Ch. 29 High Risk Newborn: Prob related to Gestational Age and Development

The nurse is observing a parent holding a preterm infant. The infant is sneezing, yawning, and extending the arms and legs. What action by the nurse is best? a. Cover the infant with a warmed blanket. b. Encourage the parent to do kangaroo care. c. Encourage the parent to place the infant back in the warmer d. Have the parent fold the infant's arms across the chest.

c. Encourage the parent to place the infant back in the warmer These are signs that the preterm infant is overstimulated. The parent should place the infant back in her warmer, and the nurse can turn down the lights and limit noise. The other suggestions will not help decrease stimulation.

The nurse is preparing discharge information for the parents of an infant born at 32 weeks of gestation. Based on the gestational age of birth, calculate developmental age the nurse will provide education for. _____ months

2 months It is important to help the parents understand the developmental or corrected age of their infant. Understanding the corrected age will help form realistic expectations of the infants developmental tasks, such as crawling and walking later than full term infants. Therefore the nurse will reinforce with the parents the allowance for the extra weeks for the infant to obtain developmental milestones. To calculate the corrected age, the nurse uses the following formula: Chronologic age- weeks or months of prematurity= corrected age. 40- 32= 8 weeks= 2 months. Pg 625

Calculate the maximum amount of residual feeding for a preterm infant weighing 2018g receiving intermittent gavage feedings. Record as a whole number in mL.

8mL 2018g= 2.018kg 2.018kg X 4mL= 8.072 rounded to nearest whole= 8mL

Which action will the nurse take after reviewing the EHR (below) for a preterm infant? History Female infant, 31 weeks of gestation with respiratory distress syndrome. Surfactant replacement therapy and CPAP by mask initiated after birth. Umbilical Artery Blood Gas pH 7.37 PaCO, 36 Pa0, 56 Base excess -1 A. Prepare to intubate B. Discontinue the continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) C. Continue with the plan of care D. Notify the HCP

C. Continue with the plan of care The umbilical artery blood gas results are within acceptable parameters; therefore the nurse will anticipate continuing with the plan of care. The CPAP is providing adequate respiratory support for the infant with respiratory distress syndrome and will not be abruptly discontinued. Pg 626

What action describes the therapeutic management of NEC? Select all that apply. a. Administer antibiotics b. Initiate gastric suction c. Provide parenteral nutrition d. Prepare the infant for an ostomy e. Decrease volume of enteral feedings

a. Administer antibiotics b. Initiate gastric suction c. Provide parenteral nutrition Therapeutic management of NEC includes the administration of antibiotics, gastric suction, and parenteral nutrition. An ostomy is performed if necrotic bowel is present. Parenteral feedings will be initiated to allow the gastrointestinal tract to recover. Pg 641

Which action will the nurse include in the plan of care during the first 24 hours after birth for an infant with postmaturity syndrome? Select all that apply. a. Early feeding b. Skin to skin contact c. Increased frequency in feeding d. Decreased environmental stimuli e. Supplementation with formula

a. Early feeding b. Skin to skin contact c. Increased frequency in feeding The normal length of pregnancy is 37 to 41 weeks. Early term is from 37 weeks to 38 weeks and 6 days. Full term is 39 weeks to 40 weeks and 6 days. Late term is 41 weeks to 41 weeks and 6 days. Postmaturity (dysmaturity) describes babies born after 42 weeks. Early and increase frequency of feeding prevents hypoglycemia. Skin to skin contact will help regulate the infants temp and promote bonding. Pg. 641- 642

Which cue will the nurse look for to indicate delayed bonding when monitoring the parents of a preterm infant? Select all that apply. a. Frequency of visits b. Interest in the neonatal care unit c. Receptivity to learning infant care d. Verbal communication with the infant e. Nonverbal interaction with the infant

a. Frequency of visits c. Receptivity to learning infant care d. Verbal communication with the infant e. Nonverbal interaction with the infant Pg 636

