Ch 3,5,6,8,9

Zimbardos study

3 conditions: arousal, anonymity, reduced feelings or responsibility 2 groups of females students. one wore hoods to reveal their eyes and the other group's faces were uncovered. hooded students delivered twice as much shock to someone as the women with no hoods

experiment for self-perception

Chaiken and Baldwin (1981): subjects had either strong or weak attitudes about the environment. subjects were asked a series of questions that made them look as they were either pro or anti the environment (questions like do you recycle every can that you get?). this was used to get them to describe their behavior as pro or anti environment. (Question: to what extent do people infer their attitudes from their responses to questions that apparently indicated their behavior? Finding: only those people who had weak attitudes to being with showed any attitude change as a results of the questions. that is, if they were asked pro environment questions they reported being more environmental later. those with a strong attitude before the experiment began were not affected

second experiment for cognitive dissonance theory

Children (Freedman) 1965: Classic forbidden toy experiment- 2nd and 4th graders who were given a mild threat not to play with a toy rated the toy as less attractive and were less likely to play with it six weeks later, as opposed to the children given a severe threat not to play with it. Idea being the mild threat induced a sense of dissonance ("I'm not playing with the attractive toy, I guess I don't like it so much after all"). If given a severe threat, child says "I'm not playing with the attractive toy only because I will be punished if I do" so later when given the chance he or she will play with it because the child has not experienced an attitude change

self perception second experiment

Children: Amible effects of rewards on intrinsic interest: college students who like to write as a hobby were given a reward or no reward to write several short stories. subjects who were rewarded later reported a reduction in their intrinsic interest in writing as opposed to those who were not rewarded.

experiment for cognitive dissonance

Festinger/Carlsmith: participants enter lab, perform dull task, paid either $1 or $ 20 to lie to another subject that the task is interesting. Participants rated $1 to lie rated the task as significantly more enjoyable and interesting than subjects paid $20. Insufficient justification for counter-attitudinal behavior. Participants who lied for $20 could attribute their behavior to the money, unlike subjects who lied for $1-these subjects felt dissonance- I lied without sufficient justification or reason. So to resolve the dissonance they felt, they changed their attitude about the ask (came to believe it was interesting)

which is a step by step method for resolving a conflict

GRIT

real life examples of where deindividuation takes place

KKK, mobs at sporting events, executioners, military Heaven's gate cult suicide the way soldiers are processed at boot camp

describe the findings of past research on the attitude-behavior consistency issue. have findings always shown there to be a relationship between attitudes and behavior?

LaPiere- struck by racial prejudice against chinese in the US. traveled the us with a chinese couple to see if restaurants and hotels were racist towrad them. only 1/66 hotels and 184 restaurants. when questioned about it 6 months later, 92% restaurants and 91% hotels said they would not accomodate chinese people corey- questionnaire on cheating college students, their aattitudes showed a distatse for cheating. over 5 weeks they took a t/f test every week. teacher would take them up and quickly grade them and give them back to the students to grade. 76% of the students changed their answers when they got to grade them and cheated

Robert Merton

Self-fulfilling prophecy: prediction that cause themselves to come true - stronger and more developed schema is more attention paid to sensory information and traits that fit in it and filter out what does not fit. - selective filtering can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies also by unconsciously molding behavior to experiences

which psychological researcher is credited with being the first to study the theory of social facilitation

Triplett

what is obedience

a form of social influence in which an authority figure is able to simply order someone to do something

controlled processing is activated when

a new experience doesn't fit an existing schema

which of the following is an example of the lowball technique

agreeing to a flight and hotel vacation package through a travel agent, and when the agent adds on extra service fees, you still purchase it

people most liekly engage in the chameleon effect to

allow for easier interaction through shared mannerisms

what is the best way to get others to listen to your opinions, based on attitude research?

allow them to do something affirming their own beliefs

which of the following is not a trait of a typical group

anger over perceived injustices

what implications does cognitive dissonance have for child rearing

argues that to shape a child's behavior and attitudes avoid big rewards and strong threats in trying to eliminate problematic behavior. if punishment or threat is given, there will be no attitude change to take place toward activity your're trying to discourage.

