Ch 4

Tran Lee is planning a business meeting and wants to be at the peak of his mental alertness. He would do best to schedule the meeting for:

9 A.M.

Sleep spindles occur in:

Stage 2 sleep.

Which is the BEST example of stimulus control therapy, a behavior therapy for insomnia?

A man is conditioned to only associate his bed with activities that involve sleep.

Which is an example of change blindness?

A woman asks a passerby for directions, then two people carrying a large sign pass between her and the passerby and a different woman takes her place. The passerby keeps right on giving directions as if nothing happened.

Which statement about susceptibility to hypnosis is a fact?

About 10 percent of adults are difficult or impossible to hypnotize.

_____ suggestions have helped alleviate headaches, asthma, and stress-related skin disorders.

Posthypnotic

_____ suggestions have helped to alleviate headaches, asthma, and stress-related skin disorders.

Posthypnotic

Sandra always remembers her dreams. This means that she is probably waking during or soon after _____ sleep.

REM

Sleep researchers deprive subjects of REM sleep for a number of nights but allow them an otherwise normal sleep. The subjects are likely to experience _____ when next allowed to sleep uninterrupted.

REM rebound

Which statement about sleep restriction studies is a fact?

They reduce the amount of time the subjects are allowed to sleep compared to usual.

Which is NOT a characteristic of easily hypnotizable people?

Easily hypnotizable people have tendencies toward depression.

The technique during which practitioners sit quietly with eyes closed and mentally repeat a mantra as a strategy for getting rid of distracting thoughts, is called _____ meditation.

Transcendental

_____ meditation can be quickly mastered and does not require any changes in lifestyle or beliefs.

Transcendental

_____ was the American psychologist who extensively studied hypnosis and advanced the neodissociation theory of hypnosis.

Ernest R. Hilgard

Which statement about narcolepsy is false?

It affects males more than females.

Which statement about narcolepsy is true?

It is chronic and lifelong.

_____ refers to a group of techniques that induce an altered state of focused attention and heightened awareness.

Meditation

Which pattern can explain both drug tolerance and drug withdrawal?

More of the drug is needed to achieve the desired effect, which causes a worsening of aftereffects in the absence of the drug.

_____ are a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified and occurs during Stage 4 sleep, within two to three hours of falling asleep.

Night terrors

The period of sleep during which the brain is very active, voluntary muscle activity becomes suppressed, there is considerable physiological arousal, and one's eyes move back and forth under closed eyelids is called _____.

REM sleep

Miranda spends 10 minutes mentally repeating the word "calm" to herself on her way to pick up the kids after work. Miranda is practicing a technique of meditation known as _____.

concentration

The meditative technique that involves focusing awareness on a visual image or one's breathing, or mentally repeating a sound called a mantra is called _____.

concentration

Awareness of internal states, mental processes, and the external environment describes:

consciousness.

On some nights, Darcy treats her sleep problem with the use of over-the-counter sleep aids. On other nights, she drinks a few beers. Finally, she sees her doctor who tells her that these self-medicating treatments are a quick fix that will only worsen her _____.

insomnia.

According to the In Focus box titled, "What You Really Want to Know About Sleep," the temporary condition known as sleep paralysis occurs when a person:

is unable to move on awakening in the morning or during the night.

Reading this sentence, realizing one is thirsty, and thinking about what to have for dinner can all be considered:

mental processes.

Phelan has just had a very painful operation. His doctors are MOST likely to prescribe _____ for his pain relief.

morphine

Also known as _____ sleep, this term for REM sleep involves heightened physiological and brain activity, while voluntary muscle activity is temporarily suppressed or paralyzed.

paradoxical sleep

Also known as _____, this term for REM sleep involves heightened physiological and brain activity, while voluntary muscle activity is temporarily suppressed or paralyzed.

paradoxical sleep

The cocktail party effect, or a person's ability to focus on a single stream of speech while ignoring other conversations around him, demonstrates that attention is _____.

selective

Having studied human circadian rhythms, the BEST time to have a painful dental procedure would be:

4 P.M.

Augustus has started taking powerful pain medication to alleviate chronic back pain. His doctor told him to take one pill every four hours, which seemed to manage the pain at first. Now, Augustus finds that he needs to take two pills at a time to relieve the pain. Which is NOT an explanation for this phenomenon?

Augustus has developed a bad reaction to the medication.

Harry has been asleep for about an hour or so, and his heart begins to beat faster, his breathing becomes irregular, his voluntary muscle activity is suppressed, and his closed eyes move rapidly back and forth. It is MOST probable that Harry is in _____ and is therefore experiencing _____.

REM sleep; paradoxical sleep

According to the information presented in the text, which statement is TRUE?

There are over 100 bodily processes that systematically vary over the course of each day.

People who are hypnotized are able to:

There is no evidence to support any of these statements.

