ch. 4 practice q's

12) Sebum is produced by ________ glands. A) sebaceous B) eccrine C) apocrine D) sudoriferous E) merocrine

A) sebaceous

1) How does melanin protect the skin from the effects of ultraviolet light?

Answer: Melanin protects the skin from damage by absorbing the ultraviolet radiation before it damages chromosomes in the nuclei of cells in the epidermis and dermis. In other words, it functions as a limited shield for the nuclei, against UV damage. aborbs UV before chromosomes do

16) Eyebrows and eyelashes are examples of ________ hairs. A) vellus B) terminal C) intermediate D) club E) lanugo

B) terminal

14) The hair matrix is a layer of ________. A) loose connective tissue B) apocrine glands C) epithelium D) sebum E) dense connective tissue

C) epithelium

18) Ceruminous glands are ________ glands. A) merocrine B) sebaceous C) follicular D) apocrine E) milk-producing

D) apocrine

27) The cells found in sweat glands that function to squeeze sweat out of the gland are called ________. A) neuroepithelial cells B) stratified columnar cells C) transitional cells D) myoepithelial cells E) None of the answers are correct.

D) myoepithelial cells

2) Thick skin can be found on the sole and the ________. A) scalp B) back of thorax C) abdomen D) palm E) knee surface

D) palm

24) Functions of the hair on the body include ________. A) protecting the skin from ultraviolet radiation B) cushioning blows C) providing insulating benefits D) providing nervous sensation E) All of the answers are correct

E) All of the answers are correct

2) The stratum basale is the layer of cells superficial to the stratum spinosum.

false

16) The superficial layer of the dermis consists of ________. A) stratified squamous epithelial tissue B) loose connective tissue C) denser regular connective tissue D) dense irregular connective tissue E) simple cuboidal epithelial tissue

superficial layer = papillary layer B) loose connective tissue

3) Large stem cells dominate the stratum basale.

true

4) Sebaceous follicles communicate directly with the epidermis.

true

7) The nail body covers the nail bed, but nail production occurs at the nail root.

true

4) Which of the following cell types are wandering phagocytic cells found in the epidermis? A) Langerhans (dendritic) cells B) macrophages C) neutrophils D) mast cells E) neuroglia

A) Langerhans (dendritic) cells

39) The decrease in which of the following cells occurs with aging, thereby reducing the sensitivity of the immune system? A) Langerhans cells B) Merkel cells C) melanocytes D) keratinocytes E) tactile corpuscles

A) Langerhans cells

7) Vitamin D is required for normal intestinal absorption of ________. A) calcium and phosphorus B) phosphorus and magnesium C) magnesium and calcium D) sodium and potassium E) calcium and sodium

A) calcium and phosphorus the makings of bones

20) The cuticle is another name for the ________ of the nail. A) eponychium B) lunula C) bed D) hyponychium E) fold

A) eponychium

28) Which of the following terms refers to fine, unpigmented hairs, which first appear after roughly three months of development? A) lanugo B) vernix C) terminal D) vellus E) intermediate

A) lanugo

19) Sensible perspiration is a function of ________ glands. A) merocrine B) sebaceous C) apocrine D) milk-producing E) follicular

A) merocrine

1) Which of the following layers of the cutaneous membrane stores lipid reserves? A) reticular layer of dermis B) stratum basale C) stratum corneum D) papillary layer of dermis E) stratum granulosum

A) reticular layer of dermis

15) Folliculitis is a local inflammation of ________. A) sebaceous glands B) sudoriferous glands C) arrector pili D) apocrine glands E) merocrine glands

A) sebaceous glands

7) The epidermis is primarily composed of which type of epithelium? A) stratified squamous B) stratified cuboidal C) simple squamous D) simple columnar E) transitional

A) stratified squamous

9) Another name for the subcutaneous layer is the ________. A) superficial fascia B) integument C) reticular layer D) deep fascia E) papillary layer

A) superficial fascia

30) Variations in hair color reflect differences in hair structure and ________. A) variations in the pigments produced by melanocytes at the papilla B) age of the individual C) air bubbles in the medulla of the hair shaft D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

A) variations in the pigments produced by melanocytes at the papilla

26) Fine hairs covering the general surface of the body are ________. A) vellus hairs B) terminal hairs C) intermediate hairs D) heavily pigmented hairs E) None of the answers are correct.

