Ch. 30 Microbio

True or False: In humans, an untreated rabies infection that becomes symptomatic is RARELY fatal and attenuates over time, leading to acquired immunity. TRUE FALSE

False

Lyme disease is caused by ____________ and is transmitted by __________. A. B. burgdorferi; deer and field mice B. Ixodes; B. burgdorferi C. B. burgdorferi; Ixodes D. Ixodes; deer and field mice

B. burgdorferi; Ixodes

Which of the following explains why treatment of symptomatic tetanus requires an antitoxin and an antibiotic? A. It is always better to use multiple treatments to elicit a stronger response. B. Because C. tetani bacteria excrete tetanus toxin, it is important to neutralize the toxin while also killing the bacteria that are producing more. C. The tetanus toxin binds irreversibly, causing damage to axons. The only way to heal the axons is with an antitoxin. D. Because the toxin is within the cell wall of the bacteria, it can only be eliminated by killing the bacteria.

Because C. tetani bacteria excrete tetanus toxin, it is important to neutralize the toxin while also killing the bacteria that are producing more.

Which of the following is the best mode of controlling the spread of West Nile infections? A. Kill all mosquitoes to prevent the transmission of West Nile virus. B. Kill all birds to prevent the amplification and transmission of West Nile virus. C. Limit exposure to mosquitoes to prevent the transmission of West Nile virus. D. Limit exposure to birds to prevent the transmission of West Nile virus.

Limit exposure to mosquitoes to prevent the transmission of West Nile virus.

Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by a Rickettsia species? A. human monocytic ehrlichiosis B. Rocky Mountain spotted fever C. typhus D. Q fever

Q fever

An animal disease transmitted to humans by direct contact, inhalation of aerosols, or bites is called __________. A. a zoonosis B. enzootic C. epizootic D. a zoophyte

a zoonosis

Which form(s) of the plague in humans is/are OFTEN treatable with modern antibiotics? A. bubonic plague B. pneumonic plague C. septicemic plague D. bubonic and pneumonic plague

bubonic plague

Who was the FIRST microbiologist to study Bacillus anthracis and its ability to cause disease in mice? A. Joshua Lederberg B. Robert Hooke C. Louis Pasteur D. Robert Koch

Robert Koch

There are three forms of human anthrax. Which of the following choices contains a form of human anthrax correctly matched with its description? A. cutaneous: easily treatable B. intestinal: always fatal C. cutaneous: least severe form D. respiratory: most common form

cutaneous: easily treatable

The pathogen Rickettsia rickettsii, which causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever, is MOST commonly transmitted by A. consuming infected fish. B. being bitten by an infected mosquito. C. exposure to infected rodents. D. exposure to infected ticks.

exposure to infected ticks

The onset of many rickettsial diseases, such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever, human monocytic ehrlichiosis, and granulocytic anaplasmosis, includes ________ and ________. A. fever / headache B. fever / rash C. malaise / rash D. malaise / headache

fever / headache

Which animal is MOST commonly vaccinated against the West Nile virus? A. farm dog B. chicken C. horse D. milk cow

horse

Borrelia burgdorferi is an interesting spirochete that is unusual when compared to other bacteria. Which of the following is the reason that it is so unusual? A. it has a cell wall B. it has flagella C. it has a linear chromosome D. it has ribosomes

it has a linear chromosome

Proliferation of the rabies virus occurs especially in the A. heart and liver. B. lungs and skin. C. thalamus and hypothalamus of the brain. D. eyes and mouth.

thalamus and hypothalamus of the brain.

A patient exhibiting arthritis secondary to Lyme disease is likely in which phase of the infection? A. first B. fourth C. third D. second

third

Which of the following is NOT a commonly applied method to eradicate rabies in the United States? A. vaccinating wild animal reservoirs B. vaccinating domestic animals C. vaccinating humans D. quarantining a potentially infected animal after it bites a human

vaccinating wild animal reservoirs

Rickettsia are obligate intracellular parasites that are transmitted by arthropods. Which of the following places would you be most likely to find the parasites in a living organism during the course of infection? A. on the surface of heart cells B. on the outer surface of the skin C. within the blood plasma D. within macrophages

within macrophages

Which of the following is MOST likely to be vaccinated against Bacillus anthracis? A. cattle B. farm dog C. livestock worker D. wool sorter

wool sorter

Of the arthropod-borne diseases, there is a vaccine to prevent __________. A. dengue fever B. yellow fever C. West Nile fever D. Lyme disease

yellow fever

During his research on West Nile virus, Bill learned that this virus is placed within a functional grouping known as arboviruses. What is meant by the term arbovirus? A. An arbovirus is an arthropod-borne virus. B. An arbovirus is a virus isolated in Ann Arbor, Michigan. C. An arbovirus is maintained in nature through biological transmission. D. An arbovirus is a virus that originated from plants.