Rodney believes that dreaming is simply the subjective awareness of the brain's internally generated signals during sleep. It start with automatic activation of brain stem circuits that then arouse more sophisticated brain areas. Rodney's views are most consistent with the _____ theory of dreams.

activation-synthesis

John drinks five or six cups of coffee every day. If he doesn't, he feels irritable, drowsy, and fatigued. John is _____ a(n) _____ drug.

addicted to; stimulant

The drug that is a main cause of auto accidents is _____.

alcohol

What is the MOST abused drug in the United States?

alcohol

The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state are called:

alpha waves.

If one must multitask, it would be best to choose:

an auditory and a visual task.

Jane invites a group of people to her house for a wine-tasting event, but she has not figured out how people will get home afterward. According to research, she should be concerned about this because:

as blood-alcohol level rises, people exhibit decreased judgment and self-control.

Also known as _____, these depressant drugs are known to reduce anxiety and produce sleepiness.

barbiturates

The hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that is responsible for producing sleepiness is called:

melatonin.

Sheila was angry with her boyfriend for not noticing her new hairstyle. Her friend recently studied consciousness and attention in her psychology class. She told Sheila that she shouldn't be angry because this was just :

change blindness.

Growth hormones are only released during sleep. This is an example of a(n) _____.

circadian rhythm

The body naturally tends to follow a cycle of sleeping and waking that corresponds to a(n) _____ of a 24-hour cycle.

circadian rhythm

When multitasking, tasks that are _____ are LESS apt to interfere with each other.

different, simple, and well-rehearsed

Researchers who have found evidence that subjects appear to have a "hidden observer" are likely to suggest that hypnosis involves:

dissociation.

Neuroadaptation is MOST apt to contribute to:

drug tolerance.

Researchers have found that hypnotically refreshed memories combine:

fact with fiction.

Ms. Dittus reports to her doctor that sometimes she notices that just as she is falling asleep, she is jolted awake by a muscle spasm. Ms. Dittus's doctor says that she has most likely experienced the most common hypnagogic hallucination of _____ accompanied by _____.

falling; a myoclonic jerk

After Blake goes to bed, his brain is primarily generating alpha brain waves. It is MOST likely that Blake:

has his eyes closed and is very relaxed, but is not yet asleep.

Mr. Jensen repeatedly complains about the quality and duration of his sleep. He claims that he has difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep and usually wakes up before it is time to get up. Mr. Jensen apparently suffers from:

insomnia.

The use of cell phones while driving is believed to be particularly perilous because such conversations are apt to produce:

inattentional blindness.

Absorption in a visual task can cause:

inattentional deafness.

Tasks that are very different are:

less likely to interfere with each other.

Sleep restriction does NOT produce:

less volatile moods.

Which change can be produced through hypnosis?

loss of sensation in a specific body area, such as an arm or a leg

The name of the short word or religious phrase used to control or focus attention in the practice of meditation is called a(n):

mantra.

Just as Beckett is about to fall asleep, he has the sudden feeling of falling and his body spasms involuntarily. He has just experienced a(n) _____.

myoclonic jerk

People with this sleep disorder experience periodic, overwhelming sleepiness during the day.

narcolepsy

According to the Critical Thinking box titled, "Is Hypnosis a Special State of Consciousness?", the theory known as _____ theory explains hypnotic effects as the result of the splitting of consciousness into two simultaneous streams of mental activity: One of these streams remains conscious while the stream responding to the hypnotist is unconscious.

neodissociation

Tobacco products provide a stimulant drug known as _____.

nicotine

Sleep deprivation is to _____ sleep as sleep restriction is to _____ sleep.

no; reduced

The type of psychoactive drugs that create profound perceptual distortions, alter mood, and affect thinking are called _____ drugs.

psychedelic

According to Freud, repression is a way for the unconscious to:

remove unacceptable thoughts and desires from conscious thought.

The disorder in which the person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep is _____.

sleep apnea

The condition during which the sleeper gasps for air during sleep and makes noises while sleeping is known as:

sleep apnea.

At Scott Falater's trial, the defense stated that he could not be held accountable for the actions of killing his wife because he was _____ during the time of the brutal attack.

sleepwalking

Stages 3 and 4 of sleep are also known as _____ sleep.

slow-wave

In a crowded room where there are many conversations going on at once, Jamilla hears only the one conversation that contains her name. This example of the nature of attention is called _____ .

the cocktail party effect

After he abruptly stops taking a depressant psychoactive drug, Ernie experiences sleep problems, excitability, and restlessness. Ernie is suffering from:

the drug rebound effect.

The part of the brain that regulates the production of the hormone melatonin is called:

the pineal gland.

In Stage 3 sleep, people experience:

theta and delta waves.

What are the frequencies of sleep from Stage 1 to REM sleep, as measured by EEG patterns?

theta waves, K complexes, delta waves, and fast waves

After birth, day-night cycles synchronize around the age of:

two to three months.

The activation-synthesis model proposes that dreams are:

what the mind creates to make sense of the random neural activity associated with sleep.

The experience of physical pain following discontinued use of a psychoactive drug best illustrates _____.

withdrawal

The experience of physical pain following discontinued use of a psychoactive drug best illustrates:

withdrawal.