Ch. 4 (Sleep/Dream)

Stage 3 Sleep

20-50% Delta waves (deep sleep waves) More difficult to wake up (EEG waves are short vertically but look like mountains, spike a little bit)

Peter Tripp (tripping out)

201 hours (9 days) no sleep. Became very paranoid and would hallucinate Because had family members with mental disorders, the stress of no sleep brought his D/O to surface (Environmental stress triggered D/O)

Randy Gardner

264 hours no sleep (11 days) Not as serious consequences Symptoms of confusions/irritability

Stage 4 Sleep

50-100% Delta Waves (deep sleep waves) Very hard to wake up (EEG waves are bigger vertically, look like mountains spike a little then go down then spike then go down)

2nd Half Sleep Cycle

Average night of sleep = 4-6 cycles (90 minutes each cycle) 1 Cycle: Longer time in S1 and S2, very short S3 and S4, shoots back up to REM/S1.

1st Half Sleep Cycle

Average night of sleep = 4-6 cycles (90 minutes each cycle) 1 Cycle: Short time in S1 and S2, More time in S3 and S4, shoots back up to REM/S1.

Consciousness

Awareness of the sensations, thoughts and feelings we experience at a given moment

Brain waves (4 Types)

Bring All The Drugs Beta wave= alert (fast/rapid) Stage 1 sleep Alpha waves = drowsy Theta waves = light sleep Delta waves = deep sleep (slowest waves)

Circadian Rhythms

Cycling back and forth between wakefulness and sleep Sleeping and waking occur naturally to the beat of an internal pacemaker that works on a cycle of about 24 hours. Other examples of rhythm are BP, body temp., hormone production. Ex. Most of us get drowsy in mid afternoon regardless of heavy or light lunch.

Insomnia

Difficulty sleeping whether due to a particular situation or upcoming event or even no obvious cause. Unable to fall asleep easily or wake up frequently in the night.

Latent content of dreams

Disguised meanings of dreams hidden by more obvious subject because they are threatening to the dreamer's CONSCIOUS awareness (read unconscious wish fulfillment theory) What the symbols in dreams actually mean Ex. Banana = penis Nightmares = because you are aware of this. Conscious might be shocked/disgusted when becoming aware of unconscious desires. Freud

Unconscious wish fulfillment theory (Freud) (Why we dream...)

Dreams represent unconscious wishes the dreamer wants to fill. "Dreams are royal road to unconscious" You have hidden desires and dreams allow unconscious to express them. Latent content reveals unconscious wishes. Meaning of dream disguised by manifest content (story line)

Altered states of consciousness

Extensive changes in mental thought process. Other people will notice. Perceptions of self/surrounding change, maybe you're more careless and inhibitions may become less critical (like being drunk) Ex. Under the influence of drug/alcohol, sleep, coma, meditation. All other states of consciousness besides waking consciousness (there is a diff. between sleep/dreaming and alcohol/drug)

Unconscious

How you are in a state of unawareness with inability to respond to normal stimulus. Someone shaking you when sleeping, you wake up. When unconscious YOU DON'T WAKE UP!

Dreams For Survival Theory (Why we dream...)

Information processing Knowledge and experience during the day is reviewed/processed. During REM Sleep we process information. We dream to express our concerns. Dreams represent concerns about our daily lives, our uncertainties, indecisions, ideas and desires and are consistent with everyday living & represent key concerns. Ancestors had small brains and dreaming allowed information processing 24 hours a day Ex. Rats went through a maze all day and dreamt about maze Ex. Babies are in REM 50% of sleep time have to process more information.

Stage 1 Sleep

Lightest sleep EEG shows beta waves (alert waves) Very easy to wake someone up (EEG waves are little little waves barely go up and down)

EEG

Measures brain waves (Electroencephalograph)

Stage 2 Sleep

Mostly beta waves Waves will suddenly spike: Sleep spindles! (EEG waves are little little waves then sudden abnormal spike)

Sleep apnea

Person has difficulty breathing while sleeping. Person is constantly awakened when lack of oxygen triggers a waking response May wake up up to 500 times and not know it. May have played a role in infant SIDS

Sleep

State of physical/mental rest with partial loss of consciousness

Manifest content of dreams

The apparent story line of dreams according to Freud Obvious content of dream When you are explaining/describing your dream to someone.

