Ch 28- Plants

B) are both formed from living or fossil plants

1) As fuels, wood and coal _____. A) are the main fuel sources in industrialized countries today B) are both formed from living or fossil plants C) are both formed under pressure deep in the Earth. D) were both commonly used throughout the United States through the early 1900s.

D) had non-vascular green plants similar to liverworts forming green mats on rock

10) About 450 million years ago, the terrestrial landscape on Earth would have _____. A) looked very similar to that of today, with flowers, grasses, shrubs, and trees B) been completely bare rock, with little pools that contained bacteria and cyanobacteria C) been covered with tall forests in swamps that became today's coal D) had non-vascular green plants similar to liverworts forming green mats on rock

A) waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves

11) What evidence do paleobotanists look for that indicates the movement of plants from water to land? A) waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves B) loss of structures that produce spores C) sporopollenin to inhibit evaporation from leaves D) remnants of chloroplasts from photosynthesizing cells

D) rise and diversification of angiosperms

12) Which of these time intervals, based on plant fossils, came last (most recently)? A) extensive growth of gymnosperm forests B) Silurian-Devonian explosion with fossils of plant lineages that contain most of the major morphological innovations C) colonization of land by early liverworts and mosses D) rise and diversification of angiosperms E) carboniferous swamps with giant horsetails and lycophytes

D) The group includes their common ancestor but also the seeded descendants of that same ancestor.

13) Why are seedless vascular plants considered paraphyletic rather than monophyletic? A) Some of the groups within the seedless vascular plants are more closely related to each other than to other groups (such as Lycophyta). B) They share a more recent common ancestor with seeded plants than they do with the non- vascular plants. C) All of the groups contained within the seedless vascular plants do not have the same ancestor. D) The group includes their common ancestor but also the seeded descendants of that same ancestor.

C) is surrounded by a cuticle

14) You find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. The mystery organism is most likely a plant and not an alga if it _____. A) contains chloroplasts B) is multicellular C) is surrounded by a cuticle D) does not contain vascular tissue E) has cell walls that are comprised largely of cellulose

B) plants evolved alternation of generations independently of charophytes

15) Some green algae exhibit alternation of generations. All land plants exhibit alternation of generations. No charophytes (stoneworts) exhibit alternation of generations. Keeping in mind the recent evidence from molecular systematics, the correct interpretation of these observations is that _____. A) charophytes are not related to either green algae or land plants B) plants evolved alternation of generations independently of charophytes C) alternation of generations cannot be beneficial to charophytes D) land plants evolved directly from the green algae that perform alternation of generations E) scientists have no evidence to indicate whether or not land plants evolved from any kind of alga

B) reduce dehydration

16) The functional role of sporopollenin is primarily to _____. A) comprise spore surface structures that catch the wind and assist in spore dispersal B) reduce dehydration C) make spores less dense and able to disperse more readily D) repel toxic chemicals E) provide nutrients to spores

D) ferns, horsetails, and lycophytes

17) If humans had been present to build log structures during the Carboniferous period (they were not), which plant types would have been suitable sources of logs? A) whisk ferns and epiphytes B) horsetails and bryophytes C) lycophytes and bryophytes D) ferns, horsetails, and lycophytes E) charophytes (stoneworts), bryophytes, and gymnosperms

B) early bryophytes

18) Which of the following should have had gene sequences most similar to the charophyte (stonewort) that was the common ancestor of the land plants? A) early angiosperms B) early bryophytes C) early gymnosperms D) early lycophytes E) early pterophytes

C) charophytes

19) According to our current knowledge of plant evolution, which group of organisms should feature cell division most similar to that of land plants? A) unicellular green algae B) cyanobacteria C) charophytes D) red algae E) multicellular green algae

C) defend the plant against herbivores

2) The major function of the medicinal compounds in plants is to _____. A) attract pollinators for seed dispersal B) attract insects and birds to spread seeds and fruits C) defend the plant against herbivores D) defend the plant against microbes

C) megasporangium, megaspore, egg, ovule

20) Which set contains the most closely related terms? A) megasporangium, megaspore, pollen, ovule B) microsporangium, microspore, egg, ovary C) megasporangium, megaspore, egg, ovule D) microsporangium, microspore, carpel, ovary

B) They can easily lose water to, and absorb water from, the atmosphere.

