Ch. 34 + 35 Pre-lecture assignment

To which phylum do flatworms belong? Nematoda Lophotrochozoa Rotifera Platyhelminthes Chordata

Platyhelminthes

Limbs, lungs, and buccal pumping evolved in tetrapods called _________ as adaptations to a semi-terrestrial lifestyle

amphibians

Cnidarians are found in ______ environments and possess ______ embryonic germ layers. aquatic; three aquatic; two soil; three soil; two

aquatic; two

Of the organisms listed, which are members of the Mollusca phylum? Clams Brachiopods Snails Tunicates Chitons

clams snails chitons

Most birds share a generalized body shape because of the strict demands of ________

flight

Hox genes control the development of what vertebrate structure? sensory organs jaw brain epidermis limbs

limbs

Mammals evolved from small mammal-like ______ that went extinct about _______. reptiles; 170 mya reptiles; 53 mya amphibians; 170 mya amphibians; 53 mya

reptiles; 170 mya

What critical innovation evolved in the common ancestor of the amniotes? Feathers A vertebral column Jaws A hard-shelled egg Tetrapody

A hard-shelled egg

Which of the following are distinguishing characteristics of the Lophotrochozoa clade? Pharyngeal gill slits A body plan consisting of a foot, visceral mass, and mantle A lophophore or a distinct trochophore larval stage An endoskeleton Protostome development

A lophophore or a distinct trochophore larval stage Protostome development

Which of the following statements is true regarding echinoderms and chordates? Both have endoskeletons and undergo protostome development Both have exoskeletons and undergo protostome development. Both have endoskeletons and undergo deuterostome development Both have exoskeletons and undergo deuterostome development

Both have endoskeletons and undergo deuterostome development

Transitional forms between dinosaurs and modern birds include: Caudipteryx Stegosaurus Archaeopteryx Confuciusornis Pterosaurs Tyrannosaurus

Caudipteryx Archaeopteryx Confuciusornis

What animal phylum includes members that are hermaphroditic, often bioluminescent, live in marine environments, and use cilia for movement? Ctenophora Cnidaria Bryozoa Brachiopoda

Ctenophora

Match each phylum listed below with its distinguishing characteristics. Echinodermata Porifera Molluska Anthropoda Cnidaria Asymmetrical; no true tissues; choanocytes move water through the body wall and trap food particles Radial symmetry; diploblastic; polyp and medusa forms; stinging cells Bilateral symmetry; triploblastic; body plan comprised of a foot, visceral mass, and mantle; some species have a shell for protection Bilateral symmetry; triploblastic; segmented; a hard cuticle composed primarily of chitin; ecdysis Larvae exhibit bilateral symmetry, adults radial; triploblastic; tube feet; deuterostome development; endoskeleton composed of ossicles

Echinodermata: Larvae exhibit bilateral symmetry, adults radial; triploblastic; tube feet; deuterostome development; endoskeleton composed of ossicles Porifera: Asymmetrical; no true tissues; choanocytes move water through the body wall and trap food particles Molluska: Bilateral symmetry; triploblastic; body plan comprised of a foot, visceral mass, and mantle; some species have a shell for protection Anthropoda: Bilateral symmetry; triploblastic; segmented; a hard cuticle composed primarily of chitin; ecdysis Cnidaria: Radial symmetry; diploblastic; polyp and medusa forms; stinging cells

Which of the following are characteristics of echinoderms? Endoskeleton composed of calcareous plates Protostome development Presence of a notochord Bilateral symmetry at all life stages Presence of a water vascular system Tube feet

Endoskeleton composed of calcareous plates Presence of a water vascular system Tube feet

What is the MOST significant constraint on avian morphology? Flight Diet Habitat Reproduction

Flight

Which of the following are characteristics of members of the Cnidaria phylum? Possess three germ layers Includes sponges Found in marine or freshwater habitats Possess a mesoglea

Found in marine or freshwater habitats Possess a mesoglea

Organisms that undergo protostome development and possess either a lophophore or a distinct trochophore larval stage are members of what major animal clade? Lophotrochozoa Ecdysozoa Radiata Deuterostomia

Lophotrochozoa

Sponges are best described by what statement? Unicellular but can fuse to form tissues Multicellular with true tissues Unicellular and so have no tissues Multicellular but lack true tissues

Multicellular but lack true tissues

Sponges are members of the phylum _________

Porifera

The three main types of mammals are: ___________ , ___________ and placental mammals.

