CH 4 - Infancy Hmwk

The typical newborn sleeps ______ a day. 20 hours 12 hours 8 hours 18 hours

18 hours

What is NOT one of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex? Frontal Parietal Caudal Temporal

Caudal

Which of the following concepts describes the specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex? Differentiation Lateralization Alternation Lobe distinction

Lateralization

Generally, the axon carries signals away from the cell body, and the ___ carry signals toward the cell body.

dendrites

Infants are able to begin to feed themselves because of advances in their sensory coordination. fine motor control. gross motor control. myelination.

fine motor control.

The four lobes of the brain are the occipital, parietal, temporal, and ___

frontal lobe

Nerve cells are also referred to as ___

neurons

The term _____ refers to when information interacts with sensory receptors.

sensation

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) usually happens during the night. the afternoon. the morning.

the night.

At birth, an infant's brain contains approximately ______ nerve cells. 100 billion 10 million 150 million 5 billion

100 billion

The occipital ___ of the brain are responsible for the processing of vision.

lobe

When examining nature and nurture, the ______ view claims that perceptual development is enhanced from nature, whereas the _______ view claims perceptual development is enhanced by learning and experiences (nurture). empiricist; nativist empiricist; constructivist nativist; empiricist constructivist; nativist

nativist; empiricist

The physical growth pattern in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top of the body (head) and proceeds from top to bottom is called the ___ growth pattern.

cephalocaudal

The name given to decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus is ___

habituation

Gross motor skills develop after fine motor skill development. involve large-muscle activities. involve the hands and fingers. begin with the Moro reflex.

involve large-muscle activities.

The specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other is called brain ___

lateralization

Eleanora is aware of where her mother is in the house by the sound of her voice. this positioning is know as posturing. localization. perspective. leveling.

localization.

Infants should consume ______ an adult's requirement of calories per pound. more than twice less than twice more than triple less than half

more than twice

Researchers have found that nearly twice as many of the neural connections made in an infant's brain will ever be used. The unused connections will be ___.

pruned

The recognition that an object's dimensions remain the same even though the retinal image of the object changes as you move toward or away from the object is called ______ constancy. perceptual size shape distance

size

It has been shown that _____ is essential to clearing out waste in neural tissues, such as metabolites and cerebrospinal fluid.

sleep

True or False: Experience is necessary for color vision to develop normally.

true

The average North American newborn is ______. 22 inches long 20 inches long 18 inches long 211212 inches long

20 inches long

The newborn's brain is about ______. 10% of its adult weight 35% of its adult weight 50% of its adult weight 25% of its adult weight

25% of its adult weight

What is the recommended amount of calories per day for each pound an infant weighs? 50 25 100 30

50

The average North American newborn weighs just over ______ pounds. 9 5 6 7

7

By the second birthday, the brain is about _______ of its adult weight. 50% 75% 40% 60%

75%

Which of the following statements is true regarding the trend towards overweight infants? Infants from higher SES backgrounds are more likely to be overweight. Concern for infant weight is not a factor until the baby reaches one year of age. The rate of overweight younger infants (under 6 months of age) exceeds the number of overweight older infants. Babies are eating too much junk food and not enough fruits and vegetables.

Babies are eating too much junk food and not enough fruits and vegetables.

According to research, breast feeding affects children in which of the following ways? (select allthat apply) Breast-fed infants have fewer respiratory tract infections Breast-fed infants have fewer gastrointestinal infections Breast-fed infants are less likely to become overweight. Breast-fed infants are more likely to become obese in childhood.

Breast-fed infants have fewer respiratory tract infections Breast-fed infants have fewer gastrointestinal infections Breast-fed infants are less likely to become overweight.

The neuroconstructivist view states that which of the following factors influence brain development? (select all that apply) Only biological processes Cognitive development Only cognitive development Only context Plasticity and context Biological processes and environmental conditions

Cognitive development Plasticity and context Biological processes and environmental conditions

Which theory of motor development suggests that perceptions are necessary for infants to fine-tune their movements and that motor skills represent solutions to the infants' goals? Dynamic systems theory Perceptual development theory Gesell's maturational theory Developmental motor skill theory

Dynamic systems theory

True or false: The axon and dendrites are inside the neuron's cell body and send signals in and out.

False

True or false: The cephalocaudal pattern is the sequence in which the earliest growth occurs in the middle trunk and progresses outward to the head and feet.

False

Which of the following factors is associated with an infant waking during the night? Co-sleeping Maternal depression during pregnancy Daytime crying and fussing Sibling rivalry

Maternal depression during pregnancy

Creativity is a complex thinking activity. Which statement below represents most accurately the view of neuroscientists on creativity and lateralization? Most neuroscientists believe that creativity is a "left-brained" activity. Most neuroscientists agree that creativity is primarily a "right-brained" activity. Most neuroscientists believe that all cognitive abilities are lateralized. Most neuroscientists agree that creativity is complex and therefore is not lateralized.