21) Most moss gametophytes do not have a cuticle and are 1-2 cells thick. What does this imply about moss gametophytes and their structure? A) They use stomata for gas exchange regulation. B) They can easily lose water to, and absorb water from, the atmosphere. C) Photosynthesis occurs throughout the entire gametophyte surface. D) They have branching veins in their leaves.

B) sporophyte is diploid and produces spores

22) In the process of alternation of generations, the _____. A) sporophyte is haploid and produces gametes B) sporophyte is diploid and produces spores C) gametophyte is haploid and produces spores D) gametophyte is diploid and produces gametes E) spores unite to form a zygote

A) branching leaf veins

23) The herbicide 2,4-D affects the metabolism of dicots and kills most of them. What is a common feature of plants that are susceptible to 2,4-D? A) branching leaf veins B) flower parts in threes C) one cotyledon in the seed D) vascular tissue scattered throughout the stem

B) gametophyte of a moss

24) As you stroll through a moist forest, you are most likely to see a _____. A) zygote of a green alga B) gametophyte of a moss C) sporophyte of a liverwort D) gametophyte of a fern

A) sporophyte (capsule) of a moss

25) Which of these are spore-producing structures? A) sporophyte (capsule) of a moss B) antheridium of a moss or fern C) archegonium of a moss or fern D) gametophyte of a moss

B) lignin

26) Which of the following occurs in vascular land plants but not charophytes (stoneworts)? A) sporopollenin B) lignin C) chlorophyll a D) cellulose E) chlorophyll b

B) plants evolved alternation of generations independently of charophytes

27) Some green algae exhibit alternation of generations. All land plants exhibit alternation of generations. No charophytes (stoneworts) exhibit alternation of generations. Keeping in mind the recent evidence from molecular systematics, the correct interpretation of these observations is that _____. A) charophytes are not related to either green algae or land plants B) plants evolved alternation of generations independently of charophytes C) alternation of generations cannot be beneficial to charophytes D) land plants evolved directly from the green algae that perform alternation of generations E) scientists have no evidence to indicate whether or not land plants evolved from any kind of alga

C) desiccation

28) Which of the following was a challenge to the survival of the first land plants? A) too much sunlight B) a shortage of carbon dioxide C) desiccation D) animal predation

B) may contain sporophyte embryos

29) Archegonia _____. A) are the sites where male gametes are produced B) may contain sporophyte embryos C) have the same function as sporangia D) are the ancestral versions of animal gonads E) make asexual reproductive structures

C) menthol

3) You want to get rid of your cough and stuffy nose, and a friend offers you a cup of tea. After you drink the tea, you realize that you are feeling relief from your symptoms. What plant compound was most likely found in the tea? A) quinine B) codeine C) menthol D) salacin E) morphine

C) Antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes.

30) Which of the following is true of the life cycle of mosses? A) The haploid generation grows on the sporophyte generation. B) Spores are primarily distributed by water currents. C) Antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes. D) The sporophyte generation is dominant. E) The growing embryo gives rise to the gametophyte.