Prototherians Metatherians

Match the clade of mammals with its appropriate description. Prototherians Metatherians Eutherians Placental mammals Egg-laying mammals Marsupial mammals

Prototherians: Egg-laying mammals Metatherians: Marsupial mammals Eutherians: Placental mammals

Which of the following are characteristics of modern birds that reflect their reptilian ancestry? Air sacs Scaly legs and feet Shelled eggs Feathers Hollow bones

Scaly legs and feet Shelled eggs

What characteristics distinguish the mammals? Specialized teeth Hair Mammary glands Enlarged skull Internal fertilization Endothermy

Specialized teeth Hair Mammary glands Enlarged skull

Limbs, a sturdy vertebral column and hip bones, lungs, and desiccation-resistant skin are all adaptations for what type of lifestyle? Arboreal Marine Aquatic Terrestrial Fossorial

Terrestrial

Select all of the following that are characteristics of sponges. They have stinging cells known as cnidocytes. They lack true tissue. They are multicellular. They exhibit bilateral symmetry. Digestion occurs extracellularly. They have free-swimming larvae. They are triploblastic.

They lack true tissue. They are multicellular. They have free-swimming larvae.

Which of the following are characteristics of ctenophores? They secrete a sticky substance for prey capture. They move by coordinated beating of cilia. They are commonly referred to as sponges. Many species are bioluminescent. Most species live in soil habitats. They possess stinging cnidocytes for prey capture.

They secrete a sticky substance for prey capture. They move by coordinated beating of cilia. Many species are bioluminescent.

What sentence best describes the feeding mechanism of a sponge? Tiny food particles are trapped by flagellated cells as water is drawn through pores in the body of the sponge and exits via the osculum. Siphons draw water into body of the sponge, where particulate food items are trapped by a layer of mucus. Tentacles capture prey items, which are then drawn into the mouth and digested in the gastrovascular cavity.

Tiny food particles are trapped by flagellated cells as water is drawn through pores in the body of the sponge and exits via the osculum.

True or false: Echinoderms and chordates are closely related, both have endoskeletons and deuterostome development.

True

An invertebrate animal is one that does not have: jointed appendages a backbone a complete gut true tissues

a backbone

What membrane of the egg stores nutrients and is also known as "egg white"?

albumin

Give the terms for the structures of the amniotic egg described below. A disposal sac for metabolic wastes produced by the developing embryo: A sac enclosing a stockpile of nutrients for the developing embryo: The innermost membrane, which protects the developing embryo within a fluid-filled sac: Along with another structure, provides gas exchange between the embryo and the surrounding environment:

allantois yolk sac amnion chorion

Birds, mammals, lizards, snakes, turtles, and crocodiles form a group known as the __________ , united by the fact that they all possess a hard-shelled egg.

amniotes

Fill in the names of the appropriate phyla for the distinguishing characteristics listed below. Diploblastic; gastrovascular cavity for extracellular digestion; radial symmetry; polyp and medusa forms; stinging cells Deuterostome development; notochord; pharyngeal slits; hollow dorsal nerve cord; muscular post-anal tail Deuterostome development; water vascular system; endoskeleton composed of ossicles; tube feet Bilateral symmetry; protostome development; body plan made up of mantle, visceral mass, and foot; some species have a shell

cnidaria chordata echinodermata molluska

The transition to life on land involved a large number of adaptations. Paramount among these were adaptations preventing __________ and making _________ and reproduction on land possible

desiccation, locomotion

What phylum of organisms have spiny skin, bilateral symmetry only as larvae, modified radial symmetry as adults, and possess a water vascular system? Echinodermata Chordata Mollusca Radiata Annelida

echinodermata

The phyla ________ and _________ are included in the Deuterostomia clade because their members undergo deuterostome embryonic development.

echinodermata and chordata

Individuals that can form both sperm and eggs are known as: deuterostomes diploblasts heterozygotic hermaphrodites protostomes

hermaphrodites

In animals, about 95% of all species are vertebrates. invertebrates. fishes. mammals. insects.

invertebrates

Which of the following adaptations were advantages that enabled amphibians to become semi-terrestrial? lungs external fertilization offspring that are tied to an aquatic environment thin, moist skin limbs

lungs thin, moist skin limbs

The first _______ appeared in the fossil record around 225 million years ago, in the mid-Triassic period.

mammals

Snails, clams, octopuses, and chitons are all members of the phylum __________

mollusks

Traditionally, the three classes of amniotes are reptiles, mammals, and humans. amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. birds, mammals, and dinosaurs. reptiles, birds, and mammals. turtles, reptiles, and birds.

reptiles, birds, and mammals.

What organisms lack true tissue but use choanocytes to draw water through pores so that tiny food particles may be trapped and digested? Sponges Cnidarians Rotifers Echinoderms Flatworms

sponges

The feeding mechanism of a sponge can be summarized as such: Water is drawn into the ______ by the beating action of ________. Small particulate matter and tiny plankton are trapped and eaten, while the water then flows out through the large opening at the top. choanocytes; osculum spongocoel; spicules spongocoel; choanocytes osculum; cilia

spongocoel; choanocytes