolved in the pond water in which the cyanobacteria are growing peaks at the close of the photosynthetic day (1800 hours).
A Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.3
34) Use of synthetic fertilizers often leads to the contamination of groundwater with nitrates. Nitrate pollution is also a suspected cause of anoxic "dead zones" in the ocean. Which of the following might help reduce nitrate pollution? A) growing improved crop plants that have nitrogen-fixing enzymes B) adding nitrifying bacteria to the soil C) adding denitrifying bacteria to the soil D) using ammonia instead of nitrate as a fertilizer
A Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.3
41) If plaque on teeth is actually a biofilm, which of the following characteristics would you expect to find in plaque? A) multiple species of bacteria, production of chemicals that attract other bacteria, and production of chemicals that allow the bacteria to adhere to enamel B) single species of bacteria, production of antibiotics, and mechanisms in the biofilm that allow inner cells to expel wastes C) multiple species of bacteria, production of antibiotics, and mechanisms in the biofilm that allow inner cells to expel wastes D) single species of bacteria, production of chemicals that attract other bacteria, and production of chemicals that allow the bacteria to adhere to enamel
A Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.3
43) While examining a rock surface, you have discovered an interesting new organism. Which of the following criteria will allow you to classify the organism as belonging to Bacteria but not Archaea or Eukarya? A) Cell walls are made primarily of peptidoglycan. B) The organism does not have a nucleus. C) The lipids in its plasma membrane consist of glycerol bonded to straight-chain fatty acids. D) It can survive at a temperature over 100°C.
A Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.4
45) You have found a new prokaryote. What line of evidence would support your hypothesis that the organism is a cyanobacterium? A) It is able to form colonies and produce oxygen. B) It is an endosymbiont. C) It forms chains called mycelia. D) It lacks cell walls.
A Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.4
49) Assuming that each of these possesses a cell wall, which prokaryotes should be expected to be most strongly resistant to plasmolysis in hypertonic environments? A) extreme halophiles B) extreme thermophiles C) methanogens D) cyanobacteria
A Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.4
55) Recently, a microbe that is able to digest cellulose was discovered in a hot spring with an average temperature of 95°C. Predict the group to which this microbe most likely belongs. A) Archaea B) Proteobacteria C) Cyanobacteria D) Fungi
A Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.4
53) Which of the following extremophiles might researchers most likely use as a model for the earliest organisms on Earth? A) a bacterium found on another planet or moon B) an archaean capable of surviving in the polar ice caps C) an anaerobic archaean species D) a bacterium that thrives in a highly acidic environment
A Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.4
71) Photoautotrophs use A) light as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source. B) light as an energy source and methane as a carbon source. C) N2 as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source. D) CO2 as both an energy source and a carbon source.
A Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension
75) Plantlike photosynthesis that releases O2 occurs in A) cyanobacteria. B) gram-positive bacteria. C) archaea. D) chemoautotrophic bacteria.
A Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension
46) Which statement about the domain Archaea is accurate? A) Genetic prospecting has recently revealed the existence of many previously unknown archaean species. B) The genomes of archaeans are unique, containing no genes that originated within bacteria. C) No archaeans can inhabit solutions that are nearly 30% salt. D) No archaeans are adapted to waters with temperatures above the boiling point.
A Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 27.4
21) Use the following information and graph to answer the question. The figure below depicts changes to the amount of DNA present in a recipient cell that is engaged in conjugation with an Hfr cell. Hfr cell DNA begins entering the recipient cell at Time A. Assume that reciprocal crossing over occurs (in other words, a fragment of the recipient's chromosome is exchanged for a homologous fragment from the Hfr cell's DNA). During which two times can the recipient accurately be described as "recombinant" due to the sequence of events portrayed in the figure? A) during times C and D B) during times A and C C) during times A and B D) during times B and D
A Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/Evaluation Section: 27.2
68) In prokaryotes, new mutations accumulate quickly in populations, while in eukaryotes, new mutations accumulate much more slowly. The primary reasons for this are ________. A) prokaryotes have short generation times and large population sizes B) prokaryotes have random mutations while eukaryotes can target genes for mutations; thus mutations may not accumulate as quickly in eukaryotes, but they are more useful to the organism C) the DNA in prokaryotes is not as stable as eukaryotic DNA and is thus more likely to mutate D) prokaryote mutations are less effective than eukaryote mutations in providing variation for evolution
A Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/Evaluation Section: 27.2
17) The following question refers to the figure. In this eight-year experiment, 12 populations of E. coli, each begun from a single cell, were grown in low-glucose conditions for 20,000 generations. Each culture was introduced to fresh growth medium every 24 hours. Occasionally, samples were removed from the populations, and their fitness in low-glucose conditions was tested against that of members sampled from the ancestral (common ancestor) E. coli population. Imagine that after generation 20,000, the experimental cells were grown in high-glucose conditions for 20,000 generations (using the same transfer process described). Refer to the y-axis on the graph and predict the fitness of the new lines when tested in low- and high-glucose conditions. A) low: 1.0; high: 1.0 B) low: 1.6; high: 1.6 C) low: 1.0; high: 1.6 D) low: 1.6; high: 1.0
A Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/Evaluation Section: 27.2
39) Use the following information to answer the question. Nitrogenase, the enzyme that catalyzes nitrogen fixation, is inhibited whenever free oxygen (O2) reaches a critical concentration. Consequently, nitrogen fixation cannot occur in cells wherein photosynthesis produces free O2. Consider the colonial aquatic cyanobacterium, Anabaena, whose heterocysts are described as having "...a thickened cell wall that restricts entry of O2 produced by neighboring cells. Intercellular connections allow heterocysts to transport fixed nitrogen to neighboring cells in exchange for carbohydrates." Think about this description of the colonial aquatic cyanobacterium, Anabaena. Which of the following questions below is important for understanding how nitrogen (N2) enters heterocysts, and how oxygen (O2) is kept out of heterocysts? A) If carbohydrates can enter the heterocysts from neighboring cells via the "intercellular connections," how is it that O2 doesn't also enter via this route? B) If the cell walls of Anabaena photosynthetic cells are permeable to O2 and carbon dioxide (CO2), are they also permeable to N2? C) If the nuclei of the photosynthetic cells contain the genes that code for nitrogen fixation, how can these cells fail to perform nitrogen fixation? D) If the nuclei of the heterocysts contain the genes that code for photosynthesis, how can these cells fail to perform photosynthesis?
A Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/Evaluation Section: 27.3
58) Use the following information to answer the question. Healthy individuals of Paramecium bursaria contain photosynthetic algal endosymbionts of the genus Chlorella. When within their hosts, the algae are referred to as zoochlorellae. In aquaria with light coming from only one side, P. bursaria gather at the well-lit side, whereas other species of Paramecium gather at the opposite side. The zoochlorellae provide their hosts with glucose and oxygen, and P. bursaria provides its zoochlorellae with protection and motility. P. bursaria can lose its zoochlorellae in two ways: (1) if kept in darkness, the algae will die; and (2) if prey items (mostly bacteria) are absent from its habitat, P. bursaria will digest its zoochlorellae. Which of the following experimental results would suggest that the zoochlorellae and P. bursaria are mutualists? A) The reproductive rate of P. bursaria is higher with zoochlorellae than without. B) The mortality rate of P. bursaria is higher with zoochlorellae than without. C) Zoochlorellae reproduce more slowly than free-living Chlorella. D) The swimming speed of P. bursaria is higher with zoochlorellae than without.
A Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/Evaluation Section: 27.5
61) What is the goal of bioremediation? A) to improve human health with the help of living organisms such as bacteria B) to clean up areas polluted with toxic compounds by using bacteria C) to improve soil quality for plant growth by using bacteria D) to improve bacteria for production of useful chemicals
B Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 27.6
11) Which of the following observations about flagella is accurate and is consistent with the scientific conclusion that the flagella from archaea and bacteria evolved independently? A) The flagella of the two groups differ in size. B) The protein structures in the flagella are different. C) The mechanisms of rotation are similar. D) Both groups have flagella like those found in eukaryotes.
B Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 27.1
6) Use the information in the following paragraph to answer the question. A hypothetical bacterium swims among human intestinal contents until it finds a suitable location on the intestinal lining. It adheres to the intestinal lining using a feature that also protects it from phagocytes, bacteriophages, and dehydration. Fecal matter from a human in whose intestine this bacterium lives can spread the bacterium, even after being mixed with water and boiled. The bacterium is not susceptible to the penicillin family of antibiotics. It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan. In which feature should one be able to locate a complete chromosome of this bacterium? A) mitochondrion B) nucleoid C) nucleus D) plasmid
B Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 27.1
56) Bacteria perform each of the following ecological roles. Which role typically does not involve symbiosis? A) skin commensalist B) decomposer C) aggregator with methane-consuming archaea D) gut mutualist
B Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 27.5
30) In a hypothetical situation, the genes for sex pilus construction and for tetracycline resistance are located on the same plasmid within a particular bacterium. If this bacterium readily performs conjugation involving a copy of this plasmid, then the result should be the ________. A) temporary possession by this bacterium of a completely diploid genome B) rapid spread of tetracycline resistance to other bacteria in that habitat C) subsequent loss of tetracycline resistance from this bacterium D) production of endospores among the bacterium's progeny
B Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.2
52) The following table depicts characteristics of five prokaryotic species (A-E). Use the information in the table to answer the question. Trait Species A Species B Species C Species D Species E Plasmid R None R F None Gram Staining Results Variable Variable Negative Negative Negative Nutritional Mode Chemohetero- troph Chemoauto- troph Chemohetero- troph Chemohetero- troph Photoauto- troph Specialized Metabolic Pathways Aerobic methanotroph (obtains carbon and energy from methane) Anaerobic methanogen Anaerobic butanolic fermentation Anaerobic lactic acid fermentation Anaerobic nitrogen fixation and aerobic photosystems I and II Other Features Fimbriae Internal membranes Flagellum Pili Thylakoids Which species is most likely to be found in sewage treatment plants and in the guts of cattle? A) species A B) species B C) species C D) species D
B Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.4
51) A fish that has been salt-cured subsequently develops a reddish color. You suspect that the fish has been contaminated by the extreme halophile Halobacterium. Which of these features of cells removed from the surface of the fish, if confirmed, would support your suspicion? A) the presence of the same photosynthetic pigments found in cyanobacteria and cell walls that lack peptidoglycan B) cell walls that lack peptidoglycan and are isotonic to conditions on the surface of the fish C) cells unable to survive salt concentrations lower than 9% and cells containing many ion pumps on the plasma membrane D) the presence of the same photosynthetic pigments found in cyanobacteria and cells that are isotonic to conditions on the surface of the fish
B Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.4
57) Use the following information to answer the question. Healthy individuals of Paramecium bursaria contain photosynthetic algal endosymbionts of the genus Chlorella. When within their hosts, the algae are referred to as zoochlorellae. In aquaria with light coming from only one side, P. bursaria gather at the well-lit side, whereas other species of Paramecium gather at the opposite side. The zoochlorellae provide their hosts with glucose and oxygen, and P. bursaria provides its zoochlorellae with protection and motility. P. bursaria can lose its zoochlorellae in two ways: (1) if kept in darkness, the algae will die; and (2) if prey items (mostly bacteria) are absent from its habitat, P. bursaria will digest its zoochlorellae. A P. bursaria cell that has lost its zoochlorellae is aposymbiotic. If aposymbiotic cells have population growth rates the same as those of healthy, zoochlorella-containing P. bursaria in well-lit environments with plenty of prey items, then such an observation would be consistent with which type of relationship? A) parasitic B) commensalistic C) toxic D) mutualistic
B Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.5
62) Foods can be preserved in many ways by slowing or preventing bacterial growth. Which of these methods should be least effective at inhibiting bacterial growth? A) refrigeration: slows bacterial metabolism and growth B) closing previously opened containers: prevents more bacteria from entering, and excludes oxygen C) pickling: creates a pH at which most bacterial enzymes cannot function D) canning in heavy sugar syrup: creates osmotic conditions that remove water from most bacterial cells
B Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.6
74) Bacteria perform the following ecological roles. Which role typically does not involve symbiosis? A) skin commensalist B) decomposer C) gut mutualist D) pathogen
B Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension
16) The following question refers to the figure. In this eight-year experiment, 12 populations of E. coli, each begun from a single cell, were grown in low-glucose conditions for 20,000 generations. Each culture was introduced to fresh growth medium every 24 hours. Occasionally, samples were removed from the populations, and their fitness in low-glucose conditions was tested against that of members sampled from the ancestral (common ancestor) E. coli population. The cells in the 12 cell lines grown in low-glucose conditions showed the effects of which of the following processes? A) gene flow and genetic drift B) natural selection and mutation C) natural selection and gene flow D) conjugation and transformation
B Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/Evaluation Section: 27.2
20) Use the following information and graph to answer the question. The figure below depicts changes to the amount of DNA present in a recipient cell that is engaged in conjugation with an Hfr cell. Hfr cell DNA begins entering the recipient cell at Time A. Assume that reciprocal crossing over occurs (in other words, a fragment of the recipient's chromosome is exchanged for a homologous fragment from the Hfr cell's DNA). Which two processes are responsible for the shape of the curve at Time B? A) transduction and rolling circle replication of single-stranded Hfr DNA B) entry of single-stranded Hfr DNA and rolling circle replication of single-stranded Hfr DNA C) rolling circle replication of single-stranded Hfr DNA and activation of DNA pumps in the plasma membrane D) transduction and activation of DNA pumps in the plasma membrane
B Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/Evaluation Section: 27.2
9) The following table depicts characteristics of five prokaryotic species (A-E). Use the information in the table to answer the following question. Trait Species A Species B Species C Species D Species E Plasmid R None R F None Gram Staining Results Variable Variable Negative Negative Negative Nutritional Mode Chemohetero- troph Chemoauto- troph Chemohetero- troph Chemohetero- troph Photoauto- troph Specialized Metabolic Pathways Aerobic methanotroph (obtains carbon and energy from methane) Anaerobic methanogen Anaerobic butanolic fermentation Anaerobic lactic acid fermentation Anaerobic nitrogen fixation and aerobic photosystems I and II Other Features Fimbriae Internal membranes Flagellum Pili Thylakoids How many of these species probably have a cell wall that consists partly of an outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide? A) only one species B) two species C) three species D) four species
C Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.1
5) Use the information in the following paragraph to answer the question. A hypothetical bacterium swims among human intestinal contents until it finds a suitable location on the intestinal lining. It adheres to the intestinal lining using a feature that also protects it from phagocytes, bacteriophages, and dehydration. Fecal matter from a human in whose intestine this bacterium lives can spread the bacterium, even after being mixed with water and boiled. The bacterium is not susceptible to the penicillin family of antibiotics. It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan. Which of the following statements about the cell wall is most probable? A) Its innermost layer is composed of a phospholipid bilayer. B) After it has been subjected to Gram staining, the cell should remain purple. C) It has an outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide. D) It is mostly composed of a complex, cross-linked polysaccharide.
C Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.1
7) The following table depicts characteristics of five prokaryotic species (A-E). Use the information in the table to answer the following question. Trait Species A Species B Species C Species D Species E Plasmid R None R F None Gram Staining Results Variable Variable Negative Negative Negative Nutritional Mode Chemohetero- troph Chemoauto- troph Chemohetero- troph Chemohetero- troph Photoauto- troph Specialized Metabolic Pathways Aerobic methanotroph (obtains carbon and energy from methane) Anaerobic methanogen Anaerobic butanolic fermentation Anaerobic lactic acid fermentation Anaerobic nitrogen fixation and aerobic photosystems I and II Other Features Fimbriae Internal membranes Flagellum Pili Thylakoids Which two species should have much more phospholipid, in the form of bilayers, in their cytoplasms than most other bacteria? A) species A and B B) species A and C C) species B and E D) species C and D
C Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.1
8) The following table depicts characteristics of five prokaryotic species (A-E). Use the information in the table to answer the following question. Trait Species A Species B Species C Species D Species E Plasmid R None R F None Gram Staining Results Variable Variable Negative Negative Negative Nutritional Mode Chemohetero- troph Chemoauto- troph Chemohetero- troph Chemohetero- troph Photoauto- troph Specialized Metabolic Pathways Aerobic methanotroph (obtains carbon and energy from methane) Anaerobic methanogen Anaerobic butanolic fermentation Anaerobic lactic acid fermentation Anaerobic nitrogen fixation and aerobic photosystems I and II Other Features Fimbriae Internal membranes Flagellum Pili Thylakoids Which species is capable of directed movement? A) species A B) species B C) species C D) species D
C Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.1
18) Use the following information and graph to answer the question. The figure below depicts changes to the amount of DNA present in a recipient cell that is engaged in conjugation with an Hfr cell. Hfr cell DNA begins entering the recipient cell at Time A. Assume that reciprocal crossing over occurs (in other words, a fragment of the recipient's chromosome is exchanged for a homologous fragment from the Hfr cell's DNA). What process is occurring at Time C that is decreasing the DNA content? A) crossing over B) cytokinesis C) degradation of DNA that was not retained in the recipient's chromosome D) reversal of the direction of conjugation
C Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.2
19) Use the following information and graph to answer the question. The figure below depicts changes to the amount of DNA present in a recipient cell that is engaged in conjugation with an Hfr cell. Hfr cell DNA begins entering the recipient cell at Time A. Assume that reciprocal crossing over occurs (in other words, a fragment of the recipient's chromosome is exchanged for a homologous fragment from the Hfr cell's DNA). How is the recipient cell different at Time D than it was at Time A? A) It has a greater number of genes. B) It has a greater mass of DNA. C) It has a different sequence of base pairs. D) It contains bacteriophage DNA.
C Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.2
23) The following table depicts characteristics of five prokaryotic species (A-E). Use the information in the table to answer the question. Trait Species A Species B Species C Species D Species E Plasmid R None R F None Gram Staining Results Variable Variable Negative Negative Negative Nutritional Mode Chemohetero- troph Chemoauto- troph Chemohetero- troph Chemohetero- troph Photoauto- troph Specialized Metabolic Pathways Aerobic methanotroph (obtains carbon and energy from methane) Anaerobic methanogen Anaerobic butanolic fermentation Anaerobic lactic acid fermentation Anaerobic nitrogen fixation and aerobic photosystems I and II Other Features Fimbriae Internal membranes Flagellum Pili Thylakoids Species D is pathogenic if it gains access to the human intestine. Which other species, if it coinhabited a human intestine along with species D, is most likely to become a recombinant species that is both pathogenic and resistant to some antibiotics? A) species A B) species B C) species C D) species E
C Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.2
28) The following question refers to the figure. In this eight-year experiment, 12 populations of E. coli, each begun from a single cell, were grown in low-glucose conditions for 20,000 generations. Each culture was introduced to fresh growth medium every 24 hours. Occasionally, samples were removed from the populations, and their fitness in low-glucose conditions was tested against that of members sampled from the ancestral (common ancestor) E. coli population. E. coli cells typically make most of their ATP by metabolizing glucose. Under the conditions of this experiment, E. coli generation times in the experimental lines and low-glucose conditions should ________. A) be the same as in the typical environment B) be faster than in the typical environment C) be slower than in the typical environment D) increase over time in the experimental cells
C Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.2
37) A hypothetical bacterium swims among human intestinal contents until it finds a suitable location on the intestinal lining. It adheres to the intestinal lining using a feature that also protects it from phagocytes, bacteriophages, and dehydration. Fecal matter from a human in whose intestine this bacterium lives can spread the bacterium, even after being mixed with water and boiled. The bacterium is not susceptible to the penicillin family of antibiotics. It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan. This bacterium derives nutrition by digesting human intestinal contents. Thus, this bacterium is an ________. A) aerobic chemoheterotroph B) aerobic chemoautotroph C) anaerobic chemoheterotroph D) anaerobic chemoautotroph
C Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.3
38) Use the following information to answer the question. Nitrogenase, the enzyme that catalyzes nitrogen fixation, is inhibited whenever free oxygen (O2) reaches a critical concentration. Consequently, nitrogen fixation cannot occur in cells wherein photosynthesis produces free O2. Consider the colonial aquatic cyanobacterium, Anabaena, whose heterocysts are described as having "...a thickened cell wall that restricts entry of O2 produced by neighboring cells. Intercellular connections allow heterocysts to transport fixed nitrogen to neighboring cells in exchange for carbohydrates." Given that the enzymes that catalyze nitrogen fixation are inhibited by oxygen, what mechanism might nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes use to protect these enzymes from oxygen? A) couple the nitrogen fixation enzymes with photosystem II (the photosystem that splits water) B) package the nitrogen fixation enzymes in membranes that are impermeable to all gases C) live only in anaerobic environments D) package the nitrogen fixation enzymes in membranes that are impermeable to nitrogen gas (N2).
C Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.3
50) The thermoacidophile Sulfolobus acidocaldarius lacks peptidoglycan, but still possesses a cell wall. Which of the following statements is likely to be an accurate description of this species? A) It is a bacterium. B) The optimal pH of its enzymes will lie above pH 7. C) It could inhabit hydrothermal springs. D) It could inhabit alkaline hot springs.
C Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.4
44) Which of the following describe all existing bacteria? A) pathogenic, omnipresent, morphologically diverse B) extremophiles, tiny, abundant C) tiny, ubiquitous, metabolically diverse D) morphologically diverse, metabolically diverse, extremophiles
C Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.4
59) If all prokaryotes on Earth suddenly vanished, which of the following would be the most likely and most direct result? A) Human populations would thrive in the absence of disease. B) Bacteriophage numbers would dramatically increase. C) The recycling of nutrients would be greatly reduced, at least initially. D) There would be no more pathogens on Earth.
C Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.5
60) In a hypothetical situation, a bacterium lives on the surface of a leaf, where it obtains nutrition from the leaf's nonliving, waxy covering while inhibiting the growth of other microbes that are plant pathogens. If this bacterium gains access to the inside of a leaf, however, it causes a fatal disease in the plant. Once the plant dies, the bacterium and its offspring decompose the plant. What is the correct sequence of ecological roles played by the bacterium in the situation described here? A) nutrient recycler, commensal, pathogen B) mutualist, commensal, pathogen C) mutualist, pathogen, nutrient recycler D) nutrient recycler, mutualist, primary producer
C Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.5
72) Which of the following statements is not true? A) Archaea and bacteria have different membrane lipids. B) The cell walls of archaea lack peptidoglycan. C) Only bacteria have histones associated with DNA. D) Only some archaea use CO2 to oxidize H2, releasing methane.
C Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension
73) Which of the following involves metabolic cooperation among prokaryotic cells? A) binary fission B) endospore formation C) biofilms D) photoautotrophy
C Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension
69) Compared to eukaryotes, prokaryotes are ________. A) less sensitive to the physical environment B) simpler morphologically and more evolutionarily primitive C) simpler morphologically, but not more evolutionarily primitive D) more complex morphologically and more primitive
C Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 27.2 27.2 Student Edition End-of-Chapter Questions
47) Which of the following traits do archaeans and bacteria share? A) composition of the cell wall B) composition of the cell wall and lack of a nuclear envelope C) lack of a nuclear envelope and presence of circular chromosome D) presence of plasma membrane and composition of the cell wall
C Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 27.4
64) The pathogenic prokaryotes that cause cholera are ________. A) archaea that release an exotoxin B) archaea that release an endotoxin C) bacteria that release an exotoxin D) bacteria that release an endotoxin
C Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 27.6
15) Termites eat wood, but many do not produce enzymes themselves that will digest the cellulose in the wood. Instead, some termites house a complex community of protozoa, bacteria, and archaea that could help digest the cellulose. Imagine an experiment that fed termites either wood only or wood and antibiotics, and then measured the amount of energy extracted from the wood. If both groups gained equal amounts of energy, which of the conclusions is the most logical? A) We would conclude that the protozoa contributed to digestion of cellulose and lignin. B) We would conclude that the archaea contributed to digestion of cellulose and lignin. C) We would conclude that the bacteria did not contribute to digestion of cellulose and lignin. D) We would conclude that none of the three groups were needed to digest cellulose and lignin.
C Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/Evaluation Section: 27.1
14) Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic that targets prokaryotic (70S) ribosomes, but not eukaryotic (80S) ribosomes. Which of these questions stems from this observation, plus an understanding of eukaryotic origins? A) Can chloramphenicol also be used to control human diseases that are caused by archaeans? B) Can chloramphenicol pass through the capsules possessed by many cyanobacteria? C) If chloramphenicol inhibits prokaryotic ribosomes, should it not also inhibit mitochondrial ribosomes? D) Why aren't prokaryotic ribosomes identical to eukaryotic ribosomes?
C Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/Evaluation Section: 27.1
33) Use the following information and figure to answer the question. The sea slug Pteraeolidia ianthina (P. ianthina) can harbor living dinoflagellates (photosynthetic protists) in its skin. These endosymbiotic dinoflagellates reproduce quickly enough to maintain their populations. Low populations of the dinoflagellates do not affect the sea slugs very much, but high populations (> 5 x 105 cells/mg of sea slug protein) can promote sea slug survival. Percent of sea slug respiratory carbon demand provided by indwelling dinoflagellates. Which of the following would be a potential disadvantage to the sea slugs of housing the dinoflagellates? A) The CO2 produced by the dinoflagellates would poison the sea slug. B) The dinoflagellates would be an energy drain on the sea slug. C) The sea slugs are exposed to predators when they spend time in the sunlit areas needed by the dinoflagellates. D) The dinoflagellates will reduce the ability of the sea slugs to move.
C Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/Evaluation Section: 27.3
32) Use the following information and figure to answer the question. The sea slug Pteraeolidia ianthina (P. ianthina) can harbor living dinoflagellates (photosynthetic protists) in its skin. These endosymbiotic dinoflagellates reproduce quickly enough to maintain their populations. Low populations of the dinoflagellates do not affect the sea slugs very much, but high populations (> 5 x 105 cells/mg of sea slug protein) can promote sea slug survival. Percent of sea slug respiratory carbon demand provided by indwelling dinoflagellates. If we assume that carbon is the sole nutrient needed by sea slugs to drive their cellular respiration, then based on the graph, during which season(s) is it least necessary for P. ianthina to act as a chemoheterotroph? A) winter B) spring C) summer D) fall
C Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/Evaluation Section: 27.3
65) Leaf-cutter ants harvest plant leaves and bring them back to their nests. There, in the warm, moist environments of their underground nests, they grow fungi (Leucoagaricus) that they then eat. These ants also host bacteria on their exoskeleton. Another fungus, Escovopsis, kills Leucoagaricus when the ants are removed from the nest. Knowing that the bacteria on the ants are in the same phylogenetic group of other bacteria that produce antibiotics, which of the following research hypotheses is most likely correct? A) The bacteria on the exoskeleton produce chemicals that kill Leucoagaricus. B) The bacteria on the exoskeleton produce chemicals that kill Escovopsis. C) The bacteria on the exoskeleton provide nutrition to the ants. D) The bacteria on the exoskeleton cause disease in the ants.
C Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/Evaluation Section: 27.6
1) The predatory bacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriophorus drills into a prey bacterium and, once inside, digests it. In an attack upon a gram-negative bacterium that has a slimy cell covering, what is the correct sequence of structures penetrated by B. bacteriophorus on its way to the prey's cytoplasm? A) phospholipid membrane, capsule, peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide membrane B) lipopolysaccharide membrane, peptidoglycan, capsule, phospholipid membrane C) lipopolysaccharide membrane, capsule, peptidoglycan, phospholipid membrane D) capsule, lipopolysaccharide membrane, peptidoglycan, phospholipid membrane
D Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.1
12) In a bacterium that possesses antibiotic resistance and the potential to persist through very adverse conditions, such as freezing, drying, or high temperatures, DNA should be located within, or be part of, which structures? A) nucleoid, fimbriae, and plasmids B) endospore, fimbriae, and plasmids C) fimbriae, nucleoid, and endospore D) plasmids, nucleoid, and endospore
D Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.1
10) Which of the following observations about flagella is accurate and is consistent with the scientific conclusion that the flagella from eukaryotes and bacteria evolved independently? A) The flagella of both eukaryotes and bacteria are made of the same protein, but the configuration is different. B) The mechanics of movement and protein structure are the same in these flagella, but there are significant genetic differences. C) Although the mechanism of movement in both flagella is the same, the protein that accomplishes the movement is different. D) The protein structure and the mechanism of movement in eukaryotes flagella are different from those of bacteria flagella.
D Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.1
29) The following question refers to the figure. In this eight-year experiment, 12 populations of E. coli, each begun from a single cell, were grown in low-glucose conditions for 20,000 generations. Each culture was introduced to fresh growth medium every 24 hours. Occasionally, samples were removed from the populations, and their fitness in low-glucose conditions was tested against that of members sampled from the ancestral (common ancestor) E. coli population. If the experimental population of E. coli lacks an F factor or F plasmid, and if bacteriophages are excluded from the bacterial cultures, then beneficial mutations might be transmitted horizontally to other E. coli cells via ________. A) sex pili B) transduction C) conjugation D) transformation
D Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.2
31) Which of the following is least associated with the others? A) horizontal gene transfer B) conjugation C) transformation D) binary fission
D Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.2
24) The following table depicts characteristics of five prokaryotic species (A-E). Use the information in the table to answer the question. Trait Species A Species B Species C Species D Species E Plasmid R None R F None Gram Staining Results Variable Variable Negative Negative Negative Nutritional Mode Chemohetero- troph Chemoauto- troph Chemohetero- troph Chemohetero- troph Photoauto- troph Specialized Metabolic Pathways Aerobic methanotroph (obtains carbon and energy from methane) Anaerobic methanogen Anaerobic butanolic fermentation Anaerobic lactic acid fermentation Anaerobic nitrogen fixation and aerobic photosystems I and II Other Features Fimbriae Internal membranes Flagellum Pili Thylakoids Which species might include cells that are Hfr cells? A) species A B) species B C) species C D) species D
D Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.2