Most neuroscientists agree that creativity is complex and therefore is not lateralized.

______ is the process by which nerve cells are coated with fat cells that enhances the speed and efficiency of the information traveling through the nervous system. (Remember to type only one word in the blank.) Synapse formation Myelination Dendrite sheathing Encasement

Myelination

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding newborn sleep? The typical newborn sleeps around 18 hours per day. Infants vary in their preferred times for sleeping and their patterns of sleep. Newborns must sleep 18 to 20 hours a day to stay healthy. Sleep totals for newborns are very variable and can range from 10 to 21 hours per day.

Newborns must sleep 18 to 20 hours a day to stay healthy.

_______ is the term used to describe the process by which unused neural connections are replaced by other pathways or disappear. Fertilizing Pruning Blooming Trimming

Pruning

An infant becomes habituated to the patterned picture on the wall. How can dishabituation be achieved? Play a new sound Put a new blanket in the crib Do nothing; the infant's response will recover Rotate the photo 90 degrees

Rotate the photo 90 degrees

Prone sleeping (sleeping in a face-down position), low birth weight, and passive exposure to cigarette smoke are all risk factors for ___(abbreviation).

SIDS

______ occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors. Sensation Perception Locomotion Articulation

Sensation

A newborn infant can habituate to which of the following repeated sensory stimuli? (Select all that apply.) Sounds Touch Sights Time

Sounds Touch Sights

What view states that environmental conditions and biological processes influence development? The ecological view The interactionist view The cognitive intermodal view The neuroconstructivist view

The neuroconstructivist view

What are the purposes of reflexes? Select all that apply. They are survival mechanisms, which are genetically carried. They are movements that have an evolutionary purpose but are not necessary in the present day. They allow infants to respond adaptively to their environment. To help the infant exercise.

They allow infants to respond adaptively to their environment. They are survival mechanisms, which are genetically carried.

Which of the following activities is NOT a gross motor skill? Jumping rope Tying shoes Swimming Walking

Tying shoes

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is less common in babies who ______ share a bed with their parents sleep without a pacifier are low birth weight are breastfed

are breastfed

Posture is a dynamic process that incorporates all of the following, EXCEPT sensory information in the skin, joints, and muscles. vision and hearing. the vestibular organs in the inner ear. awareness of others.

awareness of others.

Shaken baby syndrome causes swelling and hemorrhaging of the __

brain

True or false: Intermodal perception involves receiving information from a single sensory modality.

false

When watching a hockey game, spectators can hear the sound of the stick hitting the puck and see the puck slide across the ice. This ability is known as ______. multisensory perception visio-auditory integration intermodal perception temporal-occipital integration

intermodal perception

The dynamic systems view states that new perceptual-motor coupling is not ______ accomplished; rather, the infant ______ develops a skill to achieve a goal. passively; actively easily; passively actively; passively actively; genetically

passively; actively

Scientists analyze infant respiration, heart rate, body movement, visual fixation, and sucking to learn more about infant speech. temperament. mobility. perception.

perception.

Sean is an infant who is capable of understanding that his mother is still his mother whether he sees her right in front of him, from across the room, or as she waves from the car window. This capability is called sensory integration. perceptual understanding. perceptual constancy. habituation.

perceptual constancy.

When sensory stimulation is changing (for instance, seeing the same object at different distances), but perception of the physical world remains the same, an infant is experiencing perceptual constancy. sensory perception. sensory engagement. perceptual awareness.

perceptual constancy.

____ are built-in reactions to stimuli that govern the newborn's movements in an involuntary and automatic way. (Remember to type only one word in the blank.)

reflexes

Besides balancing weight on one leg, infants must also be able to ______ in order to walk upright. balance on the ball of the foot shift the weight from one leg to the other balance on the heel of the foot curl the toes

shift the weight from one leg to the other

Cole hears his mother's voice and turns his head toward the sound demonstrating his ability to localize sounds. This tells you that Cole is at least ___ months of age

six

Cole hears his mother's voice and turns his head toward the sound demonstrating his ability to localize sounds. This tells you that Cole is at least ____ months of age.

six

The current view of perceptual-motor coupling in infants is the passive systems view. the evolutionary behavior view. the genetic determination view. the dynamic systems view.

the dynamic systems view.