Which complication will the nurse prepare to address for an infant of 39 weeks of gestation in the 8th percentile on the growth chart? Select all that apply. a. Hypothermia b. Hypoglycemia c. Hyperbilirubinemia d. Immature suck reflex e. Respiratory distress syndrome

a. Hypothermia b. Hypoglycemia Infants below the 10th percentile on the growth chart are considered SGA (small for gestational age). Hypothermia is a risk because the white and brown fat stores have been used to survive in utero. Hypoglycemia occurs because of inadequate storage of glycogen in the liver. Pg. 642- 643

For which complications will the nurse monitor a preterm infant receiving continuous gavage feedings? a. Infection b. Aspiration c. Weight loss d. Feeding intolerance e. Uncoordinated suck reflex

a. Infection b. Aspiration c. Weight loss d. Feeding intolerance Infection because bacterial counts in milk may become too high. Aspiration because they may be left unattended at times during a feeding. Weight loss because fats tend to adhere to the tubing during the continuous feeding. Pg 632

For which cue of intraventricular hemorrhage would the nurse monitor in a preterm infant? a. Lethargy b. Tachypnea c. Hypertonicity d. High pitched cry e. Elevated pain score

a. Lethargy d. High pitched cry Intraventricular hemorrhage, also known as intraventricular bleeding, is a bleeding into the brain's ventricular system, where the cerebrospinal fluid is produced and circulates the rough towards the subarachnoid space. Lethargy and a high-pitched cry are clinical findings associated with IVH. The symptoms occur as a result of increased cranial pressure. Apnea is a symptom associated with IVH. Pain and stress contribute to the increased risk for IVH but are not clinical symptoms resulting from IVH. Pg 640- 641

Which action will the nurse take when caring for an infant at 30 weeks of gestation mechanically ventilated with a grade 3 intraventricular hemorrhage? a. Monitor arterial blood gases b. Position the infant's head midline c. Prepare the infant for a spinal tap d. Decrease the pressure of suctioning e. Prepare the infant for placement of a shunt

a. Monitor arterial blood gases b. Position the infant's head midline Careful management of an infant with IVH includes ensuring that the ventilation is managed correctly to avoid hypocapnia. Hypocapnia and hypoxia can cause further neurological injury. The nurse will ensure the infants head is midline to promote neurocirculation and reduce the risk of increasing the cranial pressure. Pg 640- 641

The nurse tells the nursing student that late preterm infants are at increased risk for which of the following problems? (Select all that apply.) a. Problems with thermoregulation b. Cardiac distress c. Hyperbilirubinemia d. Sepsis e. Hyperglycemia

a. Problems with thermoregulation c. Hyperbilirubinemia d. Sepsis Problems with thermoregulation, hyperbilirubinemia, and sepsis are common with late preterm infants. They typically have respiratory distress and hypoglycemia.

Which factors describe the etiology associated with a small for gestational age infant? Select all that apply. a. Smoking b. Maternal age c. Placenta previa d. Nutritional status e. Maternal hypertension

a. Smoking c. Placenta previa d. Nutritional status e. Maternal hypertension Smoking, placenta previa, and maternal hypertension all interfere with the placenta's function. The poor placental function increases the risk for SGA. The maternal nutritional status affects the growth of the fetus. Severe maternal malnutrition can impair fetal growth resulting in an infant that is SGA. Pg 642-643

Which is true about newborns classified as small for gestational age (SGA)? a. They are below the 10th percentile on gestational growth charts. b. They weigh less than 2,500 grams. c. Placental malfunction is the only recognized cause of this condition d. They are born before 38 weeks of gestation

a. They are below the 10th percentile on gestational growth charts. SGA infants are defined as below the 10th percentile in growth compared with other infants of the same gestational age. Many risk factors may cause an infant to be SGA.

