Ch 3

Within 36 hours after conception, the zygote consists of ______ cells.

2

Research investigating the effects of paternal age on child outcomes indicates that the ages of ________ are somewhat of a turning point for men, as children conceived past these ages are at increased risk for psychological disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

29 and 30

An African study (2000) found that the probability of transmission of HIV through breast milk was about 1 in

6

Which of the following mothers has the greatest chance of giving birth to a baby with birth defects due to contracting rubella during pregnancy?

A woman who has the illness within one month of pregnancy

Women who are infected with HIV pass it to their offspring

All are ways an HIV-infected mother can infect her offspring

The placenta contains a membrane that acts as a filter. It allows for which of the following to pass from mother to fetus?

All of these are able to pass across the placenta from mother to fetus

When the heart begins to beat in the developing embryo,

All of these are accurate

Low levels of androgens in females leads to

All of these are affected by low levels of androgens

According to the textbook, _________ is required for the development of male genital organs.

All of these are required

Which of the following is/are TRUE regarding the placenta?

All of these are true

If a child is born with alcohol-related abnormalities, what do we know?

All of these can be assumed

A pregnant woman is diagnosed as having syphilis. Which of the following is TRUE regarding her fetus?

An infected, untreated woman has about a 40% chance of having a child who is stillborn or who dies shortly after birth

According to experimental research done with rodents (de Oliveira et al., 2001), why might in utero exposure to lead cause memory problems?

Because lead may decrease neurotransmitter levels in the hippocampus

some mothers continue smoking even though they are aware of the dangers it poses to their developing fetuses. Why?

Because smoking helps fight feelings of depression

Why is Rh incompatibility referred to as "incompatible?"

Because the Rh factors of the mother and child are different and need to be the same

Why is Rh incompatibility usually not a problem during a first pregnancy?

Because the mother's body has not yet formed Rh antibodies

Why is it difficult to verify the effects of in utero exposure to alcohol?

Because we cannot verify the effects experimentally in women

During the pregnancy, when have all of the fetal organs formed?

By the end of the first trimester

During the pregnancy, when will the developing fetus alternate between periods of wakefulness and sleep?

By the end of the second trimester

Nina says that a newly fertilized egg cell cannot survive without nourishment from the mother. Carole says that the fertilized egg cell is nourished by the yolk of the ovum and gains mass before implantation. Sarah says that the fertilized egg cell only gains mass after implantation. Which person is correct?

Carole

What would be the BEST way for a woman to ensure that she does not contract rubella during pregnancy?

Check and see if she had it as a child, as this would cause immunity

Given the cephalocaudal pattern of development, which of the following should happen first?

Development of the brain and spinal cord

What methods can we use to determine if a fetus can differentiate between different sounds?

Differences in their movements in response to different sounds Changes in heart rate in response to different sounds Startle-like movements when sounds change All of these can be used to address the question

Why might maternal smoking lead to child cognitive and behavioral problems?

Due to carbon monoxide and reduced fetal oxygen

If you know that someone is attempting to increase their intake of zinc and cobalt, what might they be doing

Eating more seafood

What can be done to offset the negative cognitive effects of fetal malnutrition?

Enriched daycare programs for the children

A cluster of symptoms less severe that FAS shown by children of women who drank moderately during pregnancy is called

FAE

Which of the following about exposure to mercury is accurate?

Fetal exposure can occur through what the pregnant mother eats

Prior to implantation, how are the developing cells that will become the fetus nourished?

From the yolk of the original egg cell

Current recommendations to help prevent the transmission of HIV from mother to child include bottle feeding, C-section, and

HAART.

Which of the following substances, when ingested by pregnant women, might lead to increased tremors, irritability, and disturbed sleep in their babies?

Heroin

What could be done to keep an Rh-negative mother from developing the antibodies that may harm future children?

Inject the mother with Rh immune globulin within 72 hours of birth

What makes the placenta unique in origin?

It develops from material from both the mother and embryo

Which of the following is TRUE about the fetal brain?

It has CB-1 receptors that are altered by exposure to marijuana

Which of the following is TRUE about Rh incompatibility?

