Ch 3 FoChap

In Figure 3-3, what is the manipulated variable, and what is the responding variable?

M- volume R- pressure

Solid, liquid, and gas are three states of matter. What are the 2 other states of matter, and under what conditions do they exist?

Plasma: extremely high temperatures Bose-Einstein Condensate: extremely low temperatures

Charles's law can be written as V1/T1=V2/T2. Explain what T1 and T2 represent.

T1 is the temperature of a gas before a change occurs, and T2 is the temperature of a gas after a change occurs.

How would the graph in Figure 3-3 change if the volume of the cylinder remained constant and temperature was the manipulated variable?

The pressure would increase as the temperature increased. The graph would be a line instead of a curve.

Describe what happens to the average kinetic energy of water molecules as water freezes.

They slow down.

Describe the two phase changes represented in Figure 3-2 that can happen to a liquid.

Vaporization- the phase change in which a liquid changes to a gas Freezing- the phase change in which a liquid changes to a solid

Use the terms in Figure 3-2 to compare the phase changes that occur when water vapor changes to dew or frost.

Water vapor=gas The phase change from water to liquid due is condensation. The phase change from water vapor to solid frost is deposition.

Water boils when its vapor pressure becomes equal to _____________________ pressure.

atmospheric

Evaporation is the process that changes a substance from a liquid to a gas at temperatures below a substance's ________________ point.

boiling

At sea level, water _____________________ at 100 degrees Celsius.

boils

The motion of one particle of a gas is unaffected by the motion of other particles of the gas unless the particles ____________________.

collide

____________________ between the particles of a gas and the walls of the container cause pressure in a closed container of gas.

collisions

The state of matter that exists only at extremely low temperatures is called a Bose-Einstein ____________________.

condensate

If you know the volume and pressure of a gas and the pressure changes, you can find the new pressure by multiplying P1 by V1 and ____________________ this number by V2.

dividing

During a _______________ change, a system absorbs energy from its surroundings.

endothermic

Reducing the volume of a gas ____________________ its pressure if the ____________________ of the gas and the number of particles are constant.

increases temperature

If you are using Charles's law to find the volume of a gas at a certain temperature, the temperature must be expressed in ____________________.

kelvins

In Figure 3-3, what is the unit used for pressure? What is the pressure when the volume is 0.5 L? What is the pressure when the volume is 1.0 L?

kilopascal 200 kPa 100 kPa

The ____________________ theory of matter states that all particles of matter are in constant motion

kinetic

When water boils, some of its molecules have enough ___________________ to overcome the attraction of neighboring molecules.

kinetic energy

During vaporization, a substance changes from a ________________ to a _____________.

liquid to a gas

Which three phase changes in Figure 3-2 are endothermic?

melting vaporization sublimation

The pascal is the SI unit for____________________.

pressure

A material with a shape that remains unchanged when it is moved from one container to another is a(an) ____________________.

solid

A(an) ____________________ has a definite volume and a definite shape.

solid

The phase change that is the reverse of deposition is ___________________.

sublimation

The combined gas law describes the relationship among the ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________ of a gas when the number of particles is constant.

temperature pressure volume

A graph representing Charles's law shows that the ____________________ of a gas increases at the same rate as the ____________________ of the gas.

volume temperature

Materials can be classified as solids, liquids, or gases based on whether their shapes and ____________________ are definite or variable.

volumes

If a gas has a volume of 1 L at a pressure of 270 kPa, what volume will it have when the pressure is increased to 540 kPa? Assume the temperature and number of particles are constant.

0.5 L

Figure 33 If P1 is 50 kPa and P2 is 100 kPa, what are V1 and V2?

2.0L 1.0L

If gas in a sealed container has a pressure of 50 kPa at 300 K, what will the pressure be if the temperature rises to 360 K?

60 kPa

Explain why boiling water in a large pot on a stove has a temperature of 100°C even if it has been boiling for an hour.

A phase change is taking place as water boils and changes from a liquid to water vapor. The temperature of a substance does not change during a phase change.

Identify the phase changes in Figure 3-2 that are labeled a, b, and c.

A- vaporization B- melting C- freezing

Explain why the phase changes in Figure 3-2 are shown in pairs.

Each pair represents the opposing endothermic and exothermic changes that occur between the same 2 states of matter.