Ch. 32 APUSH

ugly

voters in _______ mood for election of 1932: -unemployed -poverty

blank-check powers

what Congress gave FDR so that some of the laws it passed expressly delegated legislative authority to the chief executive (President) -FDR was delighted to exert executive leadership

anthropology

women also made important contributions in social sciences, especially in the relatively new and open field of ________

Native Americans

regarding _______ _______: commissioner of Indian Affairs Collier sought to reverse forced-assimilation policies in place since Dawes Act of 1887

relief, (immediate) recovery

short-range goals of FDR's New Deal

liquor

stimulants aided recovery of ________ industry: -repeal of prohibition amendment afforded an opportunity to raise needed federal revenue and at same time to provide a measure of employment -in early days of Hundred Days Congress, it legalized light wine and beer with low alcoholic content and levied

progressive

Hundred Days Congress passed many essentials of the New Deal "three R's", though long-range measures were added later -reforms owed much to legacy of pre-WWI ________ movement

Hatch Act

-to remedy New Dealers having all the money -barred federal administrative officials, except highest policy-making officers, from active political campaigning and soliciting -forbade use of government funds for political purposes and collection off campaign contributions from people receiving relief payments -broadened in 1940 to place limits on campaign contributions and expenditures

Indian Reorganization Act

-"Indian New Deal" -promoted by Collier, inspired by a sojourn among Pueblo Indians -encouraged tribes to establish local self-government and to preserve their native crafts and traditions -helped to stop loss of Indian lands and revived tribes' interest in their identity and culture -not all Indians applauded it

business

-"bureaucratic meddling" and "regimentation" were complaints of anti-New Dealers -promises of budget balancing flew out of window -national debt skyrocketed -________ was bitter: accusing New Deal of fomenting class strife, conservatives insisted that the laborer and farmer were being pampered -businesspeople charged that private enterprise was being stifled by "planned economy", "planned bankruptcy", and "creeping socialism" -states' rights were being ignored, while the government was competing in business with its own citizens -aggressive leadership of FDR was also criticized

Father Coughlin

-"microphone messiah" -demagogue through broadcasting -slogan: "Social Justice" -anti-New Deal rants became so anti-Semitic, fascistic, and demagogic that he was silenced by his superiors

(Margaret) Mead

-Benedict's student -studied Pacific island peoples to advance bold new ideas about sexuality, gender roles, and inter-generational relationships -helped popularize cultural anthropology -achieved a celebrity status rare among social scientists

sit-down

-CIO moved onto automobile industry: -workers resorted to revolutionary technique of a ___________ strike, where they refused to leave General Motors factory building, and thus prevented importation of strikebreakers -CIO finally won victory when its union was recognized by General Motors as sole bargaining agency for its employees

Congress of Industrial Organizations (new CIO)

-CIO surged forward, breaking completely with AF of L -on that occasion, the Committee for Industrial Organization was formally reconstituted as this -under Lewis -tons of members in its constituent unions, including blacks -jurisdictional feuding involving strikes continued with AF of L

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

-Congress took more steps to protect public against fraud, deception, and inside manipulation -designed as a watchdog administrative agency -stock markets were to operate more as trading markets

pump priming, government, Keynes

-FDR's first term did not banish depression from land -unemployment persisted and went down a lil, but was still miserably high -despite inventiveness of New Deal programs and billions of dollars in "______ _______", recovery had been dishearteningly modest -in 1937: economy took another sharp downtown ("Roosevelt recession") -____________ policies had caused nosedive (Social Security taxes bit into payrolls and administration cut back on spending for orthodox economic doctrine of balanced budget) -FDR at last embraced recommendations of British economist _________ -Roosevelt announced a bold program to stimulate economy by planned deficit spending -this abrupt policy reversal marked a major turning point in government's relation to economy

Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

-New Deal policies for housing construction -set up by FDR to speed recovery and better homes -building industry was to be stimulated by small loans to householders, to improve dwellings and complete new ones -very popular out of "alphabetical agencies"

Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act

-New Dealers sympathetic toward soil-tillers -made possible suspension of mortgage foreclosures for 5 years -voided next year -revised law limiting grace period to 3 years was unanimously upheld