A) vellus hairs

3) What is "baby fat" and what is its importance?

Answer: "Baby fat" is extensive subcutaneous fat in infants and small children. This subcutaneous fat helps to reduce heat loss and serves as a substantial energy reserve and shock absorber for babies, who experience many bumps as they learn to walk and accomplish other physical activities. insulation physical cushion no reference to brown fat

7) Why does hair turn gray or white in older individuals?

Answer: As people age, hair follicles stop functioning or they produce finer, thinner hairs. Consequentially, decreased melanocyte activity results in hairs that become gray or white, due to loss of melanin or the presence of air bubbles in the medulla of the hair shafts, respectively.

6) How do merocrine glands function in excretion?

Answer: Merocrine sweat gland secretion provides a significant excretory route for water and electrolytes. It can also provide routes for a number of prescription and nonprescription drugs.

5) Predict why acne worsens at puberty?

Answer: Sebaceous glands and sebaceous follicles are very sensitive to changes in concentrations of sex hormones. When the concentration of these hormones increases at puberty, the sebaceous glands are stimulated to secrete greater amounts of sebum, which can block sebaceous ducts as the secretions accumulate, causing inflammation and providing a fertile environment for bacterial infection.

4) What are the main differences between sebum and merocrine sweat?

Answer: Sebum is a waxy, oily lipid secretion discharged by the sebaceous glands. It provides lubrication on the surface of the skin and inhibits the growth of bacteria. Merocrine sweat is a watery fluid, which consists of 99% water, some electrolytes (chiefly sodium chloride), metabolites, and waste products, secreted by merocrine sweat glands. Merocrine sweat glands function in thermoregulation, excretion, and protection of the skin from environmental hazards.

2) What is the clinical importance of tension lines / cleavage lines of the skin?

Answer: Tension lines are important because a cut that runs parallel to them will usually remain closed; whereas, a cut at right angles to tension lines will sever elastic fibers in the skin and thus be pulled open as they recoil. Therefore, a parallel cut will heal faster and with less scarring than a cut at right angles to tension lines. in regards to placement of surgical incisions

8) It takes ________ for a cell to move from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum. A) 10-24 hours B) 15-30 days C) 3-7 days D) 2-3 weeks E) 2-3 months

B) 15-30 days

5) The epidermis in a section of thin skin includes the following four layers. In what order do these occur, from the basal lamina to the superficial surface? (1) stratum granulosum (2) stratum corneum (3) stratum basale (4) stratum spinosum A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 3, 4, 1, 2 C) 4, 3, 2, 1 D) 3, 2, 4, 1 E) 1, 3, 4, 2

B) 3, 4, 1, 2

17) ________ secrete pheromones, and a viscous, cloudy, potentially odorous secretion. A) Ceruminous glands B) Apocrine glands C) Eccrine glands D) Merocrine glands E) Sebaceous glands

B) Apocrine glands

11) Specialized epithelial cells in the stratum basale, which release chemicals that stimulate sensory nerve endings, are called ________. A) melanocytes B) Merkel cells C) Langerhans cells D) keratinocytes E) stem cells

B) Merkel cells

37) Why is the skin capable of repair, even after serious damage? A) Individual skin cells have a high metabolic rate. B) Stem cells persist in both the epithelial and connective tissue components. C) Construction of scar tissue is easier than making normal skin. D) All layers of the skin have an excellent blood supply. E) There are abundant fibroblasts in the epidermis.

B) Stem cells persist in both the epithelial and connective tissue components.

8) The subcutaneous layer consists of loose connective tissue with abundant ________. A) keratinocytes B) adipocytes C) Merkel cells D) melanocytes E) sebaceous glands

B) adipocytes

19) The blood supply to the skin is called (the) ________. A) brachial plexus B) cutaneous plexus C) hypodermis D) venous anastomosis E) None of the answers are correct.

B) cutaneous plexus as distinct from the sub-papillary plexus, the relatively superficial blood supply, found at the papillary layer

23) A single layer of dead, keratinized cells at the outer surface of the hair overlap and form the ________. A) cortex B) cuticle C) medulla D) soft keratin E) external root sheath

B) cuticle

3) The amount of melanin and carotene produced is under ________ control. A) environmental B) genetic C) emotional D) physiological factor E) All of the answers are correct.