C) ferns

31) A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to _____. A) mosses B) charophytes (stoneworts) C) ferns D) gymnosperms E) flowering plants

A) belongs to a species that is homosporous

32) If a fern gametophyte has both male and female gametangia on the same plant, then it _____. A) belongs to a species that is homosporous B) must be diploid C) has lost the need for a sporophyte generation D) has antheridia and archegonia combined into a single sex organ E) is actually not a fern, because fern gametophytes are always either male or female

C) either that their gametophytes grow close together, or that they be hermaphroditic

34) Which of the following features is most important for true mosses and ferns to reproduce in the desert? A) that the sporophytes occupy only permanently shady, north-facing habitats B) that the sporophytes hug the ground, growing no taller than a couple of inches C) either that their gametophytes grow close together, or that they be hermaphroditic D) that the sporophytes have highly lignified vascular tissues E) that the gametophytes contain secondary compounds to deter herbivores

D) haploid spores

35) In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis? A) haploid sporophytes B) haploid gametes C) diploid gametes D) haploid spores E) diploid spores

A) fern

36) Which of the following is a land plant that has flagellated sperm and a sporophyte-dominated life cycle? A) fern B) moss C) liverwort D) charophyte (stoneworts) E) hornwort

D) Flagellated sperm swim to the eggs in a water drop.

37) Which of the following features of how seedless land plants get sperm to egg are the same as for some of their algal ancestors? A) Conjugation tubes are formed between sperm and egg cells. B) Packets of sperm are delivered by wind to the eggs. C) Aquatic invertebrates carry sperm to eggs. D) Flagellated sperm swim to the eggs in a water drop. E) Flagellated sperm meet flagellated eggs in a water drop.

E) 3 → 1 → 2

38) Arrange the following in the correct sequence, from earliest to most recent, in which these plant traits originated. 1. sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence 2. sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence 3. gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence A) 1 →? 2 → 3 B) 2 → 3 → 1 C) 2 → 1 → 3 D) 3 → 2 → 1 E) 3 → 1 → 2

E) fern gametophyte bearing only antheridia

39) In terms of alternation of generations, the internal parts of the pollen grains of seed- producing plants are most similar to a _____. A) moss sporophyte B) moss gametophyte bearing both male and female gametangia C) fern sporophyte D) hermaphroditic fern gametophyte E) fern gametophyte bearing only antheridia

D) D

4) In the figure above, which graph of soil nitrogen loss over time most strongly supports the hypothesis that if the 1-m tall Dawsonia gametophyte-sporophyte plants had acted as a physical buffer, then they would have reduced water's ability to erode the soil and carry away its nitrogen? (GRAPHS) A) A B) B C) C D) D

A) Female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs.

40) Which of the following statements correctly describes a portion of the pine life cycle? A) Female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs. B) Seeds are produced in pollen-producing cones. C) Pollen grains contain female gametophytes. D) A pollen tube slowly digests its way through the triploid endosperm. E) The young seedling grows into a mature gametophyte.

D) Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes.

41) Which of the following statements is true of the pine life cycle? A) Cones are homologous to the capsules of moss plants. B) The pine tree is a gametophyte. C) Male and female gametophytes are in close proximity during gamete synthesis. D) Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes. E) Double fertilization is a relatively common phenomenon.

A) 1, 4, 3, 2, 5

42) Arrange the following structures, which can be found on male pine trees, from the largest structure to the smallest structure (or from most inclusive to least inclusive). 1. sporophyte 2. microspores 3. microsporangia 4. pollen cone 5. pollen nuclei A) 1, 4, 3, 2, 5 B) 1, 4, 2, 3, 5 C) 1, 2, 3, 5, 4 D) 4, 1, 2, 3, 5 E) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1

C) ovule

43) Which structure is common to both gymnosperms and angiosperms? A) stigma B) carpel C) ovule D) ovary E) anthers

B) double internal fertilization

44) Which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms? A) complete reliance on wind as the pollinating agent B) double internal fertilization C) free-living gametophytes D) carpels that contain microsporangia E) ovules that are not contained within ovaries

B) mitosis

45) The generative cell of male angiosperm gametophytes is haploid. This cell divides to produce two haploid sperm cells. What type of cell division does the generative cell undergo to produce these sperm cells? A) binary fission B) mitosis C) meiosis D) mitosis without subsequent cytokinesis E) meiosis without subsequent cytokinesis