A nurse is caring for a preterm baby who weighs 4.8 pounds. What assessment finding indicates the baby is dehydrated? a. Urine output of 3.3 mL/hour b. Urine specific gravity of 1.001 c. Low serum sodium d. Weight gain of 43 g in one day

a. Urine output of 3.3 mL/hour This baby weighs 2.18 kg (4.8lbs/2.2 = 2.18kg) Dehydration is noted with a urine output of <2 mL/kg/hour. A urine output of 3.3 mL is 1.5 mL/kg/hour and so indicates dehydration. (3.3ml output/ 2.18kg= 1.5 ml output per kg per hour). The dilute urine specific gravity indicates overhydration as does the low serum sodium. The weight gain is normal (15 to 20 g/kg/day).

Which cue would the nurse be concerned about when initiating a feeding for an infant during the immediate recovery period from necrotizing enterocolitis? a. Water stools b. Fluid imbalance c. Feeding intolerance d. Electrolyte imbalance e. Decreased abdominal girth

a. Water stools b. Fluid imbalance c. Feeding intolerance d. Electrolyte imbalance During the recovery period from NEC, the nurse must manage pain and observe for feeding intolerance. I and O are essential, as third space fluid loss occurs when fluid moves from the intravascular space to the extra vascular space. The third spacing can create a fluid and electolyte imbalance. A feeding intolerance indicates the NEC is not resolved. Pg. 641

The most important reason to protect the preterm infant from cold stress is that: a. it could make respiratory distress syndrome worse. b. shivering to produce heat may use up too many calories c. hyperglycemia may develop d. polycythemia may develop

a. it could make respiratory distress syndrome worse. Cold stress may interfere with the production of surfactant, making respiratory distress syndrome worse. Other complications of heat loss include hypoglycemia, metabolic acidosis, pulmonary vasoconstriction, impaired surfactant production, and hyperbilirubinemia. Preterm infants do not shiver to produce heat. Polycythemia, can develop from hypoxia before birth, not cold stress.

What are appropriate nursing measures to help relieve a preterm infant's pain during a painful procedure (Select all that apply.) a. keeping a hand near the face to be used for sucking b. administering a prescribed sedative c. use of a pacifier dipped in sucrose d. swaddling the infant

a. keeping a hand near the face to be used for sucking c. use of a pacifier dipped in sucrose d. swaddling the infant Comfort measures such as swaddling, using a pacifier dipped in sucrose, and keeping a hand near the face to be used for sucking help the infant cope with short-term, mild pain and reduce agitation. Comfort measures alone are not enough for moderate to severe pain. The nurse should discuss the infant's pain with the primary care provider to ensure that medications are available when necessary. Sedatives do not help with pain relief.

Which infant is a likely candidate for receiving exogenous surfactant? a. An infant with hypoglycemia born to a diabetic mother b. A preterm infant with respiratory distress syndrome at birth c. A preterm infant with a soft cranium who is at risk for cranial molding d. An infant at risk for inborn errors of metabolism, such as galactosemia

b. A preterm infant with respiratory distress syndrome at birth Exogenous surfactant helps maintain lung expansion in infants with respiratiory distress. Oral glucose is used for an infant with hypoglycemia at birth. A preterm infant is placed on a waterbed or a gel mattress to minimize the risk for cranial molding. Galascosemia is managed by eliminating lactose-containing food and milk from the infant's diet. Pg 640

Which cue for an infant of 32 weeks of gestation will the nurse determine requires intervention for pain management? a. Limp extremities b. BP 62/44 mm Hg c. Predictably SpO2 sat 90% d. Cessation of breathing for 10 seconds

b. BP 62/44 mm Hg A BP of 62/44 is a BP anticipated for a term infant, not a preterm infant. An elevated BP is a common sign of pain in infants. Blood pressure rises as the baby grows. The average blood pressure in a newborn is 64/41. The average blood pressure in a child 1 month through 2 years old is 95/58.

