Ch. 4 - Mosby's 7th - Head and Neck Anatomy and Physiology

Under which classification of basic tissues of the body does blood fall? a. Connective b. Epithelial c. Muscle d. Nerve

Correct answer: A. Connective Blood is considered fluid connective tissue. Connective tissue includes bone, cartilage, and the connective tissue proper. Incorrect answer explanations: B, C, and D. Epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nerve tissue are three other separate tissue classifications.

Concentrated study of which artery and its branches is important in the fields of dentistry and dental hygiene? a. External carotid b. Internal carotid c. Subclavian d. Radial

Correct answer: A. External carotid The external carotid artery supplies the tissues of the head and oral cavity; therefore, it is of great importance to the fields of dentistry and dental hygiene. Incorrect answer explanations: B. The internal carotid artery travels in the carotid sheath supplying the intracranial structures. C. The subclavian artery arising from the aorta supplies the arms. D. The radial artery supplies the upper and lower arms.

Damaged to the __________ can result in Bell's palsy. a. Facial nerve b. Glossopharyngeal nerve c. Vagus nerve d. Trigeminal nerve

Correct answer: A. Facial nerve Bell's palsy is caused by damage to the facial nerve and unilaterally affects the muscles of facial expression. The facial nerve travels through the parotid gland. Incorrect answer explanations: B, C, and D. Cranial nerves X, IX, and V are not involved in the muscles of facial expression.

Which of the following nerves exits the mandibular canal? a. Inferior alveolar b. Lingual c. Mandibular d. Mylohyoid

Correct answer: A. Inferior alveolar The inferior alveolar nerve exits the mandibular canal by way of the mandibular foramen. Incorrect answer explanations: B. The lingual nerve, a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve, does not travel in the mandibular canal. C. No mandibular nerve exists, but a mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve does. D. After the inferior alveolar nerve exits the mandibular foramen, it is joined by the mylohyoid nerve.

Which of the following is an example of an exocrine gland? a. Parotid gland b. Thymus gland c. Cavernous venous sinus d. Deep lymph nodes

Correct answer: A. Parotid gland The parotid gland is an example of an exocrine gland, having a duct that secretes its product into the oral cavity. Incorrect answer explanations: B. The thymus gland is an example of an endocrine gland, a ductless gland releasing hormones into the bloodstream. C. The cavernous venous sinus is an example of spaces within the dura mater of the brain involved in venous blood flow and the spread of infection. D. Lymph nodes filter toxic products from the lymphatic system.

The salivary gland that secretes a serous secretion is the: a. Parotid gland b. Submandibular gland c. Sublingual gland d. Minor salivary glands

Correct answer: A. Parotid gland The parotid gland secretes only a serous (watery) type of secretion. Incorrect answer explanations: B, and C. The submandibular and sublingual glands secrete a mixed secretion. D. The minor salivary glands secrete mainly mucous saliva.

Which of the following best describes the head of the condyle moving too far anteriorly on the articular eminence? a. Subluxation b. Retraction c. Rotation d. Lateral deviation

Correct answer: A. Subluxation Subluxation can occur if the condyle of the mandible moves too far anteriorly, passing over the articular eminence of the temporal bone; the client will be unable to close his or her jaw. Incorrect answer explanations: B. Retraction causes the mandible to move posteriorly. C. Rotation occurs normally in the lower synovial cavity of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), causing the mandible to depress and close. D. Lateral deviation occurs as the mandible moves in a lateral direction, shifting the lower jaw to one side.

Paranasal sinuses: a. Hold fibers that perceive odors b. Drain through the nasal conchae c. Increase the surface area of the respiratory epithelium d. Increase the surface area of the olfactory epithelium

Correct answer: B. Drain through the nasal conchae The paranasal sinuses, as well as the lacrimal duct, drain through the nasal conchae in the nasal cavity. Incorrect answer explanations: A. The cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone holds the fibers of the olfactory nerve. C. The configuration of nasal conchae increases the surface area of the respiratory epithelium. D. The olfactory epithelium is not related to the paranasal sinuses.

Which of the following cranial nerves and tissue pairs are correctly matched? a. Abducens nerve, tongue muscles b. Facial nerve, sublingual and submandibular glands c. Trigeminal nerve, muscles of facial expression d. Vagus nerve, temporomandibular joint

Correct answer: B. Facial nerve, sublingual and submandibular glands The facial nerve via the chorda tympani innervates the sublingual and submandibular glands. Incorrect answer explanations: A, C, and D are all incorrectly paired.