(Frances) Perkins

-Secretary of Labor -burst through the gender barrier when she became *America's first woman cabinet member*

NRA

-_____ had been a godsend to organized labor, with their call for collective bargaining -labor began to feel more secure and more self-assertive -rash of walkouts occurred, including San Fran general strike

electric power

-_______ _______ industry affected fire of New Deal reformers -as a public utility, it reached directly and regularly into pocketbooks of consumers for vitally needed services -New Deals accused it of gouging public with excessive rates -Tennessee River = rare opportunities with tributaries that drained in a poverty-stricken area -by developing the hydroelectric potential of entire area, Washington could combine immediate advantage of putting thousands of people to work and a long-term project for reforming power monopoly

Brain Trust

-a small group of reform-minded intellectuals who wrote many of FDR's speeches -predominantly youngish college professors who later authored much of the New Deal legislation

"Truth in Securities Act"

-aka Federal Securities Act -passed by Congress, reformist New Dealers wanted to curb "money changers" -required promoters to transmit to investors sworn information regarding soundness of their stocks and bonds

Fair Labor Standards Act

-better deal for labor passed by Congress -aka Wages and Hours Bill -industries involved in interstate commerce were to set up minimum-wage and maximum-house levels -eventual goal = 40 cents an hour and a 40 hr week -labor by kids under 16 was forbidden -these reforms were opposed by many industrialists, especially textile manufacturers **exclusion of agricultural, service, and domestic workers meant blacks, Mexican Americans, and women did not benefit from the act

United States Housing Authority (USHA)

-bolstered Federal Housing Administration (FHA) program -agency designed to lend money to states or communities for low-cost construction -new building fell tragically short of needs -New Deal effort to expand met opposition from real estate promoters, builders, and landlords ("slumlords") -slum areas in US ceased growing and even shrank

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

-by Hundred Days Congress, brought immediate relief to hard-pressed farmers -made available many millions of dollars to help farmers meet their mortgages

Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC)

-by Hundred Days Congress, brought immediate relief to hard-pressed households -designed to refinance mortgages on nonfarm homes -ultimately assisted about a million households -bailed out mortgage-holding banks -*bolted political loyalties of relieved middle-class homeowners to Democratic party*

(Ruth) Benedict

-carried on work of her mentor, Franz Boas, by developing the "culture and personality movement" -landmark work: Patterns of Culture (established study of cultures as collective personalities) -contributed to social sciences!

(Mary McLeod) Bethune

-director of Office of Minority Affairs in National Youth Administration -served as the *highest-ranking African American in the Roosevelt administration *

Civil Works Administration (CWA)

-established by FDR himself -branch of the FERA -under direction of Hopkins -provided purely temporary jobs during winter emergency -served a useful purpose: jobless employed with leaf raking and other make-work tasks, called *"boondoggling"* -scheme criticized: this kind of labor put premium on shovel-leaning slow motion

Federal Emergency Relief Act

-first major effort of the new Congress to grapple with millions of unemployed adults -chief aim: IMMEDIATE relief rather than long-range recovery -resulting with the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)

hydroelectric, conservative

-foreigners were impressed with possibilities of schemes like TVA in their own lands -some New Dealers agitated for parallel enterprises in other valleys -________ power from dams would drive growth of urban West and nurture agriculture -__________ reaction against "socialistic" New Deal would confine TVA's brand of federally guided resource management and comprehensive regional development to Tennessee Valley

leaders

-in later New Deal days, labor unionization thrived -FDR received valuable support at ballot-box time from labor ______ and appreciative working people

Emergency Banking Relief Act

-law that invested the president with the power to regulate banking transactions and foreign exchange and to reopen solvent banks -banking chaos had called for immediate action

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)

-led by Hopkins -granted $3 billion to STATES for direct dole payments or preferably for wages on work projects

Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act

-measure that provided for the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), which insured individual deposits up to $5,000 -*ended epidemic of bank failures* -passed by Hundred Days/Emergency Congress to buttress public reliance on banking system