B) genetic

10) The most abundant cells in the epidermis are ________. A) melanocytes B) keratinocytes C) Merkel cells D) Langerhans cells E) None of the answers are correct.

B) keratinocytes other cells include: (in the stratum spinosum) melanocytes - melanin (Still deeper, in stratum basale) epidermal stem cells/mesenchymal cells Merkel Cells - sense pressure Langerhans cells - wandering antigen-presenting cells

34) The most widely distributed type of sweat gland on the body is (the) ________. A) apocrine sweat gland B) merocrine sweat gland C) ceruminous gland D) myoepithelial gland E) None of the answers are correct.

B) merocrine sweat gland

20) The area of the skin that contains blood vessels supplying the epidermis is the ________. A) stratum basale of epidermis B) papillary layer of dermis C) reticular layer of dermis D) hypodermis E) stratum corneum of epidermis

B) papillary layer of dermis contains sub-papillary plexus

42) Thermoregulation is the primary function of ________. A) the dermis B) sensible perspiration C) arrector pili muscle contraction D) sebaceous glands E) apocrine glands

B) sensible perspiration

21) The hypodermis is important in ________. A) connecting the dermis to the epidermis B) stabilizing the position of the skin in relation to underlying tissues C) preventing unacceptable water losses through the skin D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

B) stabilizing the position of the skin in relation to underlying tissues

1) Skin surfaces that lack hair contain specialized epithelial cells called ________, which are sensitive to touch. A) melanocytes B) keratinocytes C) Merkel cells D) merocrine glands E) Langerhans cells

C) Merkel cells apparently only found on places like the palms of the hands and soles of feet

14) A bluish coloring of the skin that occurs as a result of extreme cold, or of circulatory or respiratory disorders is called ________. A) pale B) blushing C) cyanosis D) jaundice E) fading

C) cyanosis

35) Cerumen is commonly known as ________. A) salts B) proteins C) earwax D) water E) saliva

C) earwax

3) A hypodermic needle would penetrate the skin in which order? A) papillary layer of dermis, reticular layer of dermis, epidermis B) epidermis, reticular layer of dermis, papillary layer of dermis C) epidermis, papillary layer of dermis, reticular layer of dermis D) reticular layer of dermis, papillary layer of dermis, epidermis E) None of the answers are correct.

C) epidermis, papillary layer of dermis, reticular layer of dermis

22) Merocrine sweat glands ________. A) are most common in the axilla B) are the same as apocrine glands C) function in thermoregulation D) are usually attached to hair follicles E) produce a potentially odorous secretion

C) function in thermoregulation

38) Which of the following characterizes step 2 of the regeneration of skin after an injury? A) bleeding at the site B) inflammatory response C) granulation tissue formation D) scar tissue formation E) activity leads to collagen fiber appearance

C) granulation tissue formation

33) Sebaceous glands are often associated with ________. A) nails B) merocrine sweat glands C) hair follicles D) apocrine sweat glands E) All of the answers are correct.

C) hair follicles

2) The integument is separated from the deep fascia around the other organs by (the) ________. A) epidermis B) dermis C) hypodermis D) cutaneous membrane E) None of the answers are correct.

C) hypodermis

36) Which type of gland can be precisely controlled, and its amount of secretion and the area of the body involved can be varied independently? A) apocrine sweat gland B) sebaceous gland C) merocrine sweat gland D) ceruminous glands E) mammary gland

C) merocrine sweat gland e.g. sweating on the palms only

10) Arrector pili consists of ________. A) skeletal muscle B) loose connective tissue C) smooth muscle D) adipocytes E) cardiac muscle

C) smooth muscle

22) Age-induced weakening of muscles and reduction in bone strength are compounded by the skin's diminished production of ________, which is required for effective calcium uptake. A) sebum B) vitamin B12 C) vitamin D D) vitamin A E) vitamin B1

C) vitamin D

32) Functions of merocrine sweat glands include which combination of the following? (1) lubricating the skin (2) thermoregulation (3) inhibiting the growth of microorganisms (4) excretion of water, electrolytes, and some drugs A) 1, 2 B) 1, 2, 3 C) 1, 3 D) 2, 3, 4 E) 4, 5

D) 2, 3, 4 everything except lubricating the skin!

41) In older individuals, wrinkling of the skin occurs because of ________. A) thinning of the dermis B) a decrease of elastic fiber network size C) weakening of the integument D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

D) All of the answers are correct.

