Ch. 35 Deuterostomes Part 1

Which class of Phylum Echinodermata: have bodies that consist of a central disc which radiates 5-20 arms, have endoskeletons made of calcium carbonate plates; most are carnivores, predators, and scavengers. They feed on crustaceans, mollusks, annelids, other echinoderms, and small fish

Class Asterioidia

Which class consists of birds and are the most diverse of all terrestrial vertebrates. Success lies in unique structure - the feather.

Class Aves

Which class of Phylum Echinodermata: is the oldest class of living echinoderms, resemble plants, and latch onto rocks where they feed, but are able to creep or swim away to avoid predators

Class Crinoidea

What class of Phylum Echinodermata has no arms. Does have skeletal plates; flattened and fused to form shell called test (external). Are omnivores. Examples of this are sea urchins and sand dollars.

Class Echinoidea

What class of Phylum Echinodermata has elongated flexible bodies with a mouth surrounded by tentacles; food trapped in mucous that covers tentacle. They are sluggish. Have a peculiar habitat: eviscerations, gonads ejected from body when attached by predators. (lost parts regenerate)

Class Holothuroidea

What class of Phylum Echinodermata is the largest class of Echinoderms, resemble sea stars with a central disk and arms, but arms are long and slender. An example is basket stars and brittle stars.

Class Ophiuroidea

Name of the five classes of Phylum Echinodermata

Crinoidea Asteroidia Ophiuroidea Echinoidea Holothuroidea

This reptile was the 1st land vertebrate to be bipedal. Gave rise to crocs, dinos, and birds

Diapsids

What is the skin like on class reptilian?

Dry watertight - skin. Covered with preotin (keratin) found on outer surface - protects against predators and prevents loss of H2O

What group provided the evolutionary base for invasion of land by amphibians?

Fish

What is the most diverse group of vertebrates?

Fishes.

What are the distinguishing features of class mammalia?

Hair -shaft made of Keratin Mammary glands Endothermic Muscular diaphragm

How are mammals able to digest plants?

Herbivorous mammals rely on mutualistic partnerships with bacteria for cellulose breakdown.

Which order of reptile: Consist of snakes Lack limbs, moveable eyelids, and external ears Also consists of lizards who have the ability to regenerate lost tails.

Order Squamata

Which order reptile: primarily aquatic carnivorous reptiles. crocodiles alligators Bodies are well adapted to stealth hunting

Order crocodylia

Name this type of reproduction: lays eggs in leathery membrane. All nutrition provided by yoke in membrane.

Oviparus

Name this type of reproduction: eggs hatch in female, but no placenta for nourishment. Pups eat one another and unhatched eggs.

Ovoviviparus

what type of skin has a tooth like structure and is composed of an outer layer of enamel and inner layer of dentine

Placoid scales (denticles)

What do feather do for birds?

Protect the body Decrease water and heat loss Aid in flight by presenting a flat surface to air.

Which subclass of mammals lays shelled eggs and the only living group in monotremes?

Prototheria

What are the (2) subclasses of mammals?

Prototheria Theria

What type of cleavage do deuterostomes develop from?

Radial cleavage.

Class Chondrichtyhes has a skeleton made up of what

cartilage skeleton "calcified" with granules of calcium carbonate

Define radial cleavage

during early embryonic development, cells of the embryo divide either parallel or a right angle to the polar axis.

Are reptiles endothermic or ectothermic?

ectothermic

What does endothermic mean?

endothermic animals generate their own heat internally.

What are two birdlike features?

feathers on wings and tail Presence of "wishbone" - fused collarbones

Give examples of chordates...

fish, amphibians, amniotes (reptiles, birds, mammals)

Which amphibian order: consist of frogs. Have smooth, moist skin, long legs. Line in or near water. Have an aquatic tadpole stage. Toads have bumpy, dry skin and short legs.

Order Anura

Name the three modern Amphibian groups and whether or not they have a tail.

Order Anura - without tail Order Caudata - with tail Order Apoda - without legs.

Which amphibian order: are tropical, burrowing amphibians. Are legless, have small eyes, jaws with teeth. Internal infertilization

Order Apoda

Which amphibian order: have long bodies, tails, smooth, moist skin. Live in moist places. Eggs fertilized internally -sperm packet. Larvae similar to adults.

Order Caudata

Name the Order of Reptile: Differ from all other reptiles because their bodies are encased within a protective shell. Lack teeth but have sharp beaks. Tortoises are terrestrial while turtles are aquatic.

Order Chelonia

Name the three orders or reptiles

Order Chelonia Order Squamata Order Crocodylia

Explain how echinoderms digest a clam:

the echinoderm surrounds the clam positioning its central disk over the open end surface of the clam. The stomach then extends through the mouth into the clam shell. Enzymes are secreted in the clam shell and digest the internal organs of the clam turning it into thick soupy material. The partially digested clam is brought back into the echinoderm where digestion is completed.

What do we think evolved into amphibians

the lobe finned fish

Discuss Phylum Chordata

they are deuterostome coelomates their nearest relative is the echinoderms consists of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

What makes lobe finned fishes superior to ray finned fishes?

they have a fleshly muscular lobe in their fins

Name the three subphylums of phylum chordate

urochordata cephalochordate vertebrata

Are chordates vertebrates or invertebrates?

vertebrates

What is indeterminant development?

when cells of the embryo become specialized later in development. *if the first four cells of the embryo are separated; each cell is capable of forming a complete organism.