Social Security Act

-more important than housing policies = success of New Dealers in field of unemployment insurance and old-age pensions -New Dealers' greatest victory -one of the most complicated and far-reaching laws ever to pass Congress -provided for federal-state unemployment insurance to cushion further depressions -retired workers were to receive regular payments to provide security for old age -provision was also made for blind, physically handicapped, delinquent kids, and other dependents -Republican opposition -Social Security = inspired by Europe -in an urbanized economy, at mercy of boom-or-bust cycles, government was now recognizing its responsibility for welfare of citizens -further categories were added, including farm and domestic workers -for decades poor men and women were excluded (in contrast to Europe, where welfare programs were universal, American workers had to be employed and in certain kinds of jobs to get coverage)

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

-most complex and far-reaching effort by New Dealers to combine immediate relief with long-range recovery and reform -attempt to stimulate a nationwide comeback by the Emergency Congress -designed to assist industry, labor, and unemployed -individual industries were to work out codes of "fair competition" = reduced hours so more employment, max hour ceiling placed, minimum wages established -labor: workers were guaranteed right to organize and bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing, "yellow dog"/antiunion contract forbidden, restrictions on child labor -patriotism aroused -blue eagle = group's symbol -"We Do Our Part" -enthusiasm for the group = upswing in business

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

-most popular of all New Deal "ALPHABETICAL AGENCIES" -law that provided employment in *government camps* for 3 million young men -their work was useful (reforestation, fire-fighting, flood control, swamp drainage) -recruits required to send home most of their pay to help parents -human and natural resources were both conserved (but minor complaints about "militarizing" youth) -created by Hundred Days Congress to respond to FDR's call to help unemployed -planted a ton of tress as windbreaks

(Pearl) Buck

-novelist raised in China by Presbyterian missionaries -introduced American readers to Chinese peasant society -best-selling novel: "The Good Earth" (earned her Nobel Prize for literature) -prolific author all her life, she used her fame to advance humanitarian causes

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

-objective: employment on useful projects -launched under supervision of Hopkins -agency spent about $11 billion on thousands of public buildings, bridges, and roads -not every one of their projects strengthened infrastructure (ex. Federal Art Project) -authorized by Congress partly to quiet the unrest that might lead to a political explosion -nourished talent, preserved self-respect, and fostered creation of tons of art

Eleanor (Roosevelt)

-one of FDR's great personal and political assets -FDR's wife -unhappy childhood = champion of dispossessed -"conscience of New Deal" -FDR's political career was as much hers as it was his own -worked in a NY settlement house -joined Women's Trade Union League and League of Women Voters -brought tons of women activists to White House -MOST ACTIVE First Lady in history -powerfully influenced national government policies -battled for impoverished and oppressed -personal relationship with FDR = rocky because of his infidelities -she was condemned by conservatives and loved by liberals -one of the most controversial (and consequential) public figures of 20th century

Dr. Townsend

-one of the most conspicuous agitators (demagogues) who made extravagant promises -promised everyone over 60 $200 a month

Senator Long (of Louisiana)

-one of the most conspicuous agitators (demagogues) who made extravagant promises -publicized his "Share Our Wealth" program, which promised to make "Every Man A King" -every family was to receive $5,000, supposedly at expense of prosperous

Federal Art Project

-one of the most well-loved WPA programs -hired artists to create posters and murals

federal

-overwhelming unemployment clamored for prompt remedial action: before FDR, 1/4 unemployed (highest level of unemployment in nation's history) -FDR had no hesitancy about using _______ money to ASSIST the unemployed and at the same time to "prime the pump" of industrial recovery

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

-passed by Hundred Days Congress -far-ranging enterprise largely a result of Senator Norris -"planned economy" -most revolutionary of all New Deal schemes -agency determined to discover how much production and distribution of electricity cost, so that a "yardstick" could be set up to test fairness of rates charged by private companies (utility corporations lashed back at this government control, saying low cost of this agency's power was due to dishonest bookkeeping and absence of taxes....critics complained it was socialism) -amazing achievements: -full employment to the area -cheap electrical power, low cost housing, abundant cheap nitrates, restoration of eroded soil, reforestation, improved navigation, and flood control -region became one of the most flourishing in US

20th

-presidential oath taken by FDR on January 20, 1937 -__________ Amendment was ratified, which swept away postelection lame duck session of Congress and shortened by 6 weeks awkward period before inauguration