Adaptive Theory (on why we sleep)

"Evolutionary theory" Sleep enhances our survival! We sleep at night because we will be out of harm when it is dark outside. We don't roam around in the dark because it is a less chance of being harmed = protection. We used to be prey, when predators were awake we stay away by sleeping in a cave... although we are defenseless.

Cognitive Problem Solving

Theory says that during our dreams we are solving our problems and working out even small difficulties or major problems. The thing about dreaming is that you have no constricts and nothing holding you back. You can do anything and don't ave ethical, physical or social constricts holding you back. We can do things in our dreams we cant do while awake = room for more creativity and trying things outside the box.

Restorative Theory (on why we sleep)

To replenish, rebuild and repair brain and body. "Fix ourselves" - We exert during the day and need sleep to rebuild neurotransmitters "Maintenance" REM Sleep: -Essential for brain and cognition - Neurons in the brain have a chance to repair themselves - Stops the release of NT's called monoamines allowing receptor cells to get rest and increase sensitivity for when were awake. NREM Sleep: Essential for the body Ex. Rats with no sleep died within 3 weeks when trying to keep active on spinning wheel and not hit the water. Their IMMUNE system failed and died from bacteria infection Sleep = Healthy immune system No sleep = Diff. Concentrating and irritability

Narcolepsy

Uncontrollable sleeping that occurs for short period while a person is awake no matter WHAT they are doing. Dancing, talking, running. Go from wakefulness to REM sleep skipping other sages

Reverse Learning (Why we dream...)

We are UNlearning unimportant things we learned during the day. We don't need to remember that it took extra 5 min to get to work today because there was traffic or that you saw a person wearing a green hat. Theory says you are going through all this unnecessary information and unlearning and deleting what is unimportant. Only theory that says drams are meaningless and we often dream things that didn't happen.

Waking consciousness (2 types)

We are awake and fully aware of our thoughts emotions and perceptions. Controlled processes: Taking control, asking questions, involved, fully aware, actively focused Automatic processes: Less effort to stay awake, minimal attention. Ex) Watching TV show

Ecological Theory (on why we sleep)

We sleep to conserve energy and resources If we didn't sleep we'd need more food, water and resources "FORCED CONSERVATION" lol Ex. Lions don't eat every day because they sleep for half their day.

Rebound effect

When deprive someone of REM sleep (wake them up once they show they are in REM sleep) REM deprived sleepers spend significantly more time in REM sleep than normally would.

Activation Synthesis Theory (Why we dream...)

Proposed by J Allan Hobson Brain produces random electrical energy during REM sleep. This energy stimulates memories, emotions, visual pathways, past experiences and sounds stored in the brain. You have all these diff. jumbo images and humans like to make sense of things. Humans put these in a story that they can make sense of Dreams are actually how we put these images together and form a story line. Activation information modulation (AIM Theory) = dreams are initiated in the brains pons which sens random signals to cortex. Area of cortex involved is related to content of dream. (Area of brain related to vision is involved in the visual aspect of dream/ area of brain for sound is involved in the hearing aspect of dream.) ^^^ Dreams might represent your unconscious desires and worries (similar to unconscious wish fulfillment) Ex. Visual memory of horse stimulated, auditory memory of cat's meow stimulated, emotional memory of sadness stimulated, and you're worried about mothers health, Dream= You are walking a horse toward your mother but the horse meows and turns into a cat and makes you very sad.

REM Sleep

Rapid Eye Movement USUALLY accompanied by dreams, when dreams are most vivid and easily remembered. Heart rate increases, BP rises, breathing rate increases, muscles paralyze Most of REM is spent in Stage 1 Brain waves all over the place 20% of the time you are in REM (babies 50%) Plays a role in learning and memory and allows us to restore information/emotional experiences that occurred during the day. REM Sleep: -Essential for brain and cognition - Neurons in the brain have a chance to repair themselves - Stops the release of NT's called monoamines allowing receptor cells to get rest and increase sensitivity for when were awake.

Unconscious wish fulfillment theory

Sigmund Freud proposed that dreams represent unconscious wishes that dreamers desire to see fulfilled.