The majority of the hard palate is directly vascularized by the: a. Sphenopalatine artery b. Greater palatine artery c. Lesser palatine artery d. Ascending palatine artery

Correct answer: B. Greater palatine artery The greater palatine artery supplies blood to the majority of the hard palate. Incorrect answer explanations: A. The sphenopalatine artery supplies the nasal cavity. C. The lesser palatine artery supplies the soft palate. D. The ascending palatine artery, a branch from the facial artery, supplies the palatine tonsils, soft palate, and associated muscles.

The muscles responsible for movement of the tongue are innervated by the: a. Glossopharyngeal nerve b. Hypoglossal nerve c. Trigeminal nerve d. Vagus nerve

Correct answer: B. Hypoglossal nerve All the muscles of the tongue are innervated by the twelfth cranial, or hypoglossal, nerve. Incorrect answer explanations: A, and C: The glossopharyngeal and trigeminal nerves innervate the tongue; however, they carry taste sensations and are not motor related. D. The vagus innervates the soft palate and pharynx regions.

Where is the submandibular salivary gland located? a. Anterior to the sublingual gland b. Inferior to the mylohyoid muscle c. Lateral to the angle of the mandible d. In the mandibular vestibule area

Correct answer: B. Inferior to the mylohyoid muscle The submandibular salivary gland is located inferior to the mylohyoid muscle and wraps around the posterior portion of the muscle. Incorrect answer explanations: A. The submandibular salivary gland is posterior to the sublingual gland. C. The parotid gland is located lateral to the angle of the mandible. D. The mandibular vestibule does not contain major salivary glands.

The lateral pterygoid muscle is largely contained in the: a. Greater wing of the sphenoid b. Infratemporal fossa c. Pterygoid fossa d. Temporal fossa

Correct answer: B. Infratemporal fossa The lateral pterygoid muscle runs horizontally and is located largely in the infratemporal fossa. Incorrect answer explanations: A. The greater wing of the sphenoid, not an area of muscle attachment, contains many of the openings for the branches of the trigeminal nerve. C, and D. The Pterygoid and temporal fossae are not areas of muscle attachment. The first is a pathway for important arteries and nerves to the head, and the latter houses the body of the temporalis muscle.

Which of the following statements concerning the masseter muscle is correct? a. It is the most superficial muscle of facial expression b. It originates from the zygomatic arch c. It inserts on the medial surface of the mandible's angle d. It depresses the mandible during contraction

Correct answer: B. It originates from the zygomatic arch The masseter muscle does originate on the zygomatic arch. Incorrect answer explanations: A. Although it is a superficial muscle, the masseter is not a muscle of facial expression. C. The masseter muscle inserts on the mandible's lateral surface, not on the medial surface. D. The masseter muscle elevates the mandibular jaw.

Which of the following muscles causes the jaw to retract? a. Temporalis b. Lateral pterygoid c. Masseter d. Medial pterygoid

Correct answer: B. Lateral pterygoid When both lateral pterygoid muscles contract, the jaw protrudes. Incorrect answer explanations: A. The temporalis muscle, a muscle of mastication, pulls the jaw backward unilaterally causing the jaw to retrude. C, D. Both the masseter and the medial pterygoid muscles elevate the mandible.

Which of the following muscles insert into the lateral surface of the angle of the mandible? a. Lateral pterygoid b. Masseter c. Medial pterygoid d. Temporalis

Correct answer: B. Masseter All of the muscles mentioned insert on different aspects of the mandible, but only the masseter inserts on the lateral surface of the angle of the mandible. Incorrect answer explanations: A. The lateral pterygoid muscle inserts on the condyle of the mandible. C. The medial pterygoid inserts on the medial surface of the angle of the mandible. D. The temporalis muscle inserts on the coronoid process of the mandible.

If a nerve is an efferent nerve, it is a: a. Motor nerve that travels to the brain b. Motor nerve that travels away from the brain c. Sensory nerve that travels to the brain d. Sensory nerve that travels away from the brain

Correct answer: B. Motor nerve that travels away from the brain Efferent nerves are motor nerves, and the impulse travels away from the brain to a particular part of the body. Incorrect answer explanations: A. False, all motor nerves (efferent nerves) travel away from the brain. C. False, an efferent nerve is not a sensory nerve. D. False, an efferent nerve is not a sensory nerve.

