Ch. 38

Which of the following terms suggest the potentially negative effects of the interaction between global consumerism and traditional cultures?

- McDonaldization - Americanization

Large percentages of residents in which of the following regions have relocated to cities in order to escape the poverty that affects rural towns?

- South Asia - Latin America - Africa

In many areas urbanization resulted in the creation of overcrowded slums that lacked which of the following basic services?

- electricity - potable water - medical care

Poverty is caused by which of the following?

- environmental degradation - worldwide shortage of natural -resources - unequal distribution of resources

Which of the following did the peoples of central and eastern Europe do in 1989 and 1990?

- launch a series of mostly nonviolent revolutions - establish democratic forms of government

The HIV infection is spread through which of the following?

- pregnancy - breast feeding from mother to child - sexual contact with an infected person - contact with contaminated blood

Women constitute almost ______ of the work force in industrialized countries.

1/2

Communications technologies underwent a fundamental transformation during the _____ with the rapid spread of the Internet.

1990s

From 1650 to 1950, the global population increased from 500 million to

2.5 billion

A national uprising resulted in the death of the nation's unpopular leader.

Czechoslovakia

Disagreements over the time frame for shifting to a market economy led to this nation being split into two new nations.

Czechoslovakia

Here, relatively little violence was associated with the disintegration of the former communist regime.

Czechoslovakia

True or false: Refugees fleeing war have historically been a small part of migration patterns.

False

True or false: Women have gained many political rights because of their economic power, and they have continued to work toward greater financial independence rather than getting involved in politics.

False

The fall of the ____ ____ in 1989 was a physical sign of the extent to which communism in Europe was crumbling.

Belin Wall

The end of the Cold War opened space for other powers, especially _____, to play major roles in global politics.

China

The original "little tigers" were imitated by other Asian countries excluding

China

In China the status of women, particularly in rural areas, is undermined by continued adherence to ______ values.

Confucian

President George W. Bush's invasion of ______ was considered a preemptive military strike.

Iraq

For nine years well-equipped Soviet forces fought a brutal, unsuccessful campaign against Afghan mujahideen, a term that refers to

Islamic warriors

Nobel Peace Prize winner Aung San ____ ____ has been an influential political leader in Myanmar since the 1980s.

Suu Kyi

Which of the following statements about the U.S. war with Afghanistan is incorrect?

The U.S. conducted its military actions against Afghanistan with only support from the Northern Alliance.

By the 1980s, Japan nearly overtook the ____ ____ as the largest economy in the world.

United States

Which of the following statements regarding East German communist leader Erich Honecker is not correct?

When he saw discontent in East Germany, he reevaluated his policies.

Like Japan, the Asian countries known as the "little tigers" shared all the following disadvantages for economic development except

a compliant workforce

The introduction of ______ undermined the discriminatory practice of viewing the role of women as biologically determined.

birth control

Because fertility rates in the past few years have been ______, in both rich and poor societies, some have suggested that it is likely that the world population will eventually ______.

declining; stabilize

Japan's economy was able to recover after World War II in part because it was forbidden to spend more than 1% of its gross national product on ____.

defense

Colonialism contributed to the growth of poverty by

depleting natural resources.

The international agreement made in Kyoto to cut greenhouse gas emissions

did not require developing countries to reduce their emissions

Globalization has exposed a greater number of cultures and their practices to the masses, but consumer culture attempts to foster ____ by catering to specific tastes and desires.

differentiation

The European Union promotes ______ integration among its members.

economic

The primary factor responsible for the international migration of millions of people is

economic

Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms in the late 1980s focused on trying to stabilize the ____.

economy

Highly industrialized nations offered women greater rights because of the economic power they exerted as a result of their access to

employment

Which of the following characterizes the modern globalized economy?

expanded trade between countries

Most child labor occurs in all of the following industries except

mining

The rise of free trade meant that

nations needed to form economic alliances.

What does the acronym NGO stand for?

nongovernmental organization

Unlike almost all previous historical revolutions, the revolutions between 1989 and 1991 in eastern Europe were mostly

nonviolent

OPEC is a unique trading bloc because its members are countries that produce ____.

petroleum

The communist system in central and eastern Europe fell because of a combination of economic and _______ developments, many of which were related to Gorbachev's reforms.

political

In addition to economic integration, the European Union worked to unite its member nations

politically

Slavery-like conditions exist for many children worldwide primarily because of

poor economic conditions

Economic globalization involves

practices that ease trading between nations.

By placing an embargo on oil shipments to the United States in the wake of the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, and by quadrupling its prices, OPEC helped bring about a global ____ and debt crisis in the mid-1970s.

recession

The UN has estimated that in 2003 around ten million ____ had fled their home countries and were unable to return for fear of persecution.

refugees

The largest migratory flows in the modern world move from

rural areas to urban areas.