It is found in white blood cells It can only occur when both the mother and fetus are Rh-positive It occurs in about 20% of all pregnancies None of these is true

Which of the following is TRUE about Thalidomide?

It is still being used to treat illnesses such as Kaposi's sarcoma

Which of the following is TRUE about in utero exposure to marijuana?

It may impair brain systems that regulate emotional behavior It can predispose the offspring to dependence on opiates It may lessen the child's capacity to conform to social rules and norms All of these are true about in utero exposure

Why might prenatal exposure to marijuana predispose offspring to dependency on opiates?

It may make their brains more sensitive to the reinforcing aspects of opiates

Which of the following is TRUE regarding fetal activity in utero?

It varies by individual

Why would African-American and Puerto Rican children have higher death rates from AIDS than European-American children?

Less access to high-quality healthcare

In studies using laboratory animals, in utero exposure to cocaine is associated with which of the following?

Less tolerance of stressors

Prenatally, Michael was a non-active and lethargic fetus. Given the research on fetal activity levels, what might you expect to find postnatally?

Low activity levels

What appears to be the only problem linked to pre-eclampsia?

Malnutrition on the part of the mother

Female and male embryos have a pair of sexually undifferentiated gonads and two sets of primitive duct structures. These are known as the ___________ and __________ducts.

Mullerian; Wolffian

Prema has read many books about pregnancy. Each gives a different estimate for how many pregnancies end in miscarriage. Given what you know from your text, which estimate is MOST accurate?

One-third

Which of the following is NOT a sexually transmitted infection that can affect the fetus?

Pre-eclampsia

Prenatal exposure to cocaine can result in

Prenatal exposure could result in all of these

A fetus born with masculinized external sex organs with a female genotype probably has a mother who ingested ___________ during pregnancy.

Progestin

What can be done to improve the motor development of fetuses of malnourished mothers?

Provide protein and calorie supplements during the pregnancy

What appears to be the main defense against developing pre-eclampsia?

Receiving prenatal care

What can be said regarding detectable fetal movements across pregnancy?

Slow squirming movements begin at about 5 or 6 months

Which of the following is associated with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)?

Smaller-than-average brain size

Which of the following is TRUE?

Smoking and drinking alcohol leads to lower birth weights than either practice alone

has physiological components that may affect the fetus.

Stress

An antibiotic would be MOST successful in fighting which of the following illnesses?

Syphilis

If a child is born with missing or stunted limbs, which of the following is the mother MOST likely to have ingested during the second month of pregnancy?

Thalidomide

Kenisha had an ultrasound and sees that her developing fetus is sucking its thumb. What can we infer from this?

That Kenisha is at least at the end of the second trimester That the developing fetus must be at least 22 weeks gestation That the fetus will also have periods of wakefulness and sleep All of these can be inferred from the statement

In the DeCasper and Fifer study (1980), infants showed a preference for the reading of

The Cat in the Hat.

Which of the following eventually becomes the embryo?

The blastocyst

Danielle is at the end of her second trimester. Her fetus kicks and moves whenever she plays jazz music. What can we infer from this?

The fetus can perceive sounds

Why might the fetus move less often during the ninth month of gestation than before?

The fetus is larger and there is simply less room for movement

If a child is born with stunted arms and legs, what may have happened?

The fetus was exposed to a significant teratogen between the 4th and 8th weeks after conception

What is the relationship between a woman's BMI and her recommended weight gain during pregnancy?

The heavier the mother, the less weight she should gain during pregnancy

What structure stimulates the uterine contractions that prompt childbirth?

The placenta

Which of the following secretes hormones that preserve the pregnancy?

The placenta

If the body were considered to have a central axis, what would it be?

The spinal cord

How much alcohol must a mother consume before her fetus develops fetal alcohol syndrome?

There is no guaranteed safe minimum

Which of the following is MOST accurate about methadone and heroin?

They can easily cross through the placenta to the fetus

In comparison to other infants, infant "X" has more problems with jitteriness, concentration, and sleep. What might we assume about infant "X?"

This infant is likely to have been exposed to cocaine in utero

Aside from the possibility of being infected with HIV during the birth process, how else might a child become infected by the mother?