Is the notochord present all through life, never replaced by vertebrae in jawless fish?

yes

Discuss Phylum Echinodermata

- exclusively marines - deuterostomes w/ endoskeleton - pentaradial symmetry - primitive nervous system - water vascular system

What are adaptations for flight?

1. Efficient respiration 2. Compact streamlined body 3. Large breast muscles 4. Efficient Circulation 5. Endothermic

Name three ways sharks differ from other fishes.

1. eggs are fertilized internally 2. most pups are born alive 3. sharks have longer gestation periods and relatively few offspring

Name the 5 characteristics that fish have:

1. vertebral column 2. Jaws and paired appendages 3. Internal gills 4. Single-loop blood circulation 5. Nutritional Deficiencies

Name the three different names for reptiles and their corresponding number of holes.

Anapsids (0) Synapsids (1) Diapsids (2)

Class Osteichthyes are also known as

Bony Fishes

What class of Phylum Echinodermata has an underside of arms filled with hundreds of pairs of tube feet used for locomotion.

Class Asterioidia

What is the function of hair on mammals?

Insulates against heat loss Comouflage Protects body

Do Reptiles have internal or external fertilization?

Internal fertilization

What does the Ampulla do in a star fish?

It stores fluid and uses it to operate the tube feed.

Which fish are the exceptions to the vertebral column?

Lampreys and hagfish

What is a series of sensory organs under the skin that detect changes in pressure waves and allows for detection of movement in the water.

Lateral Line System

Cerebrum is a part of the brain involved in what?

Learning.

What do you need in order to live on land?

Lungs, legs, heart (with double circulation)

Bird feathers are made up of what?

Modified scales of keratin

Do ray finned fishes have muscles in their fins?

No

Does class Aves have teeth?

No

What was Icthyostega?

One of the first amphibians

The amniotic egg has (4) membranes what are they and what is their function?

Shell - protection Chorion - allows for gas exchange Amnion - encases embryo in fluid filled cavity Yolk Sac - provides food Allantois - contains excreted wastes from embryo

Why is it better to have a (4) chambered heart rather than a (3) chambered heart?

So that you don't have the oxygenated blood as well as the deoxygenated blood mixing.

Mammals have also gone through different adaptions. Name some of them.

Specialized teeth Digestion of plants Development of hooves and horns Flying mammals

Acanthodians are what type of fish?

Spiny Fish

Which subphylum of phylum chordate has a notochord that persists throughout animals life. Spend most of their time partly buried. they have no distinguishable head. Feed on plankton using cilia generated currents. Closest relative are vertebrates. Example: Lancelets are scaleless chordates.

Subphylum Cephalochordata

Which subphylum of phylum chordate starts off as larvae that is tadpole like and have a notochord and nerve cord. they are free swimming and do not feed. Adults typically lose their tail and notochord. Immobile filter feeders. Many secrete a tunic (cellulose sac) that surrounds the animal. Ex: Sea Peach Tunicates are marine mammals

Subphylum Urochordata

Which subphylum of phylum chordate are distinguished from non vertebrates by a vertebral column that encloses and protects the dorsal nerve cord. Their endoskeleton is made up of cartilage or bone. They have kidneys that regulate fluid balance. They have pronounced cephalization. Closed circulatory system. Complete digestive tract with liver and pancreas. Enlarged and more complex brain with regions of specialization.

Subphylum Vertebrata

Which type of reptile has sharp teeth, is a carnivore. Example is a pelycosaur. They have 1 hole on the side of their skull.

Synapsids

Jaws evolved from what?

The anterior gill arches.

What is thoracic breathing?

The expanding and contracting of the rib cage that sucks air into the lung; more efficient than amphibians.

Which type of reptile are mammal like. Mammals evolved from them.

Therapsids

Which subclass of mammals are viviparous and have two living groups. Marsupials or pouched mammals and placental mammals.

Theria

True or False a birds flight skeleton is fused for rigidity. Anchor strong flight muscles. Bones are thin and hollow.

True

True or False. Tiktaalik had gills and scales like a fish, but a neck, shoulder, forearm, and wristbones like amphibians. Except at the end of the limb was a lobed fin rather than toes.

True

True or false jawless fish have a primitive endoskeleton of cartilage.

True

True or false lampreys are considered parasites and have a circular sucking disk around mouth and suck blood from the host

True

True or False. Mammals have a complex Nervous System - more highly developed. They have an enlarged brain - divided into section with specialized function.

True.

Name this type of reproduction: eggs hatch in female - placenta present. provides nutrition to the young.

Viviparous

What is a gas filled sac that allows bony fish to regulate their buoyant density

`swim bladder

Reptiles are distinguished by the number of ______on the side of skull behind the eye orbit

holes

Are echinoderms vertebrates or invertebrates?

invertebrates

The first fishes had mouths but no ________

jaws

Give two examples of jawless fish

lampreys and hagfish

what makes a bird ancient and give an example.

most of them are flightless like the ostrich

What are the features of phylum chordata

nerve cord notochord - may be replaced by vertebral column pharyngeal slits - pharyngeal pouches present in all vertebrate embryos postnatal tail *most have internal skeleton that works against muscles

What did teeth develop from?

scales

Give examples of Phylum Echinodermata

sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers

What animal was among the 1st vertebrates to develop teeth?

sharks