Which cue describes the risk factor associated with the delivery of an infant large for gestational age? Select all that apply. a.Precipitous labor b. Cesarean section c. Shoulder dystocia d. Cephalohematoma e. Instrumental delivery

b. Cesarean section c. Shoulder dystocia d. Cephalohematoma e. Instrumental delivery Large for gestational age infants weigh above the 90th percentile for gestational age on the intrauterine growth charts. Infants who are large for gestational age have an increased risk for cesarean delivery, shoulder dystopia, cephalohematoma, and instrumental delivery. The large for gestational age infant is more likely to go through a long labor. Pg 643

Which complication will the nurse plan to monitor carefully in a post term infant? Select all that apply. a. Sepsis b. Hypothermia c. Hypoglycemia d. Transient tachypnea e. Respiratory distress syndrome

b. Hypothermia c. Hypoglycemia A post term infant is at risk for hypothermia because of a loss of subcutaneous tissue. Pg 641- 642

Which action will the nurse take when attempting to feed a sleepy preterm infant orally? a. Stimulate the rooting reflex b. Initiate nonnutritive sucking c. Position the infant at a 60 degree angle d. Hold the bottle so the infant can suck slowly

b. Initiate nonnutritive sucking Initiation of nonnutritive sucking helps alert the infant to prepare for feeding. Stimulating the rooting reflex is a neurological assessment and part of an evaluation for the readiness for an infant to advance to nipple feeding. Positioning at 60 degrees is an intervention to help control flow of formula. Holding the bottle so the infant can suck slowly allows the infant to regulate breathing. Pg 632

Which preterm infant should receive gavage feedings instead of a bottle? a. Sometimes gags when a feeding tube is inserted b. Is unable to coordinate sucking and swallowing c. Sucks on a pacifier during gavage feedings d. Has an axillary temperature of 98.4° F, an apical pulse of 149 beats/min, and respirations of 54 breaths/min

b. Is unable to coordinate sucking and swallowing An infant who cannot coordinate sucking, swallowing, and breathing should receive gavage feedings. The other infants are ready for bottle feedings.

Which action would the nurse take after observing a feeding preterm infant pull away from the breast and begin arching and yawning? a. Garage feed the infant b. Provide a period of rest c. Rewrap the infant before reintroducing to the breast d. Implement the use of a supplemental nursing system

b. Provide a period of rest Arching and yawning are signs of overstimulation. Pg 630- 632

A nurse is caring for a preterm infant who has a weak cry and is irritable. What action by the nurse is best? a. Assess the infant for pain. b. Take the infant's temperature. c. Obtain a bedside glucose reading. d. Reduce stimulation in the environment.

b. Take the infant's temperature. These are signs of inadequate thermoregulation. The nurse should assess the infant's temperature first. The other actions do not address thermoregulation.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is an inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal mucosa. The signs of NEC are nonspecific. What are some generalized signs the nurse might see? a. Hypertonic, tachycardia, and metabolic alkalosis b. Hypertension, absence of apnea, and ruddy skin color c. Abdominal distension, temperature instability, and grossly bloody stools d. Scaphoid abdomen, no residual with feedings, and increased urinary output

c. Abdominal distension, temperature instability, and grossly bloody stools Generalized signs of NEC include: decreased activity, hypotonia, pallor, recurrent apnea and bradycardia, decreased O2 sat values, respiratory distress, metabolic acidosis, oliguria, hypotension, decreased perfusion, temperature instability, cyanosis, abdominal distinction, residual gastric aspirates, vomiting, grossly bloody stools, abdominal tenderness, and erythema of the abdominal wall. The infant may display hypotonia, bradycardia, and metabolic acidosis. Hypotension, apnea, and pallor are signs of NEC. Abdominal distinction, residual gastric aspirates, and oliguria are sings of NEC. Pg 641