Through breast milk

In which of the following ways can HIV be passed from parent to child?

Through rupturing of maternal and fetal blood vessels during childbirth, which allows an exchange of blood and HIV

Why might an addicted newborn be given a narcotic shortly after birth?

To avoid serious withdrawal symptoms

Which of the following is TRUE about teratogens?

We cannot predict with certainty what their effects will be The effects of teratogens may depend upon when after conception they are encountered Exposure to teratogens is more likely to affect the embryo than the fetus All of these are accurate about teratogens

Which of the following does NOT develop from the four membranes of the trophoblast?

Zygote

According to the data presented in the textbook, higher parental education is related to lower birth rates. The relationship between these two variables can best be described as

a negative correlation.

With regard to maternal stress, hormones such as _________ can pass through the placenta and have an effect on the developing fetus.

adrenaline

A study of 6-year-olds (Delaney-Black, 2004) found that the effects of cocaine on children varied by

amount of cocaine used by the mother and sex of child.

Without the influence of ___________, all individuals, whether genetically female or male, would develop female external genitalia.

androgens

Rh incompatibility results when

antibodies produced by the mother are transmitted to the fetus.

Pregnancies can be dated from the onset of the last menstrual period before conception or by

assuming conception is two weeks after the woman's last menstrual cycle.

It is suspected that the flu (influenza) may lead to such problems as __________in the developing fetus.

autism and schizophrenia

At about 21 days, two ridges appear in the embryo and fold to make up the neural tube, which develops into the

brain and spinal cord.

Vitamins

can help offset some of the effects of poor prenatal nutrition. are important to the healthy development of the fetus. can be dangerous to the fetus if vitamin A and D are taken in high doses. All of the above could be true about vitamins

Prenatal use of antibiotics appears to INCREASE the risk of

childhood asthma,

Before the end of the first month of embryonic development, the neural tube is producing about 400 million neurons per

day.

If a fetus's upper arms develop before the lower forearms, this is called cephalocaudal development and is characterized by

development from the head down.

Prenatal development can be thought of in terms of the germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods. Or, it can be thought of as three trimesters. In terms of the way time is divided into periods, these two viewpoints are

different in how development is viewed.

The number of children in the United States born with birth defects caused by rubella has

dramatically declined since the 1960s.

After a careful review of 16 studies on the effects of caffeine taken during pregnancy, Signorello and McLaughlin concluded that

each study was flawed and there was no way to compare the results of the studies to one another.

the nails, hair, teeth, and outer layer of skin develop from the

ectoderm

Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is a form of

estrogen

Although the _________ associated with fetal alcohol syndrome diminish(es) as a child moves into adolescence, the __________ persist(s).

facial deformities; academic and behavioral problems

All of the following occur by the end of the second trimester EXCEPT for

fetal activity level decreases.

Research shows that even moderate drinking of alcohol by pregnant women may result in

fetal alcohol effect. an increased risk of miscarriage. growth delayed babies. All of these are possible effects of moderate drinking during pregnancy

Maternal malnutrition is related to ?

fetal prematurity and cognitive deficiencies

We have learned about the devastating effects of mercury and PCBs on fetal development through natural experiments in both Japan and Taiwan. In Japan, pregnant women consumed mercury-contaminated _______; in Taiwan, pregnant women consumed PCB contaminated _________.

fish; rice

To help ensure the health of her fetus, Rita eats green leafy vegetables every day. This helps increase her intake of

folic acid.

The word teratogen is derived from a word meaning

giving birth to monsters.

If a fetus's spine develops before its fingernails, this represents proximodistal development, characterized by

growth spreads outward from the spine.

A Yugoslavian study (2000) examining the effects of lead exposure in children found that the children who lived near the smelter

had somewhat lower intelligence scores.

A baby born to a mother with untreated syphilis

has a 40 to 70% chance of being infected in utero. may show no symptoms at birth, even if infected. has a 12% chance of dying from the disease. All of these are accurate

Daughters and sons whose mothers took Diethylstilbestrol (DES) during pregnancy

have higher infertility rates when they become adults.