Dust Bowl

-prolonged drought in Great Plains -rainless weeks followed by winds -sun darkened by powdery topsoil in air -drought and wind triggered dust storms but they were not the only culprits.. -human hand: high grain prices enticed farmers to cultivate a lot of land, dry-farming techniques and mechanization revolutionized Great Plains agriculture -steam tractor and disk plow tore up a ton of sod -refugees fled their ruined acres -Oklohomans ("Okies") and Arkansans ("Arkies") went to s. California, many at San Joaquin Valley, which had a lot in common with southern plains - arid climate, cotton, oil deposits, abundant land - transition = cruel

Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

-radical new approach to farm recovery -was to establish "parity prices" for basic commodities -"parity" = price set for a product that gave it same real value, in purchasing power, that it had from 1909-1914 -would eliminate price-depressing surpluses by paying growers to reduce their crop acreage -payments were to be raised by taxing processors of farm products (shift burden to consumers) -got off to wobbly start -destruction of food increased condemnation of US economic system -"subsidized scarcity" rose farm income but brought criticism (farmers, food processors, consumers, and tax payers were all to some degree unhappy) -paying farmers not to farm increased unemployment -Supreme Court killed this agency by declaring its regulatory taxation provisions unconstitutional

Resettlement Administration

-set up by FDR -charged with task of removing near-farmless farmers to better land

Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act

-to quickly recover from killing of AAA -withdrawal of acreage from production now achieved by paying farmers to plant soil-conserving crops, like soybeans, or to let their land lie fallow -emphasis = on conservation

unskilled

-under encouragement of sympathetic National Labor Relations Board, _____ works began to organize themselves into unions -leader = Lewis (boss of United Mine Workers) -he formed Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) within ranks of skilled AF of L (skilled workers only showed lukewarm sympathy for cause of unskilled labor, especially blacks) -friction with CIO = older federation suspended the upstart unions associated with the newer organization

unionization

-unskilled workers pressed advantage: -United States Steel Company averted costly strike when it voluntarily granted rights of ________ to its CIO-organized employees (but "little steel" companies fought back) -there was a Memorial Day massacre at a steel plant and police fired

Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Act)

-when the Supreme Court axed the blue eagle, Congress was sympathetic to labor unions -named after sponsor -trail-blazing law that created a powerful new *National Labor Relations Board* for administrative purposes and reasserted right of labor to engage in self-organization and to bargain collectively through representatives of its own choice -Magna Carta of labor -major milestone for American workers

ultraconservative, conservatism, people

1936 election: -FDR interpreted his reelection as a mandate to continue New Deal reforms -in his eyes, old men on supreme bench stood in pathway of progress -in 9 major cases involving New Deal, Roosevelt administration had been thwarted -Court was _________, and not a single member had been appointed by FDR in his first term -FDR regarded it as the obstructive __________ of the Court -Old Guard appointees felt it was their patriotic duty to curb the "socialistic" tendencies of FDR -FDR believed that voters in 3 successive elections (1932, 1936, 1934) had returned a smashing verdict in favor of his program of reform -Democracy, in his view, meant rule by the ________

visible

American women began to carve a larger space for themselves in nation's political and intellectual life: -First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt may have been the MOST ______ woman in the White House, but she was hardly the only female voice

must legislation

Congress shared PANICKY feeling of US, so it was ready to stamp bills drafted by White House advisers, measures that FDR called "_____ _______"

free

FDR deflected popular resentments against business and may have said American system of _____ enterprise -he purged American capitalism of some of its worst abuses so that it might be saved from itself -he used a lil "socialism" to get there -New Deal did not bankrupt US, said his defenders, they said the increase in national debt was because of WWII, not New Deal

"fireside chats"

FDR delivered these to the American people through the radio -he gave assurances that it was now safer to keep money in a reopened bank -confidence returned with a gush, and banks unlocked doors

holiday

FDR in office right at the start: -he moved decisively -he declared a nationwide banking ______ as a prelude to opening the banks on a sounder basis