26) The following question refers to the figure. In this eight-year experiment, 12 populations of E. coli, each begun from a single cell, were grown in low-glucose conditions for 20,000 generations. Each culture was introduced to fresh growth medium every 24 hours. Occasionally, samples were removed from the populations, and their fitness in low-glucose conditions was tested against that of members sampled from the ancestral (common ancestor) E. coli population. Compare the bacteria in the figure above in generation 1 and generation 20,000. The bacteria in generation 1 have a greater ________. A) efficiency at exporting glucose from the cell to the environment B) ability to survive on simple sugars, other than glucose C) ability to synthesize glucose from amino acid precursors D) reliance on glycolytic enzymes
D Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.2
54) Mitochondria are thought to be the descendants of certain alpha proteobacteria. They are, however, no longer able to lead independent lives because most genes originally present on their chromosomes have moved to the nuclear genome. Which phenomenon accounts for the movement of these genes? A) plasmolysis B) conjugation C) translation D) horizontal gene transfer
D Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.2 and 27.4
42) Use the following information to answer the question. For several decades now, amphibian species worldwide have been in decline. A significant proportion of the decline seems to be due to the spread of the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Chytrid sporangia reside within the epidermal cells of infected animals, animals that consequently show areas of sloughed skin. They can also be lethargic, which is expressed through failure to hide and failure to flee. The infection cycle typically takes four to five days, at the end of which zoospores are released from sporangia into the environment. In some amphibian species, mortality rates approach 100%; other species seem able to survive the infection. If infection primarily involves the outermost layers of adult amphibian skin, and if the chytrids use the skin as their sole source of nutrition, then which term best applies to the chytrids? A) anaerobic chemoautotroph B) aerobic chemoautotroph C) anaerobic chemoheterotroph D) aerobic chemoheterotroph
D Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.3
63) Broad-spectrum antibiotics inhibit the growth of most intestinal bacteria. Consequently, assuming that nothing is done to counter the reduction of intestinal bacteria, a hospital patient who is receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics is most likely to become ________. A) unable to fix carbon dioxide B) antibiotic resistant C) unable to synthesize peptidoglycan D) deficient in certain vitamins and nutrients
D Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 27.6
70) Genetic variation in bacterial populations cannot result from A) transduction. B) conjugation. C) mutation. D) meiosis.
D Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension
48) Which of the following traits do archaeans and eukaryotes share? A) presence of a nuclear envelope B) presence of peptidoglycan in the cell wall C) sensitivity to streptomycin D) presence of introns
D Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 27.4
67) Sexual reproduction in eukaryotes increases genetic variation. In prokaryotes, transformation, transduction, and conjugation are mechanisms that increase genetic variation. A fundamental difference between the generation of genetic variation in the two domains is ________. A) eukaryotes are able to generate mutations in response to environmental stress while prokaryotes only generate random variation B) eukaryotic variation occurs primarily within a single generation while prokaryotic variation occurs over many generations C) crossing over is a major mechanism in creating genetic variation in prokaryotes while independent assortment is a major mechanism in eukaryotes D) eukaryotic genetic variation occurs when adults transmit genes to their offspring while prokaryotic genetic variation occurs with horizontal gene transfer
D Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/Evaluation Section: 26.6; 27.2
27) The following question refers to the figure. In this eight-year experiment, 12 populations of E. coli, each begun from a single cell, were grown in low-glucose conditions for 20,000 generations. Each culture was introduced to fresh growth medium every 24 hours. Occasionally, samples were removed from the populations, and their fitness in low-glucose conditions was tested against that of members sampled from the ancestral (common ancestor) E. coli population. If the vertical axis of the figure above refers to relative fitness, then which of the following is the most valid and accurate measure of fitness? A) number of daughter cells produced per mother cell per generation B) average swimming speed of cells through the growth medium C) amount of glucose synthesized per unit time D) number of generations per unit time
D Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/Evaluation Section: 27.2
66) When a virus infects a bacterial cell, often new viruses are assembled and released when the host bacterial cell is lysed. If these new viruses go on to infect new bacterial cells, the new host cells may not be lysed. What is the most plausible explanation for this? A) The bacterial cell must be resistant to infection by the virus. B) The virus carries genes that confer resistance to the host bacterial cell. C) The host bacterium couples the viral infection with transformation. D) The virus has entered the genome of the bacterial cell and is in the lysogenic stage.
D Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/Evaluation Section: 27.2