Ch 3

Doula

A caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, educational support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth

Umbilical Cord

A life-support system containing two arteries and one vein that connect the baby to the placenta

Apgar scale

A widely used method of assessing the health of newborns at one and five minutes after birth. Apgar scale evaluates an infant's heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability

Small for date

Also called small for gestational age infants, these infant's birth weights are below normal when the length of pregnancy is considered. Small for date infants may be preterm or full term

Low birth weight

An infant that weighs less than 5 ½ pounds at birth

Brain Development

Babies have 100 billion neurons at time of birth

Nicotine

Can effects the prenatal development, birth, and postnatal development sudden infant death syndrome or SIDS is more common among the offspring of mothers that smokes during pregnancy

Time

Exposure to teratogens does more damage when it occurs at some points in development than at others. Damage during germinal period may prevent implantation. In general, the embryonic period is more vulnerable than the fetal period

Alcohol or FASD

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: A cluster of abnormalities that appear in the offspring of mothers that drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy

Teratogen

From the Greek word tera, meaning "monster." Any agent that causes a birth defect

SIDS

a condition that occurs when an infants stops breathing, usually during the night and suddenly dies without an apparent cause

Placenta

a life-support system that consists of a disk shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and offspring intertwine

Zygote

a single cell formed through fertilization

Psychoactive Drug

are drugs that act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment

NBAs is a measure that is used in the first month of life to assess the newborn's neurological development, reflexes, and reaction to people and objects

Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Neurobehavioral Scale

NNNS AN "offspring" of the NBAS, the NNNS provides an assessment of the newborn's behavior, neurological and stress responses, and regulatory capacities

Organogenesis

Organ Appear. Organ formation that takes place during the first two months of prenatal development

Paternal Factor

Paternal smoking around the time of the child's conception was linked to an increase risk of the developing of leukemia. Spontaneous abortion, autism, and schizophrenic disorders when the father is over 40

Cocaine, marijuana, meth, and heroin

causes negative effect on prenatal and postnatal care and none are recommended during pregnancy

Midwives

for low risk women, mid-wife led care was characterized by a reduction in procedures during labor and increased satisfaction with care. certified nurse

Maternal Age:

Possible harmful effects on the fetus and infant when the mother is adolescent or over the age of 35

Environmental hazards

Radiation, toxic waste, and other chemical pollutants can endanger embryo or fetus. Environmental pollutants and toxic wastes are dangerous to unborn children

Caffeine

Recent research found that high amount of caffeine consumption by pregnant women do not increase the risk of miscarriage, congenital malformation, or growth retardation

Emotional stress

having emotional stress during pregnancy can have long-term consequences on the offspring. Example cognitive and emotional problems, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD, and language delay. Depression can reduce empathy in childhood

Prenatal care

includes schedule visits for medical care, screening for manageable conditions and treatable diseases that can affect the baby or the mother. Exercise is now becoming a part of it

Water birth

involves giving birth in a tub of warm water

Birth Process 1st stage

longest (6-12 hrs.), contraction 15-20 min, cervix opening about 10 cm.

Birth Defects

Spina Bifida and Anencephaly are related to a failure of the neural tube to close. Maternal diabetes and obesity place the fetus at risk for developing neural tube defects

Maternal disease

maternal diseases and infections can produce defects in offspring by crossing the placental barrier, or they can cause damage during the birth

Doctor

obstetrician. spend the least amount of time with mother during childbirth

Cesarean

surgical procedure in which the baby is removed from the mother's uterus through an incision made in the abdomen

Breech birth

the baby's position in the uterus that causes the buttocks to the be first part to emerge from the vagina

Dose

the dose effect is rather obvious. The greater the does of an agent, such as drug, the greater the effect

Bonding

the formation of a close connection, especially a physical bond, between parents and their newborn in the period shortly after birth.

Implantation

the immune system experiences a hormonal change during the pregnancy to protect the zygote to allow it to attach to the uterus wall

Blastocyst

the inner layer of cell that develops during the germinal period. These cells later develop into the embryo

Amnion

the life-support system that is a bag or envelope that contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats

Diet

the nutritional status of the embryo is determined by the mother's total calories intake as well as her intake of proteins, vitamins, and minerals A mother that is malnourished or obese with effect the health of the unborn child

Post partum depression

the period after childbirth when the mother adjusts, both physically and psychologically, to the process of childbirth. This period last for about 6 weeks or until her body has completed it adjustment and returned to a near prepregnant state

Embryonic Period

the period of prenatal development that occurs 2 to 8 weeks after conception. During the embryonic period, the rate of cell differentiation intensifies, support systems for the cells form, and organ appear

Germinal Period

the period of prenatal development that takes place in the first 2 weeks after conceptions. It includes the creation of the zygote, continued cell division, and the attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall

Afterbirth

the third stage of birth, when the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled

Natural childbirth

this method attempts to reduce the mother's pain by decreasing her fear through education about childbirth and relaxation techniques during delivery

Preterm

those born before the completion 37 weeks of gestation. The time between fertilization and birth

Kangaroo Care

treatment for preterm infants that involves skin-to-skin contact

Blood type incompatible

when the parents are incompatible it poses a risk to prenatal development

Birth Process 2nd stage

(45mins-1 hr.) head moves through cervix, terminates with newborn.

Birth Process 3rd stage

5 or more min, afterbirth

Prepared childbirth

Lamaze Method. Developed by French obstetrician Ferdinand Lamaze, this childbirth strategy is similar to childbirth but includes a special breathing technique to control pushing in the final stages of labor and a more detailed anatomy and physiology course

Fetal Period

Lasting about 7 months, the prenatal period between two months after conception and birth in typical pregnancies

Drugs prescription/non prescription

May effect on the embryo. These drugs can act as a teratogen

Teratology

The field of study that investigates the causes of birth defects

Trophoblast

The outer layer of cells that develops in the germinal period. These cells provide nutrition and support for the embryo

Genetic

The type or severity of abnormalities caused by a teratogen is linked to the genotype of the pregnant woman and the genotype of the embryo or fetus. Males are more likely to be affected by teratogens than female