Which effect describes the benefit of trophic feedings for an infant of 34 weeks of gestation? a. Accelerates weight gain b. Prevents excessive fluid loss c. Decreases feeding intolerance d. Facilitates the absorption of electrolytes

c. Decreases feeding intolerance Trophic feeding is the practice of feeding minute volumes of enteral feeds in order to stimulate the development of the immature gastrointestinal tract of the preterm infant. Trophic feedings decrease feeding intolerance, promote maturation of the intestinal tract and motility, and aid gastric hormone production. Overall, feeding tolerance and weight gain are improved, and infants achieve full enteral feedings earlier if given Trophic feedings. Pg 632

Which cue provides the most accurate information when evaluating the nutritional intake of a late preterm infant? a. Weight b. Vital signs c. Elimination output d. Observed feedings

c. Elimination output Late preterm infants can have an immature suck and swallow reflex, shorter awake periods, and a tendency to fall asleep through or during feedings. Therefore, urine and stool output are monitored as indications of adequate intake. Pg. 628

A preterm infant is on a respirator with intravenous lines and much equipment around her when her parents come to visit for the first time. What action by the nurse is most important? a. Suggest that the parents visit for only a short time to reduce their anxieties. b. Reassure the parents that the baby is progressing well. c. Encourage the parents to touch her. d. Discuss the care they will give her when she goes home.

c. Encourage the parents to touch her. Physical contact with the infant is important to establish early bonding. The nurse as the support person and teacher is responsible for shaping the environment and making the care giving responsive to the needs of both the parents and the infant. The nurse should encourage the parents to touch their baby and show them how to do so safely. Bonding needs to occur, and this can be fostered by encouraging the parents to spend time with the infant. It is important to keep the parents informed about the infant's progression, but the nurse needs to be honest with the explanations. Discussing home care needs to wait until the parents are ready and discharge is closer with known needs.

Based on a review of the EHR, which action would the nurse take? History Male infant, 29 weeks of gestation delivered by emergency cesarean section because of a placental abruption. The infant is currently mechanically ventilated. After receiving a red blood cell transfusion, the nurse notes the hematocrit level remains unchanged. A. Continue the plan of care b. Increase intravenous infusion c. Notify the HCP d. Prepare for an additional transfusion of RBCs

c. Notify the HCP The infant is at risk for IVH. IVH results from the rupture of the fragile blood vessels in the germinal matrix, located around the brain's ventricles. IVH is associated with decreased BP and respiratory distress requiring mechanical ventilation. Rapid blood volume expansion is also associated with a risk for IVH. Because the infant's risk factors and the failure of Hct to increase after the RBC transfusion, the infant may be experiencing a low grade IVH. Because a grade 1 IVH may be asymptomatic, the infant requires further evaluation by ultrasound. Pg. 640- 641

Which vital sign will the nurse plan to assess frequently to decrease the risk for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) for a preterm infant receiving oxygen? a. Heart rate b. Blood pressure c. Pulse oximetry d. Respiratory rate

c. Pulse oximetry Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is an eye problem that can cause blindness and is caused by abnormal growth of blood vessels in the retina in premature infants. When a baby is born prematurely, the retinal blood vessels are not full grown and can grow abnormally. When ROP is severe, it can cause the retina to pull away or detach from the wall of the eye and possibly cause blindness. Babies born at a weight of 1500 grams or less and born before 31 weeks gestation are at highest risk. Fluctuating blood oxygen levels are associated with ROP; therefore the nurse will frequently assess the infant's pulse oximetry readings for all infants receiving oxygen. Pg 641

For which cue would the nurse stop the oral feeding of a 16 hour old late preterm infant? Select all that apply. a. Acrocyanosis b. Heart rate of 156 c. Respiratory rate of 62 d. Periodic cessation of sucking e. Cessation of breathing for 23 seconds

c. Respiratory rate of 62 e. Cessation of breathing for 23 seconds The nurse will stop the feeding if tachypnea or apnea is present. Normal RR 40- 60. A RR above 60 is considered tachypnea. 23 seconds of cessation of breathing is considered apnea. Acrocyanosis is a common finding for an infant under 24 hours of age. Normal HR is 120- 160. A HR of 156 is an acceptable finding. Pg. 632- 634