Some studies report no adverse effects of caffeine on the developing fetus. Other studies have found that those who consume large amounts of caffeine are more likely than non-users to

have low-birth-weight infants or miscarriages.

It is the job of the amniotic sac to

help the developing fetus maintain a stable temperature.

Prenatal exposure to lead

is associated with lower intelligence scores in childhood.

Maternal addiction to heroin or methadone is associated with

low birth weight, prematurity, and toxemia.

Fathers exposed to lead or radiation

may produce children with serious abnormalities.

If Emmeline wants to increase the amount of vitamin E in her diet while she is pregnant, she should eat more

meat, egg yolk, and raisins.

In a study by Lewis and colleagues (2004), children who had been exposed to cocaine in utero, and were assessed at age 4, had

more problems expressing themselves than in understanding language.

Aside from eating a well-balanced diet, many pregnant women take folic acid supplements to reduce their chances of giving birth to children with

neural tube defects.

Cigarette smoke contains many ingredients. However, only two of these are able to pass through the placenta to the fetus. They are

nicotine and carbon monoxide.

When the genetic code (XX or XY) begins to assert itself,

ovaries begin to differentiate if the Y sex chromosome is absent.

Smoking marijuana during pregnancy poses a number of risks to the developing fetus; however, these risks are proportional to the amount of marijuana smoked. That is, there is a __________ between marijuana and fetal risk.

positive correlation

Dona is early in the third trimester of her pregnancy. She has developed a life-threatening disease that is characterized by high blood pressure. Her healthcare provider informed her that this condition is known as

pre-eclampsia.

Women who are too slender

risk having preterm deliveries and low-birth-weight infants.

In research studies, mothers are not randomly assigned to use drugs such as cocaine. This methodological problem is called

selection factor.

According to the textbook, the acronym STI refers to

sexually transmitted infection.

In Child Psychology class, you learn that the research on maternal prenatal use of marijuana

shows mixed results in terms of the cognitive effects in children.

According to recent research, pregnant women give many reasons as to why they do not quit smoking during pregnancy. These reasons include all of the following EXCEPT

stopping smoking is unhealthier for the fetus than continuing smoking.

The research on the effects of alcohol on humans is correlational. However, experimental research exposing animal subjects to alcohol

supports the correlational evidence found in humans.

An infant born with skin sores, a runny nose, slimy patches in the mouth, and anemia may have been exposed to _________ in utero.

syphilis

Alcohol would be an example of a

teratogen.

Environmental agents that can harm the embryo or fetus are called

teratogens

Caroline likes to drink coffee and is concerned about the effects the caffeine may have on her developing fetus. Her doctor has reviewed the most recent literature and advises Caroline

that the research is inconsistent, so it's best to avoid caffeine intake.

If a father is Rh-positive,

the fetus may develop the illness, but only if the mother is Rh-negative.

Linda is doing research on the possible effects of influenza on the developing fetus. She learns from the research that it may not be the flu virus per se but __________ that may lead to fetal brain abnormalities.

the mother's inflammatory response

Babies of fathers who smoke have higher rates of birth defects, infant mortality, and cardiovascular problems. This may be due to

the production of abnormal sperm.

DeCasper and colleagues (1984, 1986, 1991) found that newborns preferred the voices of their own mothers to that of their fathers or unfamiliar women. Their explanation was that

this might be a basis for attachment to the mother.

Thalidomide was a popular drug in the 1960s given to

treat insomnia and nausea.

The fetus is connected to the placenta by the ____________, whereas the mother is connected to the placenta by the __________.

umbilical cord; system of blood vessels

Women who wish to use the drug Accutane are required to show proof, via pregnancy test, that they are not pregnant when they begin or continue the drug and should also

use two types of birth control.

Once in the uterus, the zygote

wanders around for 3 or 4 days before becoming implanted.

In a study by Shaw and colleagues, the higher the level of maternal obesity, the higher the rate of neural tube defects. Folic acid supplements

were not effective in women weighing more than 154 pounds.

Denise took the antibiotic Tetracycline during her pregnancy. As a result, her fetus may have

yellowed teeth and bone abnormalities.