C) fruits enclosing seeds

46) Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. Which of the following features is unique to them and helps account for their success? A) wind pollination B) dominant gametophytes C) fruits enclosing seeds D) embryos enclosed within seed coats E) sperm cells without flagella

C) be nutritious to the dispersing organisms

47) The fruit of the mistletoe, a parasitic angiosperm, is a one-seeded berry. In members of the genus Viscum, the outside of the seed is viscous (sticky), which permits the seed to adhere to surfaces such as the branches of host plants or the beaks of birds. What should be expected of the fruit if the viscosity of Viscum seeds is primarily an adaptation for dispersal rather than an adaptation for infecting host plant tissues? It should ______. A) be drab in color B) be colored so as to provide it with camouflage C) be nutritious to the dispersing organisms D) secrete enzymes that can digest bark E) contain chemicals that cause birds to fly to the ground and vomit

C) It lacks gametangia

49) Which of the following lines of evidence would best support your assertion that a particular plant is an angiosperm? A) It produces seeds. B) It retains its fertilized egg within its archaegonium. C) It lacks gametangia. D) It undergoes alternation of generations. E) It produces gametes by mitosis rather than meiosis.

C) 5 → 3 → 1 →? 2 → 4

5) If the actual results most closely resembled those in part (A) in the figure above, then a further question arising from these data is: "Do the Dawsonia rhizoids have to be alive to reduce soil nitrogen loss, or do dead rhizoids have the same effect?" Arrange the following steps in the correct sequence to test this hypothesis. 1. Add metabolic poison to the soil of the experimental plot of mosses. 2. Apply water equally to the experimental and control plots. 3. Measure initial soil nitrogen contents of control and experimental plots. 4. Determine nitrogen loss from soil of control and experimental plots. 5. Establish two identical plots of Dawsonia mosses; one as a control, the other as the experimental treatment. A) 5 → 1 → 3 → 2 → 4 B) 5 → 2 → 3 →? 1 → 4 C) 5 → 3 → 1 →? 2 → 4 D) 4 → 5 → 1 → 3 →? 2 E) 5 → 3 → 2 →? 1 → 4

E) spores

50) A botanist discovers a new species of land plant with a dominant sporophyte, chlorophylls a and b, and cell walls made of cellulose. In assigning this plant to a phylum, which of the following, if present, would be LEAST useful? A) endosperm B) seeds C) sperm that lack flagella D) flowers E) spores

C) growing independently on dry rock in meadows

51) Where are you least likely to see green algae? A) as pink snow in the mountains in summer B) growing symbiotically with fungi in lichens or with some invertebrate animals C) growing independently on dry rock in meadows D) growing independently on wet rock in ponds and lakes E) floating in seas and oceans

D) They require water for reproduction.

52) Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are grouped together as the Bryophytes. Besides not having vascular tissue, what do they all have in common? A) They are all wind pollinated. B) They are heterosporous. C) They can reproduce asexually by producing gemmae. D) They require water for reproduction. E) They have the ability to desiccate and rehydrate with no ill effects.

A) club mosses

53) Which group of seedless vascular plants was the first to evolve roots? A) club mosses B) horsetails C) ferns D) whisk ferns

E) It is an important carbon sink, reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide.

54) What is true about the genus Sphagnum? A) It is an economically important liverwort. B) It grows in extensive mats in grassland areas. C) It is used by gardeners as a fertilizer. D) It accumulates to form coal and is burned as a fuel. E) It is an important carbon sink, reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide.