Which cue is associated with the asymmetric growth of an infant small for gestational age? a. Small head b. Short length c. Sunken abdomen d. Underdeveloped appearance

c. Sunken abdomen A sunken abdomen is a clinical finding associated with the infant who is small for gestational age and asymmetrical. An infant small for gestational age with asymmetric growth has a normal head size that seems large for the rest of the body. The length is normal, and the appearance is not underdeveloped. The appearance is one of think wasted, dry, loose skin; a thin cord; and a facial appearance of being elderly. Pg 642-643

Overstimulation may cause increased oxygen use in a preterm infant. Which nursing intervention helps to avoid this problem? a. Group all care activities together to provide long periods of rest. b. While giving your report to the next nurse, stand in front of the incubator and talk softly about how the infant responds to stimulation. c. Teach the parents signs of overstimulation, such as turning the face away or stiffening and extending the extremities and fingers d. Keep charts on top of the incubator so the nurses can write on them there.

c. Teach the parents signs of overstimulation, such as turning the face away or stiffening and extending the extremities and fingers Parents should be taught these signs of overstimulation so they will learn to adapt their care to the needs of their infant. This may understimulate the infant during those long periods and overtire the infant during the procedures. Talking in front of the incubator could overstimulate the baby. Placing objects on top of the incubator or using it as a writing surface increases the noise inside.

An infant weighing 4.1 kg was born 2 hours ago at 37 weeks of gestation. The infant appears chubby with a flushed complexion and is very tremulous. What are the tremors most likely the result of? a. Seizures b. Birth injury c. Hypocalcemia d. Hypoglycemia

d. Hypoglycemia This infant is macroscopic and at risk for hypoglycemia. The tremors are jitteriness that is associated with hypoglycemia. Signs of hypoglycemia include jitteriness, apnea, tachypnea, and cyanosis. Tremors are not associated with seizures, birth injury, or hypocalcemia. Pg 643

Which action will the nurse take after assessing the infant for readiness for nipple feeding? History 2-day old male infant 35 1/7 weeks of gestation, weight 2580 g Assessment Residual from gavage feeding 13 mL Respirations: 42 breaths per minute Heart rate: 136 bpm Preductal SpO2 saturation 90% A. Evaluate the gag reflex b. Initiate a nipple feeding c. Continue garage feedings d. Notify the HCP

d. Notify the HCP The residual measures more than 2 to 4 mL/kg. Because of the excessive gastric residual, the infant is not ready for a nipple feeding, and the information would be reported to the HCP. 2580g= 2.580kg; 2.580kg X 4mL= 10mL Excessive residuals indicate that the formula amount, type, or flow rate needs to be changed or that complications may have occurred; therefore the nurse would not continue gavage feedings. Pg 632- 633

A preterm infant with respiratory difficulties should be placed in what position to facilitate drainage? a. Fowler's b. Trendelenburg c. Supine d. Prone

d. Prone The prone position and side-lying position for a preterm infant can facilitate drainage of respiratory secretions and regurgitated feedings. Prone position also increases oxygenation and lung compliance and reduces energy expenditure.

What nursing action is especially important for a small for gestational age (SGA) newborn? a. observe for and prevent dehydration b. observe for respiratory distress syndrome c. promote bonding d. prevent hypoglycemia with early and frequent feedings.

d. prevent hypoglycemia with early and frequent feedings. SGA infants have inadequate glycogen storage in the liver and are subject to hypoglycemia. Respiratory distress syndrome is seen in preterm infants. Dehydration and promoting bonding are a concern for all infants and not specific for SGA.