Which of the following cells play a role in the resorption of bone? a. Osteoblasts b. Osteoclasts c. Osteocytes d. Chrondrocytes

Correct answer: B. Osteoclasts The osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption. Incorrect answer explanations: A. Osteoblasts build bone. C. Osteocytes are present in mature bone. D. Chrondrocytes are present in mature cartilage.

Several of the muscles of mastication are attached to the sphenoid bone. What is the name of the landmark on the sphenoid bone for these attachments? a. Greater wings b. Pterygoid process c. Pterygopalatine space d. Styloid process

Correct answer: B. Pterygoid process The pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone has areas of attachment for both the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles of mastication. Incorrect answer explanations: A. The greater wings, part of the sphenoid bone, are not landmarks of muscle attachment. C. The pterygoplatine space, a pathway for many blood vessels and nerves of the head, is not an area of muscle attachment. D. The styloid process is on the temporal bone.

The perforated cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone allows for the passage of nerves affecting one of the senses. Identify the sense and the nerve. a. Sight/optic nerve b. Smell/olfactory nerve c. Sound/vestibulocochlear nerve d. Taste/facial nerve

Correct answer: B. Smell/olfactory nerve The olfactory nerve, an afferent nerve, carries to the brain the sense of smell traveling from the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone. Incorrect answer explanations: A, C, and D. These senses and nerves are correctly paired but do not travel through the cribriform plate.

Tilting and rotating the head requires the action of the: a. Platysma muscle b. Sternocleidomastoid muscle c. Stylohyoid muscle d. Trapezius muscle

Correct answer: B. Sternocleidomastoid muscle The sternocleidomastoid muscle is a cervical muscle, which originates from the clavicle and the sternum and inserts on the mastoid process of the temporal bone. When the muscle contracts, it tilts or rotates the head, bringing the insertion toward the points of origin. Incorrect answer explanations: A. The platysma, a muscle of facial expression, raises the skin of the neck. C. The stylohyoid, a suprahyoid muscle, elevates the hyoid bone when swallowing. D. The trapezius lifts the shoulders and the clavicle when the shoulders are shrugged.

The chorda tympani is a branch of: a. The fifth cranial nerve b. The seventh cranial nerve c. The ninth cranial nerve d. The twelfth cranial nerve

Correct answer: B. The seventh cranial nerve The chorda tympani nerve is a branch of cranial nerve VII, the facial nerve, innervating the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands. Incorrect answer explanations: A. The chorda tympani is not a branch of the (trigeminal) cranial nerve V. C. The chorda tympani is not a branch of the (glossopharyngeal) cranial nerve IX. D. The chorda tympani is not a branch of the (hypoglossal) cranial nerve XII

The floor of the maxillary sinuses is made up of the: a. Zygomatic process b. Infratemporal crest c. Alveolar process of the maxilla d. Frontal process of the maxilla

Correct answer: C. Alveolar process of the maxilla The alveolar process of the maxilla, housing maxillary teeth, forms the floor of maxillary sinuses. Incorrect answer explanations: A. The zygomatic process articulates with the maxillae to form the zygomatic arch. B. The infratemporal crest is present on the lateral surfaces of the sphenoid bone. D. The frontal process of the maxilla articulates with the frontal bone forming the medial orbital rim of the eye.

Which of the following nerves are completely efferent? a. Optic (cranial II) b. Vestibulocochlear (cranial VIII) c. Hypoglossal (cranial XII) d. Trigeminal (cranial V)

Correct answer: C. Hypoglossal (cranial XII) The hypoglossal nerve (cranial XII) is solely an efferent nerve innervating the muscles of the tongue. Incorrect answer explanations: A, and B. The optic (cranial II) and vestibulocochlear (cranial VIII) nerves are completely afferent for the sense of sight and hearing, respectively. D. The trigeminal nerve (cranial V) is predominately afferent but does have motor roots to the muscles of mastication and the mylohyoid and digastrics muscles via the V3 branch.

Which of the following landmarks is present on the maxillary bone? a. Foramen ovale b. Greater palatine foramen c. Infraorbital canal d. Superior orbital fissure

Correct answer: C. Infraorbital canal The maxilla contains the infraorbital canal terminating as the infraorbital foramen located on the facial surface. This is a landmark for the administration of a local anesthetic agent to anterior teeth. Incorrect answer explanations: A. The foramen ovale is located on sphenoid bone. B. The greater palatine foramen is located on palatine bone. D. The superior orbital fissure is located on sphenoid bone.