Which of the following is responsible for regulating balance and equilibrium? The connection between vision and hearing Practice The vestibular organs in the inner ear Muscle development in the arms and legs

The vestibular organs in the inner ear

Reading and performing music are generally believed to involve ______ of the brain. the left hemisphere both hemispheres the right hemisphere neither hemisphere

both hemispheres

Research has shown that ______ has multiple benefits for infants, such as a lower risk of respiratory tract infections and gastrointestinal infections. back-sleeping shared sleeping bottle feeding breast feeding

breast feeding

The reason that infants are capable of grasping an object before they can take their first steps is reflected in the cephalocaudal pattern of growth. plasticity pattern of growth. proximodistal pattern of growth. differentiation pattern of growth.

cephalocaudal pattern of growth.

To develop ___ skills, infants must perceive something in their environment that motivates them to act and use their perceptions to fine-tune their movements.

motor

The realization that your mother has the same appearance and does not shrink as you watch her walk away from you (even though she appears to get smaller), means that you understand _______ constancy. distance movement shape size

size

Which of the following techniques is not a procedure used to study sensation and perception in infancy? Sensorimotor reactivity method Visual preference method Orienting response and tracking High-amplitude sucking

Sensorimotor reactivity method

___ ___ death syndrome is a condition that occurs when infants stop breathing, usually during the night, and die. (Remember to type only one word in each blank.)

Sudden Infant

Which of the four main lobes in the brain is associated with hearing, language processing, and memory? Frontal lobes Parietal lobes Occipital lobes Temporal lobes

Temporal lobes

The recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation is called ___

dehabituation

Which of the following outcomes for the mother is the only one that has consistently been shown to be a benefit as a result of breast feeding? A reduced incidence of postpartum depression A reduced incidence of breast cancer A decrease in the likelihood of contracting HIV A reduced incidence of osteoporosis

A reduced incidence of breast cancer

Which of the following theories have been proposed to help explain why we sleep? (Select all that apply.) It is critical for brain plasticity. It is an activity that some people do not need at all. It replenishes and rebuilds the brain and body. It is necessary for survival.

It is critical for brain plasticity. It replenishes and rebuilds the brain and body. It is necessary for survival.

Which of the following motor skills accompany an infant's ability to self-feed? Sitting up independently Playing with toes Rolling from side to side Suck-and-swallow movements

Sitting up independently

Which of the following factors can cause sleep problems in infants? (select all that apply) Parental conflict within the household TV viewing Early introduction of solid foods Maternal depression during pregnancy

TV viewing Early introduction of solid foods Maternal depression during pregnancy

Which of the following factors is NOT a risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)? Sleeping in a bedroom without a fan Heart arrhythmias Using a pacifier when going to sleep Low birth weight

Using a pacifier when going to sleep

Scientists are using which of the following technology to study infant perception? Sensory deprivation Visual fixation equipment Video-recording equipment High-speed computers Sucking behavior equipment

Visual fixation equipment Video-recording equipment High-speed computers

Which of the following commonly held beliefs regarding the benefits of breast feeding for the mother was not verified in a recent large scale research review? Women who breast feed have an easier time returning back to prepregnancy weight. Women who breast feed have a small reduction in rates of type 2 diabetes. Women who breast feed have a lower incidence of breast cancer. Women who breast feed have a lower incidence of ovarian cancer.

Women who breast feed have an easier time returning back to prepregnancy weight.

Experience is necessary for ______ vision to develop normally. nighttime black-and-white color

color

A recent analysis found that ______ were the MOST frequent perpetrators of shaken baby syndrome. mothers' boyfriends child care providers mothers fathers

fathers

Skills that involve finely tuned movements that require finger dexterity are called adaptive motor skills. large motor skills. fine motor skills. gross motor skills.

fine motor skills.

Which lobes in the brain are associated with voluntary movement, personality, thinking, and intentionality? Parietal Frontal Occipital Temporal

frontal lobe

One study has found that low maternal sensitivity when infants were 15 and 24 months of age was linked to lower motor skill development. higher risk of obesity in adolescence. higher risk of childhood eating disorders. lower risk of obesity in childhood.

higher risk of obesity in adolescence.

To develop ____ skills, infants must perceive something in their environment that motivates them to act and use their perceptions to fine-tune their movements.

motor

In the ______ view of perceptual development, the ability to perceive the world in a competent, organized way is believed to be inborn or innate. cognitive nativist constructivist empiricist

nativist view

The process of myelination begins ______ and continues into ______. in infancy; adolescence and adulthood in infancy; late childhood prenatally; adolescence and emerging adulthood late childhood; adulthood

prenatally; adolescence and emerging adulthood

A key skill in learning to walk involves practicing the moving of arms and legs in unison. using the arms for balance. stabilizing balance on one leg. the ability to imitate actions of others

stabilizing balance on one leg.