schemas

automatic cognitive frameworks that guide how we think and understand society - exist for people, places, events and any other stimuli that may be encountered - affect what notice, seek out and remember - created through experiences - primed once activity is done once - involuntary - once activated, colors subsequent information that is interpreted

why do implicit attitudes influence behavior

because associations in memory are activated outside of awareness

why did changing a person's description from including "warm" to including "cold" have such a profound effect on impressions of that person in Asch's study

because it was central to personality

deindividuation

becoming anonymous within a group, deindividuation of self. when everyone is wearing orange at ut game and you are too you are a fan in a uniform and operate as the group. individual loses a sense of self awareness by becoming part of a group. may become deviant, impulsive,, violent

which of hte following is an example of the door in the face technique

being asked to make a $100 donation, and then to make a $25 donation when the first request if refused

which is an example of a downward counterfactual

being passed up for a promotion at work and imagining that you could be without a job

similarities between social facilitation and social loafing

both address an individuals performance when placed in a situation with people both rely on a group to dictate their effort

when you act in a way that is different from how you believe you should, you:

change your behavior or change your attitude, depending on whether or not the behavior can be changed and the strength of the attitude

which is an example of the availability heuristic

choosing a different route to work because yesterday your friend got a flat tire on your usual route

____ is a form of social influence involving direct requests

compliance

which of these influences impressions the least

concentration

you are afraid of thunder. i decide that every time there is a thunderstorm, i will make you hold a rabbit. now you also fear rabbits. the rabbit is the:

conditioned stimulus

some studies show that women are more likely than men to

conform in group opinions only in public situations

____ is a type of social influence in which we change our behaviors to stay in line with the norms

conformity

example 2 of attitude influencing behavior

davidson and jaccard: attitudes about the pill predicted the pill use over a two year period (057) whereas general attitudes about contraception did not (.07)

which term best describes the tendency for a person in a group to lose self-awareness and go along with the group

deindividuation

belief in a just world does not arise from

depressive disorder

what part of an attitude has the most impact on behavior

enduring orientation or evaluative reaction to an object, idea, or person. cognitive: thoughts, ideas, knowledge, concerning the object; typically cognitive part has many elements affective: feelings and emotions toward the object; more one dimnesional, less complex, more powerful than cognitive, and harder to change. has the most influence over behavior behavioral: person's readiness to respond or act toward the object

jerry burger

experiment similar to milgrams. put many safeguards in place and lowered the top generator to 150 volts. they were given a sample shock and told 3 times they could withdraw from the experiment and still receive the $50 payment. resulted in only slightly lower levels of obedience than milgrams women more likely to go to full shock

what exactly does the cognitive dissonance theory say

feelings of discomfort when beliefs are inconsistent with actions. resolve feelings be changing attitude to reflect actions. when we do something we don't agree with, there is a created unpleasant feeling of arousal.

reagan and fazio study done on students at cornell who experienced a housing shortage, that examined the impact of personal experience on the consistency between attitudes and behavior

greater consistency in attitudes and behaviors in college students who actually experience a housing shortage versus being on the same campus but having their own dorm room some students in permanent housing vs temporary housing. both groups had negative attitudes toward housing crisis

which term describes the tendency for group members to develop a more extreme position when in a group setting

group polarization

attitude

having an evaluated component toward a stimulus that is made up of effective, behavioral, and cognitive information

describe in detail the famous milgram experiment on obedience. what did he do? procedures? found?

he led partitpants to believe they were administering electric shock to an unseen person when that person answered a question incorrectly. although the participant would hear a scream every time they thought they were shocking someone, they continued to up the voltage and continue with the shocks as directed to

cognitive dissonance causes people to strive to diminish which personality trait

hyporisy

what implications does self-perception have for child rearing

if you give people a reward for tasks that they find at least somewhat interesting, it undermines or reduces their interest bc people think they're doing the task for the rewards as opposed to being interested. ("I'm doing this for money so I must not be very interested in it") overjustification effect. attitude formation looks to environment to infer attitude

Under what conditions does social loafing occur

indentifiably: in group settings, thinking work not able to be monitered so goof off free rider effect: slack off because the group can pick up the slack sucker effect: observe others not putting in full effort so dont put in full effort yourself task difficulty and challenge: usually easy and not challenging task task reward: no reward or incentive offered at end of group project

_____ norms involve perceptions of what we should do in a typical setting

injunctive

what impact does the presence of other people have on human performance

is a task is well learned and people are present, they will perform better. if a task is not well learned and people are present, they will perform worse. adding a sizeable reward reduces social loafing

scientists believe automatic processing involves the

limbic system and amygdala

what exactly does self- perception theory say

look to our environment to infer our attitudes. a weak or inconsistent attitude can be formed into a strong or consistent attitude through behavior examination

exposure to a beautiful face can do all except

make you more helpful in general

what were the implications of milgram's experiments? how did it change the way that psychologists do research

many other researchers have done studies similar to this one. however, they cannot make it as intense as milgrams due to ethical concerns. authority such as location of the experiment and authority of person, makes participants more likely to continue throughout the whole experiment because it seems legit.