The masseter muscle is innervated by the: a. Facial nerve b. Hypoglossal nerve c. Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve d. Maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve

Correct answer: C. Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve The masseter muscle is a muscle of mastication, and like all muscles of mastication, it is innervated by the mandibular division of the fifth cranial, or trigeminal, nerve. Incorrect answer explanations: A, B, and D. Although these nerves do innervate areas in the head, they do not innervate the masseter muscle.

The palate is formed by the palatine bones and __________. a. Ethmoid bone b. Nasal bones c. Maxillary bones d. Sphenoid bone

Correct answer: C. Maxillary bones The paired maxillary bones articulate with each other to form the anterior portion of the palate. Incorrect answer explanations: A. The ethmoid bone, located in the midline of the cranium, is not involved in palate formation. B. The nasal bones articulate with the maxilla and with each other, forming the bridge of the nose. D. The sphenoid bone, located in a more posterior position, is not involved in palate formation.

Which of the following muscles, when contracted, make the client's vestibule tight and shallow, thereby making it difficult to instrument the facial aspect of the anterior mandibular teeth? a. Levator anguli oris b. Depressor labii inferioris c. Mentalis d. Zygomaticus major

Correct answer: C. Mentalis The mentalis muscle raises the chin and narrows the vestibule near the mandible incisors. Incorrect answer explanations: A, and D. The levator anguli oris and the zygomaticus major muscles are involved in smiling or elevating the corners of the mouth. B. The depressor labii inferioris lowers the lip, exposing mandibular teeth.

The paranasal sinuses drain through the: a. Lacrimal ducts b. Nasal conchae c. Nasal meatuses d. Ethmoid air cells

Correct answer: C. Nasal meatuses The paranasal sinuses drain through the various nasal meatus located in the nasal aperture beneath the nasal conchae. Incorrect answer explanations: A. The lacrimal ducts drain the lacrimal glands that produce tears. B. The nasal conchae form the bony part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity and are covered with the respiratory epithelium. D. The ethmoid sinuses or air cells, located in the ethmoid bone, are actually one of the paranasal sinuses.

Which of the following structures can be pierced during the administration of local anesthesia to maxillary molars? a. Cavernous venous sinus b. Facial vein c. Pterygoid plexus of veins d. Retromolar vein

Correct answer: C. Pterygoid plexus of veins The pterygoid plexus of veins and the maxillary artery are located in the infratemporal fossa. An injection (PSA) near the maxillary tuberosity if advanced too posterosuperior could penetrate the plexus and cause a hematoma. Incorrect answer explanations: A. The cavernous venous sinuses, located on either side of the body of the sphenoid bone, are too far removed from the oral cavity to be pierced but can be involved in infection from contaminated needles. B, and D. Both the facial nerve and the retromolar vein run through the parotid gland, which is not a landmark for the administration of local anesthesia to maxillary molars.

Which of the following is a muscle of mastication? a. Buccinator b. Zygomaticus major c. Temporalis d. Risorius

Correct answer: C. Temporalis The temporalis muscle, although largely located in the temporal region, inserts on the coronoid process of the mandible, causing the jaws to close during mastication. Incorrect answer explanations: A. The buccinator muscle is often wrongly identified as a muscle of mastication; the buccinator does aid slightly in keeping food on the occlusal surfaces of teeth, but it is not a muscle of mastication. B. The zygomaticus major, a muscle of facial expression, elevates the angle of the lip pulling it laterally when smiling. D. The risorius is also a muscle of facial expression inserting at the corners of the mouth, widening the mouth when smiling.

The maxillary tuberosity is perforated by many foramina. It is the landmark for the administration of local anesthesia for the lingual aspect of the anterior maxillary teeth. a. Both statements are TRUE b. Both statements are FALSE c. The first statement is TRUE, and the second statement is FALSE d. The first statement is FALSE, and the second statement is TRUE

Correct answer: C. The first statement is TRUE, and the second statement is FALSE The first sentence is true; the maxillary tuberosity is perforated by many foramina. However, part of the second sentence is false; while it is an area to administer a local posterosuperior alveolar (PSA) block, this would anesthetize the buccal aspect of the posterior molars, not the anterior teeth. Incorrect answer explanations: A. The lingual aspect of maxillary teeth would be anesthetized using a nasopalatine block, the landmark located at the incisive foramen. B, and D. These choices are also incorrect.