Reorganization

FDR kept on pushing remaining reform measures of New Deal: -1937... -FDR urged Congress (getting more conservative) to authorize a sweeping reorganization of national administration in interests of streamlined efficiency -issue became tangled with FDR's presumed autocratic ambitions in regard to Supreme Court and he suffered another defeat -Congress partially relented and in ___________ Act that gave him limited powers for administrative reforms, including key new Executive Office in White House

gold, surrendered, paper, off, canceling

FDR moved elsewhere on financial front: -he wanted to protect the melting ____ reserves and prevent hoarding -he ordered all private holdings of gold to be ________ to the Treasury in exchange for _____ currency and then took the nation ____ the gold standard -Emergency Congress responded by _______ the gold-payment clause in all contracts and by authorizing repayment in paper money

money, government

FDR on Inauguration Day, 1933 (broadcasted): -denounced "_______changers" who had brought on the calamity -declared that ________ must wage war on Great Depression -"the only thing we have to fear is fear itself"

infantile paralysis (polio)

FDR suffered from ________ _______, putting steel into his soul: -before it: he was superficial and arrogant -after: suffering humbled him, he was taught patience, tolerance, compassion, and strength of will

intuition

FDR was inclined to do things by ________ -mood was so desperate that any movement seemed better than no movement at all

retire

FDR's Court scheme: -one of the mostly costly political misjudgments of his career -FDR asked Congress for legislation to permit him to add a new justice to the Supreme Court for every member over 70 who would not ________ -FDR pointed to necessity of injecting vigorous new blood, for the Court, he alleged, was far behind in its work (this charge turned out to be false and it brought accusations of dishonesty) -but FDR was headstrong

invalid, contradictory, deficits

FDR's campaigning: -attacked Republican Old Dealers -eager to prove he was not an _____ -eager to display his torso and personality to as many voters as possible -consistently preached a New Deal for the "forgotten man", but he was vague and ________ because his speeches were "ghostwritten" by the "Brains Trust" -promised a balanced budget and berated heavy Hooverian ______ -"Happy Days are Here Again" -his theme song ^ fit his smile, optimism, and his promises to do something, even at risk of bold experimentation

Court-packing plan

FDR's plan to expand Supreme Court -FDR vilified for attempting to break down delicate checks and balances among 3 branches of government -FDR was accused of grooming himself as a dictator by trying to browbeat judiciary -to many citizens, mostly Republicans and many Democrats, basic liberties seemed to be in jeopardy -Justice Roberts, formerly a conservative, began to vote on side of his liberal colleagues -by a 5 to 4 decision, Court upheld principle of a state minimum wage for women, thereby reversing its stand on a different case from earlier

orator, spending, money, forgotten

FDR's political appeal was amazing: -he had a commanding presence -he had a golden speaking voice -premier American ______ of his generation -as a popular depression NY governor, he had sponsored heavy state _______ to relieve suffering -though favoring frugality, he believed that _______, rather than humanity, was expendable -revealed a deep concern for plight of the "_______ man"

conservative, people

FDR, like Jefferson, provided bold reform without a bloody revolution while other foreign nations were suffering from uprisings, and Europeans predicted communism or fascism for America -FDR was upbraided by left-wing radicals for not going far enough, and by right-wing radicals for going too far -choosing the middle road, he has been called the greatest American _______ since Hamilton -FDR was Hamiltonian in his espousal (acceptance) of big government, but Jeffersonian in his concern for the "forgotten man" -he demonstrated anew the value of powerful presidential leadership and exercised that power to relieve erosion of nation's greatest physical resource - the _______ -he helped preserve democracy in America when dictatorships were occurring elsewhere -he girded the nation for its part in WWII, where democracy the world over would be at stake

fascism

Father Coughlin and Long frightened many Americans because they raised troubling questions about the link between _______ and economic crisis -danger seemed everywhere -authoritarian rule strengthening in Japan -Hitler was acquiring absolute authority in Germany

uncertainty, depression

Hoover remaining in White House: -his supporters halfheartedly assured half-listening voters *he never ceased to insist that the __________ and fear produced by FDR's impending victory plunged the nation deeper into the _______ -his campaign went badly, and he was persuaded to take to the stump -he reaffirmed his faith in US free enterprise and individual initiative, and said it would be horrible if Hawley-Smoot Tariff was repealed -this attitude contrasted with FDR's sparkling promises and optimism -he had been swept into office on prosperity, and swept out on depression