Zajonc's thoughts on social facilitation at work

mere presence of other people have a consistent effect, it increases arousal, motivation, and drive. Task at hand is critical factor- if the task requires well learned behavior or a dominant response increased motivation or arousal is helpful and increases performance. If the task requires a behavior that is complex or poorly learned, then the increased arousal and motivation is likely to impair performance physiological arousal of others around us amplifies our dominant response

burger's 2009 study found that

milgram's 1963 findings have not changed much over time

situational pressures with attitude

more pressures, less consistency in behavior. andrews and kandel: attitudes toward marijuana shoed only weak correlation with use. what did correlate with use was te number of friends the person had that used it (situational influence)

upward counterfactuals tend to have a ____ effect on mood

negative

research on bias in the news media has found that

news outlets tend to emphasize negative stories

overjustification effect

occurs when an extrinsic reward is introduced after a behavior that a person is already intrinsically motivated to perform

which is not involved in the bargaining process

one side makes a concession with no expectation that the opposition will also made a concession

explain how social facilitation takes place

others enhance one's individual performance on easy but not hard tasks because of arousal, evaluation apprehension, distraction (person is accountable for performance), and is not anonymous. the presence of others makes you do better

Higgins, Rhodes, and Jones Priming

participants read word lists, then read what thought to be separate a story about a person who climbed a mountain and sailed the ocean. The types of words first read colored their vision towards the story. Positive word list created positive impression of story and negative word list created negative impression of story . - stereotype type of schema - John Burgh: told people stereotypes of elderly and they ended up taking on the traits read to them. Participants walked slower, with a limp, etc. but none of them thought the words had impacts their behavior if encounter something that does not fit into schema, then filter or file as an exception - tendency of schema to remain same even when can be discredited is perseverance effect - plays large role in stereotype

schemas exist for

people, processes, situations

you made me a delicious dinner. since i want more dinners made for me, i bring you wine and smile a lot when you cook for me. what am i doing?

positive reinforcement

Max Ringelmann

presence of others actually decreased performance in certain group tasks where ind. contributions were not identified. people feel less pressure to perform to the best of their abilites when they know others will pick up their slack. Latante, Williams, Harkins showed that individuals who were asked to clap and shout as part of a group did so softer and less forcefully than when they were alone

automatic processing

process information "on the fly"; effortless use of schemas and mental short cuts without conscious awareness.

in the study by snyder and swann, if a participant believed that a target person was an introvert, what kind of questions would the participant as the target

questions about introverted activites

example 1 of attitude influencing behavior

reagan and fazio: classic study showing greater consistency in attitudes and behaviots in college students actually experiencing a housing shortage versus being on the same campus but having their own dorm room

salience of attitude

snyder and swann: mock jurors who had a chance to collect their thoughts on sex discriminatino showed greater consistency between their attitudes on sex discrimination and their verdicts in a sex discrimination case as opposed to jurors not told to think about sex discrimination.

which influences the impact of attitudes on behavior the least

superordinance of the attitude

which of these emotions is not one of the core six, recognizable by the same facial expressions across cultures

sympathy

which is an example of plueristic ignorance

ten people at a party drink five beers each, believing that the rest of the group finds this normal and acceptable. privately, all of them believe it to be excessive, but don't want to look stupid

which of these events are we most likely to remember

the F we got in social psychology

which of these methods is best at measuring implicit attitudes

the IAT

which event is not an example of the successful use of bargaining to resolve a conflict

the Iraq war

muzafer sherif studied social norms using

the autokinetic phenomenon

which of the following is not a reason that social loafing occurs

the fear of performing when there is an audience

you meet an employee in your company who s described as "diligent." you later remember him or her as being hardworking. this is an example of

the halo effect

hotel owners did not keep the chinese couple from staying at their hotels in the research by LaPiere. which is least likely to be the reason

the owners really didn't mean it when they said they wouldn't admit a chinese couple

examples of the obedience

the people's temple cult mass suicide from poisoning kool-aid nazi soldiers saying they were just obeying hitler

the tendency for a schema to remain intact even when it comes up against discrediting information is called

the perseverance effect

social inhibition

the presence of others inhibits your performance Shaq

what was found in the new replication of milgrams famous shock experiments?