What structure or area would a clinician palpate to assess the condition of the retroauricular and anterior auricular lymph nodes? a. The sternocleidomastoid muscle b. The angle of the mandible c. The region behind and in front of the ear d. The occipital region

Correct answer: C. The region behind and in front of the ear A clinician would palpate the region behind and in front of the ears to assess the condition of retroauricular and anterior auricular lymph nodes. Incorrect answer explanations: A. The sternocleidomastoid muscle, located in the neck region, would be palpated for superficial and deep cervical lymph nodes. B. The angle of the mandible would be palpated for submandibular nodes. D. The occipital region would be palpated for occipital lymph nodes.

Serious complications from facial or dental infections can occur because of the: a. Limited anastomosis between the vessels in the head b. Inability of the vessels in the head and neck to clot c. Large size of the vessels in the head and neck d. Absence of valves in the veins of the head

Correct answer: D. Absence of valves in the veins of the head The veins in the head have no valves to control the flow of blood, allowing dental infections to travel freely. Incorrect answer explanations: A. Vessels in the head freely form anastomoses. B. Vessels in the head can clot. C. Vessels in the head are small until they reach the heart region.

The reason that primary lymph nodes lying close to a cancerous lesion are often removed is to prevent the cancer from: a. Metastasizing b. Spreading to the secondary nodes c. Entering the blood supply d. All of the above

Correct answer: D. All of the above Primary lymph nodes often are removed to prevent metastasis of cancer to the secondary nodes and entry of cancer cells into the bloodstream whereby the disease can spread rapidly; thus all of the options are correct.

Dental and facial infections can spread through the: a. Blood system b. Fascial spaces c. Lymphatic system d. All of the above

Correct answer: D. All of the above The fascial spaces, the blood system, and the lymphatic system are all routes through which dental and facial infections can spread; thus all options are correct.

From which artery does the blood supply to mandibular teeth originate? a. Facial b. Lingual c. Mandibular d. Maxillary

Correct answer: D. Maxillary The maxillary artery, by way of the inferior alveolar artery, supplies mandibular teeth with blood. Incorrect answer explanations: A, and B. The facial and lingual arteries branch off the external artery before it enters the oral cavity; they do not vascularize teeth. C. The mandibular artery does not exist.

After a clinician administers a local anesthetic agent near the infraorbital foramen landmark, the following structures will be anesthetized: a. Mandibular molars b. Mandibular 1st and 2nd premolars c. Maxillary molars d. Maxillary canines and incisors

Correct answer: D. Maxillary canines and incisors When administering a local anesthetic agent in the area of the infraorbital foramen on the maxillae, maxillary canines, and incisors will be anesthetized. Incorrect answer explanations: A, and B. The infraorbital foramen is located on the maxillae not on the mandible. C. Maxillary molars would be anesthetized near the maxillary tuberosity.

Which of the following features is located on the lateral or external surface of the mandible? a. Genial tubercles b. Lingula c. Mandibular foramen d. Mental foramen

Correct answer: D. Mental foramen Although all of the landmarks are on the mandible, only the mental foramen is located on the lateral external surface of the mandible, near the apical foramina of the premolars. Incorrect answer explanations: A. The genial tubercles are situated on the medial, internal aspect of the mandible, at the midline. B, and C. The lingula is located in front of the mandibular foramen; both are situated on the medial aspect of the mandible.

Which of the following paired suprahyoid muscles unite medially to form the floor of the mouth? a. Geniohyoid muscle b. Omohyoid muscle c. Digastric muscle d. Mylohyoid muscle

Correct answer: D. Mylohyoid muscle The mylohyoid muscle unites medially, forming the floor of the mouth. Incorrect answer explanations: A, B, and C: The digastric, omohyoid, and geniohyoid muscles are all suprahyoid muscles; however, they do not unite with their counterparts and are located more inferiorly.

All of the following are branches of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. Buccal nerve b. Lingual nerve c. Mental nerve d. Nasopalatine nerve

Correct answer: D. Nasopalatine nerve The nasopalatine nerve, serving the anterior hard palate, branches off the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve. Incorrect answer explanations: A, B, and C. The buccal, lingual, and mental nerves are all branches of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve.