A) ferns

55) Which plant group is notable for the independence of gametophyte and sporophyte generations from each other? A) ferns B) bryophytes C) charophytes D) angiosperms E) gymnosperms

C) have lost complex structures in this lineage

56) Because they are morphologically simple, Psilotophyta (whisk ferns) have traditionally been thought to be a basal group in the radiation of land plants. Molecular phylogenies have challenged this hypothesis and support the alternative hypothesis that they_____. A) are the sister group to the seed plants B) represent a grade rather than a monophyletic group C) have lost complex structures in this lineage D) represent a lineage that forms a monophyletic group with Lycophyta

B) artificial selection

6) Over human history, which process has been most important in improving the features of plants that have long been used by humans as staple foods? A) genetic engineering B) artificial selection C) natural selection D) sexual selection E) pesticide and herbicide application

B) in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil

7) According to the fossil record, plants colonized terrestrial habitats _____. A) in conjunction with insects that pollinated them B) in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil C) to escape abundant herbivores in the oceans D) only about 150 million years ago

B) green algae

8) The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably _____. A) kelp (brown alga) that formed large beds near the shorelines B) green algae C) photosynthesizing prokaryotes (cyanobacteria) D) liverworts and mosses

D) there was a single transition from aquatic to terrestrial habitats

9) Molecular phylogenies show all land plants are a monophyletic group. This suggests that _____. A) there were many different transitions from aquatic to terrestrial habitats B) wind-pollinated plants arose first C) land plants have undergone a diversification since they first colonized terrestrial habitats D) there was a single transition from aquatic to terrestrial habitats

A) flagellated sperm

Big Bend National Park in Texas is mostly Chihuahuan desert, where rainfall averages about 10 inches per year. Yet, it is not uncommon when hiking in this bone-dry desert to encounter mosses and ferns. One such plant is called "flower of stone." It is not a flowering plant, nor does it produce seeds. Under arid conditions, its leaflike structures curl up. However, when it rains, it unfurls its leaves, which form a bright green rosette on the desert floor. Consequently, it is sometimes called the "resurrection plant." At first glance, it could be a fern, a true moss, or a spike moss. 33) What feature of both true mosses and ferns makes it most surprising that they can survive for many generations in dry deserts? A) flagellated sperm B) lack of vascular tissues C) lack of true roots D) lack of cuticle E) a gametophyte generation that is dominant

B) II and III

Harold and Kumar are pre-med and pre-pharmacy students, respectively. They complain to their biology professor that they should not have to study about plants because plants have little relevance to their chosen professions. 48) Which adaptations of land plants are likely to provide Harold with future patients? I) sporophyte dominance II) defenses against herbivory III) adaptations related to wind dispersal of pollen A) I and II B) II and III C) I and III D) I, II, and III

A) breezes

The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, is a source of high-quality lumber, and is a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can now enter. The uneaten seeds may subsequently germinate. 57) Orchid bees are to Brazil nut trees as _____ are to pine trees. A) breezes B) rain droplets C) seed-eating birds D) squirrels E) both seed-eating birds and squirrels

E) pollination failure

The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, is a source of high-quality lumber, and is a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can now enter. The uneaten seeds may subsequently germinate. 59) Entrepreneurs attempted, but failed, to harvest nuts from plantations grown in Southeast Asia. Attempts to grow Brazil nut trees in South American plantations also failed. In both cases, the trees grew vigorously, produced healthy flowers in profusion, but set no fruit. Consequently, what is the likely source of the problem? A) poor sporophyte viability B) poor sporophyte fertility C) failure to produce fertile ovules D) failure to produce pollen E) pollination failure

D) 2 and 3

The cycads, a mostly tropical phylum of gymnosperms, evolved about 300 million years ago and were dominant forms during the Age of the Dinosaurs. Though their sperm are flagellated, their ovules are pollinated by beetles. These beetles get nutrition (they eat pollen) and shelter from the microsporophylls. Upon visiting megasporophylls, the beetles transfer pollen to the exposed ovules. In cycads, pollen cones and seed cones are borne on different plants. Cycads synthesize neurotoxins, especially in the seeds, that are effective against most animals, including humans. 58) Which feature of cycads distinguishes them from most other gymnosperms? 1. They have exposed ovules. 2. They have flagellated sperm. 3. They are pollinated by animals. A) 1 only B) 2 only C) 3 only D) 2 and 3 E) 1, 2, and 3