The primary difference between a multinational firm and a global corporation is that the former treats each nation as a distinct market, whereas the latter views the world as a

single market

Due to their lack of ties to any particular community, global corporations are able to avoid the constraints of the ____ compact observed by more traditional companies

social

All the following are examples of push factors, or negative events, that motivate people to move except

social stability

Compared to earlier eras, terrorism since the late twentieth century is more

sophisticated

In the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the United Nations stated its opposition to the violation of international human rights laws in all of the following except

taxation

Nongovernmental international organizations can take on problems that transcend what kind of boundaries?

territorial

Here leadership refused to acknowledge the necessity of reform.

Romania

Here, a brutal secret police force savagely repressed demonstrations.

Romania

An ill-considered and costly nine-year war in ____ beginning in 1979 exacerbated pressures on the already weakening Soviet system.

Afghanistan

Over the course of several centuries, more than 12 million people from ____ involuntarily migrated to the Americas.

Africa

The largest number of HIV cases in the world is located on the continent of ____.

Africa

Which product, launched in 1998, changed the way millions of people searched for information?

Google

Which of the following was one of the founding nations of ASEAN?

Malaysia

In recent decades each of the following countries has elected a woman to its highest political office except

Mexico

Which of the following statements about nongovernmental organizations is true?

They focus on issues that transcend national borders.

True or false: Eighteenth-century industrialization was a pivotal point in the history of migration because it influenced the movement of people both within and between societies.

True

In the 1970s, OPEC demonstrated that

an alliance in control of a valuable resource could evert control over the global economy

Anticommunist sentiments were fueled by the failures of a centralized economy, which produced all of the following except

an increase in the standard of living.

Moscow imposed its form of government throughout eastern and central Europe by using the Soviet ____.

army

Women reduced gender inequality by creating a new definition of gender that was not based on

biology

Communist countries granted greater legal protection for women's rights than nations identified as

capitalist

In the 1990s China was able to attract foreign direct investment as a result of its

cheap labor

Terrorism affects social stability because the campaign of violence is mostly aimed at

civilians

ASEAN was originally conceived to defend southeast Asian nations against the threat of the spread of

communism

The global economy came into prominence in the 1990s after the collapse of the regimes organized under the political system known as ____.

communism

Within four years of a devastating defeat in World War II, Japan's economy surprisingly reached its prewar level of productivity as a result of all of the following except

foreign aid from the Soviet Union.

The unconstrained ability to trade across national borders is known as ____ trade.

free

The Kyoto protocol was created to address what problem?

global warming

What was the problem that was discussed by international leaders in 1997 in Kyoto?

global warming

Many NGOs have focused on the protection of ____, or the notion that all persons are entitled to some basic protections, especially those that protect an individual against state conduct prohibited by international law or custom.

human rights

Outside of industrialized nations, women's frequently limited access to education causes high rates of ____

illiteracy

Which of the following was responsible for reshaping society from one in which the consumption of goods primarily met needs to one in which it met wants and desires?

industrialization

In the aftermath of World War II, leaders of the world's ______ nations joined the United States in strongly advocating the elimination of restrictions on trade across borders.

industrialized

Migration within countries is known as ____ migration.

internal

Which was not a factor in China's economic resurgence in the 1980s and 1990s?

internal stability

Global threats and concerns have spurred the rise of ______ organizations designed to coordinate efforts across national lines.

international

What action, undertaken by the Clinton administration in 1999, alarmed Russian leaders?

inviting former satellite states to join NATO

What component of the communist governments in eastern Europe did not come primarily from the Soviet Union?

leaders and personnel

Current consumption culture is affected by many nations; however, global consumption practices were originally influenced by

the United States

Japan's market-oriented system and minimal spending on national defense provided it with an impressive economic growth rate, and by the 1980s it was poised to overtake ______ as the world's largest economy.

the United States

Which of the following was a result of the end of the Cold War?

the United States was the sole remaining superpower

Though not a new phenomenon, the most recent phenomenon of globalizaiton can be traced to

the end of World War II.

What phenomena most sparked universal recognition and acceptance of the concept of human rights?

the hours of WWII and the Nazi regime

Which was not a factor in Japan's economic resurgence in the second half of the twentieth century?

the use of foreign labor

In the face of a rapidly changing global economy, groups of nations have formed economic alliances, known as ______, that help their members gain advantages over competitors.

trading blocs

True or false: Dowry deaths are the murders of women by burning due to, among other things, husbands or in-laws who feel the woman's dowry is inadequate.

true

True or false: There is no cure for AIDS.

true

Under the presidency of George H. W. Bush, the U.S. advocated _____ to prevent the reemergence of another superpower.

unilateral action and the use of the military force

Internal migration describes the process of people moving from rural to ____ areas within a society

urban

Although communist China purported to grant women equal rights with men, critics countered that all the following were true except

women were denied inheritance rights.