the replication of milgrams chock experiments had nearly identical results. milgram had 79% of participants continue to full shock, and burger had 70% of participants continue. these findings present a difference that isnt statistically significant, demonstrating that people today would continue with shocks as likely as a person in 1961. the obedience to authority is a norm ingrained into all of us, and to reject authority isnt something we are used to , especially when we have learned to obey those of higher position than us since childhood

what studies were done by milgram to explain his basic findings on obedience?

the shock study he looked into the way the nazi soldiers obeyed hitler and teh psychological commitment they made because of the authority that hitler had

social loafing

the tendency among individuals performing a group task to exert less effort than if they were performing the task alone individual figures out if their is a leader or over-achiever in the group and lets them do all the work

social facilitation

the trend toward stronger performance in the presence of others

cognitive dissonance

theory of attitude change, requires strong attitude, people want their behavior to be consistent with their beliefs external justification for behavior isn't enough makes us believe we wanted all along what we have and didn't want what we didn't have study: sexually active students to develop a speech about condom uses. 94% said they made effort toward condom usage

self-perception theory

theory of attitude formation, requires weak or no attitude. suggests we infer our own attitudes be observing our own behavior stuart valins study: students viewed a centerfold while hooked to electrodes to assume heartbeats.While a man looked at a random picture the experimenter would speed up the pace on the heartbeat reading. Students were later allowed to take 1 photo home and they would all pick the random photo that raised their heartbeat.

which of the following is not true of transformational leaders

they believe in punishment for poor work

according to lecture, why did so many people give full shock?

they had already gone so far and they were just being obedient. someone else was taking responsibility for it

which is an example of the representativeness heuristic

thinking that janice cannot be a librarian because she is female

why study obedience

to understand why people blindly follow authority figure in hopes to prevent further events like the holocaust, jamestwon massacre, vietnam, and john cowley

Rosenthal and Jacobsen

told teachers that the Hard Test of Inflected Acquisition would accurately predict which student would be growth spurters. No actual test was given to students. Students were picked at random on who would be "growth spurters". Teachers expectations served as self-fulfilling prophecy. Students told would be growth spurters were held to higher standard and in turn scored higher on IQ test. - another example is stock market crash- rumors stock market is going to crash, people panic so pull investments and this causes market to actually crash

the concept of heuristics was first described by

tversky and kahneman

evidence for deindividuation

video of man about to jump from a building ledge. someone in crowd yelled jump. the man did jump and people baited him because they felt anonymous Zimbardos prison experiment: uniforms of police or criminal, shut down in 6 days due to mental breakdowns and acts of violence Diener, Fraser, Kelem: children who wore costumes and were part of a group chose to steal candy and money more often than those who were identified by their name

why are we bad at detecting deception

we assume people are honest

when do attitudes influence behavior?

when it is strong from our knowledge, how often we have used the attitude and our experience with the attitude. when it is relevent to behavior. if something is very important to you, it is going to have more of an impact on your behavior. attitudes influence behavior during theory of planned behavior (abused girlfriend makes lists of pros and cons and decides to leave her bf)

group think

when multiple people put in thoughts and come to a common decision, O ring explosion at NASA group makes a worse decision together than they would individually

when are we more likely to make a dispositional attribution

when we are judging others behavior

explain how social loafing takes place

working in a group reduces performance because of the lack of accountability, anonymity, sucker and free rider effects, and especially if the task is easy or boring. Don't pull your weight because someone else will do it and no one can track my performance michael jordan

example of overjustification effect

you get an unpaid internship at a local counseling center. even though you do not receive any pay, you feel motivated every day to do your best because you love your job and you really get to help people. upon graduation, the local counseling center that you have been interning at offers you a paid job with a hefty salary. after working their a few weeks, you are no longer coming to your job because you dont enjoy helping other people, instead you view your job as work

what is an example of attributional bias

you see a stranger kick a soda machine and assume that he is an angry person

how long does it take to form an impression of someone

0.1 seconds after exposure