restrictions

New Deal reforms embraced PROGRESSIVE ideas such as unemployment insurance, old-age insurance, minimum-wage regulations, the conservation and development of natural resources, and _______ on child labor -invented some new schemes, like the Tennessee Valley Authority -tons of new reforms that Europe would marvel at

subcorporations

New Dealers directed fire at public holding companies, ____________ -collapse in '32 when Insull's financial empire crashed -possibilities of controlling layers of big business prompted the *Public Utility Holding Company Act* as a death sentence to this type of bloated growth

relief

New Dealers: -said that _____, not economy, had been primary object of their multifront war on the depression -New Deal had relieved worst of crisis in 1933: it promoted philosophy of "balancing the human budget" and accepted principle that federal government was morally bound to prevent mass hunger and starvation by "managing" the economy -collapse of US economic system was averted, a fairer distribution of national income was achieved, and citizens were enabled to regain and retain their self-respect

direct, supplemented, demagogues

______ relief from Washington to needy families helped pull nation through winter -persistence of unemployment and suffering demonstrated that emergency relief measures had to be not only continued but __________ -danger signal: appearance of various _________

FDR (Franklin Delano Roosevelt), balanced, reforms

______ was the Democratic nominee in election of 1932: -governor of NY (like TR) -born to wealthy NY fam, graduated from Harvard (like TR) -nominated for VP (like TR) -assistant secretary of navy (like TR) -platform: promised a ________ budget and sweeping social and economic ________ -"the Champ"

Black, lower, 9

a Court more sympathetic to New Deal upheld National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) and Social Security Act -FDR's Court-packing plan was further undermined when Congress voted full pay for justices over 70 who retired, whereupon one of the oldest conservative members resigned, replaced by New Dealer, Justice _______ -Congress passed a court REFORM bill, but only applied to _______ courts -FDR thus suffered his first major legislative defeat at hands of his own party in Congress -yet in losing this battle, Roosevelt incidentally won his campaign -Court became more friendly to New Deal reforms -furthermore, a succession of deaths and resignations enabled him in time to make ___ appointments to tribunal -yet in a sense, FDR lost both the Court battle and the war -he aroused conservatives of both parties in Congress - few New Deal reforms were passed after 1937 -he squandered much of the political goodwill that carried him to 1936 victory

Hooverites

accused FDR of deliberately permitting the depression to worsen so that he could emerge the more spectacularly as a savior

discontent, promises

also notorious among new brood of agitators were those who capitalized on popular _________ to make _________

appealed

both FDR and and TR were master politicians with colorful phrase, but TR was pugnacious and confrontational, while FDR was suave and conciliatory (FDR's qualities ________ strongly to the traumatized people)

Republicans

by 1938: New Deal lost most of its early momentum -in congressional elections of 1938, _________ cut heavily into New Deal majorities in Congress -international crisis shifted public attention away from domestic reform and helped save political hide of FDR

Schechter "sick chicken" decision

complete collapse was imminent when Supreme Court shot down NRA in this decision -justices unanimously held that Congress could not "delegate legislative powers" to executive -congressional control of interstate commerce could not properly apply to a local fowl business

"age of chiselry"

dawned as unscrupulous business-people ("chiselers") publicly displayed blue birds in windows but secretly violated the codes

person

election of 1932: -Democrats nominated FDR -Al Smith felt entitled to a second chance, but his and FDR's friendship wilted when he was elbowed aside -FDR smashed precedent by accepting nomination in ______

Hoover, antidepression, prohibition

election of 1932: -_________ was renominated by Republican convention without great enthusiasm -platform: praise of Republican __________ policies while halfheartedly promising to repeal national _______ and return control of liquor to states

Democratic, CIO, blacks

election of 1936: -a landslide overwhelmed Landon, as demoralized Republicans carried only 2 states (Maine and Vermont) -most lopsided electoral count in a while -_________ majorities again returned to Congress -most bitter election in a while that partially bore out Republican charges of class warfare -needy economic groups were lined up against so-called greedy economic groups -______ units contributed generously to FDR -many left-wingers turned to FDR, as third-party protest vote sharply declined -______ appreciated welcome relief checks and had shaken off traditional allegiance to Republican party

forgotten man, New Immigrants

election of 1936: FDR won primarily because he appealed to the "______ ______" -but some of his support was only pocket-book deep -he forged coalition of southerners, blacks, urbanites, and the poor -he proved especially effective in support of "_____ _______", mostly Catholics and Jews