18) Nerve fibers in the skin are found in which of the following layers? A) epidermis B) reticular layer of dermis C) papillary layer of dermis D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

D) All of the answers are correct. Markel cells found in epidermis, stratum basale free nerve endings also found in stratum basale free nerve endings, lamellate corpuscle, nerve fibers, tactile corpuscles, found in dermis

40) Which of the following effects of aging causes the elderly to be at greater risk of overheating in warm environments? A) thinning of the epidermis of the skin B) a decrease in the number of Langerhans cells C) a decrease in melanocyte activity D) a decrease in glandular activity E) All of the answers are correct.

D) a decrease in glandular activity

6) In the dermis, repeated ultraviolet exposure can result in damage to ________, causing abnormal connective tissue structure and premature wrinkling. A) Langerhans cells B) Merkel cells C) sebaceous glands D) fibrocytes E) melanocytes

D) fibrocytes

15) Which of the following structures produce black, yellow-brown, or brown pigment in intracellular vesicles? A) tactile corpuscles B) Ruffini corpuscles C) lamellated corpuscles D) melanocytes E) Merkel cells

D) melanocytes

31) The two groups of sweat glands in the skin are ________. A) sebaceous and merocrine B) apocrine and endocrine C) holocrine and endocrine D) merocrine and apocrine E) adrenal and holocrine

D) merocrine and apocrine

6) Merkel cells are found in which epidermal layer? A) stratum corneum B) stratum spinosum C) stratum lucidum D) stratum basale E) stratum granulosum

D) stratum basale

12) The most superficial layer of the epidermis in which all the cells still possess a nucleus is the ________. A) stratum corneum B) stratum basale C) stratum spinosum D) stratum granulosum E) stratum lucidum

D) stratum granulosum think of "granule" as nucleus

5) Each keratinocyte in the ________ contains tonofibrils. A) stratum corneum B) stratum basale C) stratum granulosum D) stratum spinosum E) papillary layer of dermis

D) stratum spinosum these are the "spines" for which it was originally named

17) Wrinkles in the skin can be caused by ________. A) increasing age B) changes in levels of hormones C) the effects of ultraviolet radiation D) distortion of the dermis during pregnancy or weight gain E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

29) At the end of a hair's growth cycle, which of the following occurs? A) The follicle becomes mature. B) Club hairs form. C) Connections between the hair matrix and other structures break down. D) Old hair gets pushed toward the surface. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

9) Skin color is due to ________. A) dermal blood supply B) thickness of the stratum corneum C) melanin D) carotene E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

13) Mammary glands are anatomically related to ________. A) sebaceous glands B) merocrine sweat glands C) sebaceous follicles D) eccrine sweat glands E) apocrine sweat glands

E) apocrine sweat glands

11) Hairs on the upper and lower limbs that change their distribution are called ________ hairs. A) vellus B) lanugo C) terminal D) pili E) intermediate

E) intermediate

4) Carotene normally accumulates inside ________. A) melanocytes B) Merkel cells C) Langerhans cells D) apocrine glands E) keratinocytes

E) keratinocytes

25) Which of the following parts of a hair is/are usually seen on the surface? A) cortex, medulla, shaft B) bulb, root, shaft C) follicle, bulb, cuticle, cortex D) hard keratin, bulb, root E) shaft only

E) shaft only

21) Calluses form when skin is subjected to mechanical stress, and cells in the ________ divide more rapidly. A) stratum corneum B) stratum spinosum C) stratum lucidum D) stratum granulosum E) stratum basale

E) stratum basale where the stem cells live/replicate!

13) Which epidermal layer is not distinguishable in thin skin, and stains poorly in thick skin? A) stratum spinosum B) stratum basale C) stratum corneum D) stratum granulosum E) stratum lucidum

E) stratum lucidum

5) Ceruminous glands are milk-producing glands found in the breasts.

false

9) In aging humans, the blood supply to the dermis is increased at the same time that sweat glands become less active.

false

6) Earwax is produced by modified sebaceous glands.

false by modified apocrine sweat glands

1) Merkel cells are located in the stratum spinosum.

false located in Stratum Basale epidermis has only free nerve endings

8) During repair, the combination of blood clot, fibroblasts, and an extensive capillary network, is called granulation tissue.

true