1. An arbovirus is an arthropod-borne virus. 2. An arbovirus is maintained in nature through biological transmission.

Which of the choices shows the correct progression of bubonic plague? 1. Human is bitten by infected flea. 2. Rodent is infected with Yersinia pestis. 3. Yersinia travels to lymph nodes. 4. Flea is infected with Yersinia pestis. 5. Septicemia occurs. 6. Yersina pestis reproduces in intestine of infected organism. 7. Human is bitten by infected rodent. A. 2, 4, 6, 1, 3, 5 B. 2, 4, 6, 7, 3, 5 C. 4, 2, 6, 7, 3, 5 D. 4, 2, 6, 1, 3, 5

2, 4, 6, 1, 3, 5

Approximately what percentage of people infected with the West Nile virus develop serious neurological disease? A. <1% B. 10% C. 50% D. >75%

<1%

What features of West Nile virus make it an emerging disease of special concern? Select all that apply. A. West Nile virus is an arthropod-borne virus transmitted by mosquitoes. B. West Nile virus has a high mortality rate in immunosuppressed humans and infects many species of birds in southern Europe, the Mediterranean basin, and North America. C. West Nile virus is maintained in nature through biological transmission between susceptible hosts by blood-feeding arthropods. D. West Nile virus has a positive, single-stranded RNA genome that is 11,000 to 12,000 nucleotides long.

1. West Nile virus is an arthropod-borne virus transmitted by mosquitoes. 2. West Nile virus has a high mortality rate in immunosuppressed humans and infects many species of birds in southern Europe, the Mediterranean basin, and North America. 3. West Nile virus is maintained in nature through biological transmission between susceptible hosts by blood-feeding arthropods.

Which of the following statements about hantaviruses is true? A. They are single-stranded, segmented, negative-sense RNA viruses. B. They are related to Ebola and other hemorrhagic viruses. C. They are transmitted to humans by contaminated rodent droppings. D. All of the listed statements are true.

All of the listed statements are true

The brain tissue of the birds indicated the possibility of encephalitis. What is encephalitis, and why should this type of infection cause concern among health care professionals? A. Encephalitis is an inflammation of the meninges. It is a concern to health care professionals because of how quickly the infection will spread to the rest of the body. B. Encephalitis is an inflammation of the peripheral nervous system. It is a concern to health care professionals because of how quickly the infection will spread to the rest of the body. C. Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain tissue. It is a concern to health care professionals because an infection in the brain means the virus has breached protective measures. D. Encephalitis is an inflammation of the spinal cord. It is a concern to health care professionals because the infection will spread to the brain.

Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain tissue. It is a concern to health care professionals because an infection in the brain means the virus has breached protective measures.

How is a rickettsial disease MOST commonly diagnosed, and how would the patient be treated if the infection had been present for roughly one week? A. Clinical symptoms uniquely distinguish rickettsial diseases from others, and an antibiotic such as tetracycline would kill off the pathogen. B. Clinical symptoms uniquely distinguish rickettsial diseases from others, and most of the diseases are self-limiting, so healthy individuals will not need medication. C. Immunological or DNA-based testing will identify the pathogen, and an antibiotic such as tetracycline would be given. D. Immunological or DNA-based testing will identify the pathogen, and most of the diseases are self-limiting, so healthy individuals will not need medication.

Immunological or DNA-based testing will identify the pathogen, and an antibiotic such as tetracycline would be given

If a human is bitten by an animal that has rabies, then it is recommended that the human receive immune globin (human rabies antibodies) and a rabies vaccination (with inactive virus) as well. Which of the following is the best (and most specific) explanation for why both are recommended in this case? A. The rabies antibodies provide a rapid response but short-lived response while the vaccination provides slower but longer-lasting protection. B. The rabies vaccination is relatively new and ineffective, so it is important to give the immune globin as well to make certain that the viruses cannot cause disease. C. Using both is needed because an individual who has received this type of bite is more likely than someone else to receive another bite. While the immune globin is sufficient to prevent rabies infection, the vaccination helps to prevent the individual from the risk of a future bite. D. Because rabies is such a serious illness, using antibodies and a vaccine provides the strongest possible immediate protection. Both antibodies and the vaccine provide a rapid immediate response to prevent illness from developing.

The rabies antibodies provide a rapid response but short-lived response while the vaccination provides slower but longer-lasting protection.

Based on the concept map, which of the following must happen during Lyme disease? A. There is massive inflammation of the meninges. B. A bull's-eye-shaped rash will develop. C. There is an adaptive immune response. D. All of the above happen.