Long

fear of _____ becoming a fascist dictator ended when he was shot by an assassin

Jewish,

foes of New Deal condemned its alleged waste, incompetence, confusion, contradictions, and cross-purposes, as well as chiseling and graft in alphabetical agencies -critics deplored employment of college professors, leftists, outright Communists -such subversives, it was charged, were trying to make America over Bolshevik-Marxist image -FDR was accused by conservatives of being ______ and of tapping too many bright young Jewish leftists for his "Drain Trust" -businesspeople accused FDR of confusing noise and movement with progress (some appreciated his do-something approach)

inflation, gold

goal of FDR's "MANAGED CURRENCY" = ________, which he believed would relieve debtors' burdens and stimulate new production -his principle instrument to achieve this: _________ buying (he instructed Treasury to purchase it at increasing prices, which increased the amount of dollars in circulation...but this provoked wrath of "sound-money critics"

international

gold-buying scheme ended in Feb. 1934: -FDR returned nation to a LIMITED gold standard for purposes of ___________ trade only -thereafter, US pledged itself to pay foreign bills -but, domestic circulation of gold continued to be prohibited

American Liberty League

group of wealthy conservatives who had organized in 1934 to fight "socialistic" New Deal schemes

blacks, urban

striking feature of election of 1932: -*beginning of distinct shift of _____, traditionally Republican, over to FDR's side* (big supporters of his) -they were among the worst sufferers of the depression -they became, notably in Northern _____ centers, a vital element in the Democratic party

Democrats, uncooperative, inflationary

hard times ruined Republicans: electoral upheaval was both anti-Hoover and pro-Roosevelt -an overwhelming majority of ________ appear to have voiced a demand for CHANGE (any upstanding Democratic candidate probably could've won) -Hoover was defeated in his lame duck period in White House: he was helpless to embark upon any long-range policies without the cooperation of Roosevelt, who was very _________ (he wouldn't help with debt muddle) -Hoover confessed that he was trying to bind FDR to an anti-_________ policy that would have made impossible many later New Deal experiments -Washington was deadlocked and US economic machine came to a halt: 1/4 unemployed, banks closing...

farmers, homeowners

immediate relief was given to 2 large and hard-pressed special groups by the Hundred Days Congress: -AAA helped ________ -HOLC helped ________

Public Works Administration (PWA)

intended both for industrial recovery and for unemployment relief -agency headed by Ickes, secretary of interior -primary purpose = long-range recovery -projects like public buildings, highways, and parkways -achievement = Grand Coulee Dam (made possible irrigation of new farmland and more electrical power in a region that had little industry....it transformed entire region with abundant water and power)

(permanent) recovery, reform (of current abuses)

long-range goals of FDR's New Deal

Second Agricultural Adjustment Act

more comprehensive substitute -continued conservation payments -acreage restrictions = parity payments -designed to give farmers fairer price and more substantial share of national income (goals partially achieved)

21st Amendment

officially repealed prohibition

Roosevelt, Landon

presidential election of 1936: -New Dealers had achieved progress -Democrats renominated __________ on a platform squarely endorsing the New Deal Democratic nominee denounced "economic royalists" -Republicans were hard-pressed to find someone -Republican nominee: ________, a moderate -Republican platform: condemned New Deal for its radicalism, experimentation, confusion, and "frightful waste" -Republican nominee backed by Hoover and echoed cry of American Liberty League

Hundred Days

the time period when FDR summoned the DEMOCRATIC Congress into special session to cope with the national emergency -the members cranked out a ton of unprecedented remedial legislation

Keynesianism

the use of government spending and fiscal policy to "prime the pump" of the economy and encourage consumer spending -became the new economic orthodoxy and remained so for decades

relief, recovery, reform

three R's that Roosevelt's New Deal Programs were aimed at -they often overlapped