The extrinsic muscles of the tongue are named for their: a. Action b. Innervation c. Insertion d. Origin

Correct answer: D. Origin The extrinsic muscles of the tongue are named for their origins; they are the genioglossus, styloglossus, and hyoglossus muscles, and they all insert into the tongue. Incorrect answer explanations: A, B, and C. These choices are incorrect because the extrinsic muscles of the tongue are named for their origins.

Which oral landmark marks the opening to the submandibular gland? a. Lingual frenum b. Stensen's duct c. Sublingual fold d. Sublingual caruncle

Correct answer: D. Sublingual caruncle The submandibular gland, via Wharton's duct, opens into the sublingual caruncle. Incorrect answer explanations: A. The lingual frenum is a tissue attachment, not a duct opening. B. Stensen's duct is another name for the parotid duct. C. The sublingual glands have several duct openings along the sublingual fold, but they also share the submandibular caruncle with the submandibular glands.

The three divisions of the trigeminal nerve enter the head through the following foramina: a. Inferior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, and foramen magnum b. Optic canal, foramen rotundum, and foramen ovale c. Superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, and foramen magnum d. Superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, and foramen ovale

Correct answer: D. Superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, and foramen ovale The three divisions of the trigeminal nerve enter the head by way of the sphenoid bone through the superior orbital fissure, the foramen rotundum, and the foramen ovale. Incorrect answer explanations: A, and C. The trigeminal nerve does not pass through the inferior orbital fissure or the foramen magnum. B. The optic canal is located on the sphenoid bone, but the optic nerve that passes through it is not a division of the trigeminal nerve.

The spaces above and below the fibrous disk of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) are termed: a. Articulating cavities b. Joint cavities c. Mucosal cavities d. Synovial cavities

Correct answer: D. Synovial cavities The areas or spaces above and below the fibrous disc of the TMJ are filled with synovial fluid and are called synovial cavities. Incorrect answer explanations: A, B, and C. These are all incorrect terms for these cavities.

The infratemporal fossa houses all of the following EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. Lateral pterygoid muscles b. Maxillary artery c. Maxillary vein d. Temporalis muscle

Correct answer: D. Temporalis muscle The temporalis muscle is located superficially in the temporal fossa attaching to the coronoid process of the mandible. Incorrect answer explanations: A, B, and C. The lateral pterygoid muscles, maxillary artery, and maxillary vein are all located within the infratemporal fossa.

The central nervous system is composed of: a. The autonomic nervous system b. Spinal nerves c. Cranial nerves d. The spinal cord

Correct answer: D. The spinal cord The spinal cord and the brain are components of the central nervous system of the body. Incorrect answer explanations: A, B, and C. The autonomic nervous system, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves are components of the peripheral nervous system.

Which of the following sentences best describes the alveolar process of the maxilla? a. This process contains the infraorbital foramen b. The genial tubercles are attached to this process c. The mental foramen is present on its lateral aspect d. This process is easily remodeled because of its lack of density

Correct answer: D. This process is easily remodeled because of its lack of density The alveolar process is easily remodeled because of its lack of density, thus allowing for the movement of teeth and the success of orthodontic treatment. Incorrect answer explanations: A. The infraorbital foramen is present on the body of the maxilla. B. The genial tubercles are present on the medial aspect of the mandible. C. The mental foramen is present on the body of the mandible in dense bone.

The sphenoid bone is a complicated bone containing foramina, fissures, and landmarks for the passage or attachment of many important features of the head. An important nerve for dentistry that runs exclusively through this bone is the: a. Facial nerve b. Glossopharyngeal nerve c. Hypoglossal nerve d. Trigeminal nerve

Correct answer: D. Trigeminal nerve Branches of the trigeminal nerve pass through foramina or fissures located solely in the sphenoid bone. Incorrect answer explanations: A. The facial nerve passes through the temporal bone. B. The glossopharyngeal nerve passes through the jugular foramen. C. The hypoglossal nerve passes through the hypoglossal canal of the occipital bone.

Into which system does the lymphatic system drain? a. Arterial b. Capillary c. Glandular d. Venous

Correct answer: D. Venous The lymphatic system parallels the venous system, draining fluids from surrounding tissue into the venous system. Incorrect answer explanations: A. The arterial system carries blood from the heart to all the organs and tissues of the body. B. The capillaries are numerous small vessels supplying blood to body tissues. C. The glandular system of the head and neck produces secretions necessary for the normal function of the body. While it does not parallel the lymphatic system, it does drain into lymph nodes.