There is an adaptive immune response

How pathogenic are alpha toxin-containing clostridia compared to those lacking it, and why? A. They are less pathogenic, because the alpha toxin is quickly recognized by the immune system, which subsequently rids the body of the pathogen. B. They are less pathogenic, because the beta toxin is more toxic and the clostridia produce only one or the other. C. They are more pathogenic, because the toxin enables the clostridia to lyse healthy human cells and grow/spread further. D. They are more pathogenic, because the toxin is a protective molecule that enables them to hide from immune cells.

They are more pathogenic, because the toxin enables the clostridia to lyse healthy human cells and grow/spread further.

True or False: Humans are dead-end hosts for the West Nile virus, because they do NOT develop the viremia necessary to infect mosquitoes. TRUE FALSE

True

Which of the following best describes why West Nile Virus is considered to be an emerging infectious disease? A. West Nile virus causes an infection and death in birds such as crows and blue jays. B. West Nile virus causes a latent viral infection that can emerge later in life. C. West Nile virus was first isolated in Uganda in 1937 and has caused significant outbreaks every year since then. D. West Nile virus outbreaks have increased in number and affected areas since 1937.

West Nile virus outbreaks have increased in number and affected areas since 1937

Clostridia that cause gas gangrene ferment ________ from human tissue into H2 and CO2 gases in addition to producing foul-smelling organic compounds. A. amino acids B. carbohydrates C. lipids D. nucleic acids

amino acids

Which condition promotes germination of Clostridium tetani endospores during a tetanus infection? A. anoxia B. oxygen-rich environment C. low temperature D. high temperature

anoxia

Rickettsial diseases are LEAST commonly spread by A. ants. B. fleas. C. lice. D. ticks.

ants

Which feature or structure of Bacillus anthracis enables it to evade death by macrophages and grow inside macrophages? A. capsule B. endospore C. pilus D. siderophore

capsule

Which of the following is the LEAST common reservoir for the rabies virus in the United States? A. chicken B. raccoon C. skunk D. fox

chicken

Which form of anthrax is usually treatable with an antibiotic? A. cutaneous anthrax B. inhalation anthrax C. intestinal anthrax D. None are usually treatable.

cutaneous anthrax

The rhabdovirus that causes rabies is a A. negative-stranded RNA virus. B. positive-stranded RNA virus. C. single-stranded DNA virus. D. double-stranded DNA virus.

negative-stranded RNA virus

The tetanus exotoxin, produced by Clostridium tetani, __________. A. causes gas gangrene B. causes flaccid paralysis C. prevents inhibitory signals that allow for muscle relaxation D. prevents acetylcholine release that allows for muscle contraction

prevents inhibitory signals that allow for muscle relaxation

Death from tetanus is usually due to A. respiratory failure. B. excessive bleeding. C. high fever. D. kidney toxicity.

respiratory failure

Which situation is MOST likely to result in death by Bacillus anthracis? A. being bitten by an insect B. petting a horse C. shoveling dirt on a windy day D. ingesting stale fruit

shoveling dirt on a windy day

What is the natural reservoir of Clostridium tetani? A. air B. water C. soil D. mammals

soil

Once a person is bitten by a West Nile virus-infected mosquito, how much time does it take for a fever to appear (if the person does develop symptoms)? A. 1-2 days B. 3-14 days C. 1-6 months D. months to years

3-14 days

Yellow fever was named because it can cause liver damage, resulting in a yellowish appearance. Which of the following explains why liver damage causes someone to have a yellowish appearance? A. Bilirubin is a breakdown product of hemoglobin that has a yellowish color. When bilirubin is not being properly excreted as bile, it can build up in the blood. B. Inability to produce albumin leads to osmotic problems, causing yellowish color. C. Impaired ability to convert ammonia to urea leads to an increase in ammonia in the body, causing a yellow color. D. Inability to break down glycogen causes lowered blood sugar, resulting in a yellowish color.

Bilirubin is a breakdown product of hemoglobin that has a yellowish color. When bilirubin is not being properly excreted as bile, it can build up in the blood.

If mosquitoes are the mode of transmission for West Nile virus, why did the students in Bill's virology class focus on finding the virus in the dead birds rather than collecting mosquitoes to examine? A. The students tried to isolate and identify West Nile virus from birds because they are large animals. It would be difficult to isolate West Nile virus from mosquitoes because they are small. B. The students tried to isolate and identify West Nile virus from birds because they had access to dead birds that were known to be infected with West Nile virus. C. The students tried to isolate and identify West Nile virus from birds because they are an amplifying host for the virus, making it more likely that the virus can be isolated from these animals. D. The students tried to isolate and identify West Nile virus from birds because it is faster to isolate the virus from a bird than to isolate it from a mosquito.

The students tried to isolate and identify West Nile virus from birds because they are an amplifying host for the virus, making it more likely that the virus can be isolated from these animals.

Neurological diseases that result from West Nile virus infection include which of the following? A. aphasia B. encephalitis C. encephalitis and meningitis D. meningitis and West syndrome

encephalitis and meningitis