Ch. 47 SIRS and Organ Dysfunction/Shock
Which type of shock results from an IgE-mediated allergic reaction? Cardiogenic Neurogenic Anaphylactic Hypovolemic
Anaphylactic
A patient has presented with signs and symptoms of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Which of the following are likely to decrease? Select all that apply. Heart rate Respiratory rate Gastrointestinal (GI) activity Urine output Cardiac output
Gastrointestinal (GI) activity Urine output
Which of the following are general signs and symptoms of shock? Select all that apply. Bradycardia Hypotension Increased respiratory rate Tachycardia Oliguria
Hypotension Increased respiratory rate Tachycardia Oliguria
A patient is in the initial stages of shock. Which of the following can be expected? Select all that apply. Increased heart rate Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) Peripheral vasoconstriction Decreased gastrointestinal (GI) blood flow
Increased heart rate Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) Peripheral vasoconstriction Decreased gastrointestinal (GI) blood flow
What are the three stages of shock? Select all that apply. Comprehensive Recurrent Initial Progressive Irreversible
Initial Progressive Irreversible
A clinician is ordering atropine, an anticholinergic agent, for a patient in shock. Which type of shock is suspected? Neurogenic Cardiogenic Anaphylactic Septic
Neurogenic
A nurse is caring for several patients. Of the following, which patient should the nurse be most concerned about developing sepsis? Postmyocardial infarction patient Patient with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear surgery follow-up Renal transplant patient on immunosuppressants Patient with systemic lupus erythematosus
Renal transplant patient on immunosuppressants
A patient in shock is not responding to fluid replacement or vasopressor administration. Which type of shock might the patient be experiencing? Cardiogenic Septic Anaphylactic Hypovolemic
Septic
Which type of shock is very complex and may involve multiple specialists, including an infectious disease doctor? Cardiogenic Anaphylactic Neurogenic Septic
Septic
Which of the following are associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation? Select all that apply. Septic infections may lead to disseminated intravascular coagulation. Despite abnormal bleeding, all laboratory values in disseminated intravascular coagulation are normal. Alternating episodes of bleeding and clotting exist in disseminated intravascular coagulation. Treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation is clearly defined. Bleeding from three unrelated sites is indicative of disseminated intravascular coagulation.
Septic infections may lead to disseminated intravascular coagulation. Alternating episodes of bleeding and clotting exist in disseminated intravascular coagulation.
A nurse is monitoring a patient in shock. Which of the following levels are likely to be elevated? Blood pressure Serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatine (Cr) Tissue perfusion PaO2 levels
Serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatine (Cr)
What are the criteria for the diagnosis of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)? Select all that apply. Tachypnea Leukocytosis or leukopenia Hyperthermia or hypothermia Oliguria Tachycardia Submit
Tachypnea Tachycardia Leukocytosis
The condition of suppressed immunity after systemic inflammatory response syndrome is _______________. septic shock syndrome septicemia compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome
How many progressive stages are associated with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome? ten two four six
four
This or That? Can you differentiate between the different stages and types of shock? Based on each description, select the correct stage or type. In this type of shock, the cornerstone of treatment is epinephrine, either intramuscular or IV administration. Glucocorticoids are also a standard treatment. Intubation may be necessary. CARDIOGENIC NEUROGENIC ANAPHYLACTIC
ANAPHYLACTIC Epinephrine counteracts many of the responses that lead to anaphylactic shock, such as bronchoconstriction. Glucocorticoids are used to suppress the overwhelming immune response. As bronchospasm is common in anaphylactic shock, intubation may be necessary.
This or That? Can you differentiate between the different stages and types of shock? Based on each description, select the correct stage or type. This type of shock is manifested by IgE-mediated massive degranulation of mast cells in response to an allergen. Chemical signals result in pronounced vasodilation and bronchospasm. ANAPHYLACTIC NEUROGENIC SEPTIC
ANAPHYLACTIC In anaphylactic shock, an allergen has precipitated a massive immune-mediated response that liberates chemical mediators from mast cells. These chemical mediators cause bronchoconstriction, blocking air passage into and out of the lungs. In addition, the signals cause vasodilation and capillary leakage, resulting in reduced blood return to the heart.
A clinician is determining brain death in a patient. Which of the following supports the conclusion of brain death? Absence of corneal reflexes Presence of gag reflex Presence of caloric response Presence of simple motor responses only
Absence of corneal reflexes
Which of the following may be observed in a patient suffering from shock? Select all that apply. Inhibition of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Increased blood flow to the gastrointestinal tract. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Increased susceptibility to clot formation. Decreased kidney perfusion leading to oliguria.
Activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Increased susceptibility to clot formation. Decreased kidney perfusion leading to oliguria.
A patient arrives at the emergency department in a state of hypovolemic shock. Fluid replacement is initiated. Which of the does the clinician expect to increase as the patient is treated and begins recovery? Select all that apply. Heart rate Blood pressure Urine output Respiratory rate Renal perfusion
Blood pressure Urine output Renal perfusion
A patient falls from an outdoor deck located on the second floor of a building and injures his back. The patient is displaying signs of shock. The clinician suspects that neurogenic shock may be present. Which of the following patient assessment results would indicate neurogenic shock? Tachycardia and hypotension Bradycardia and hypotension Bronchodilation Vision and hearing impairment
Bradycardia and hypotension
This or That? Can you differentiate between the different stages and types of shock? Based on each description, select the correct stage or type. This type of shock occurs when systolic blood pressure falls to less than 90 mm Hg despite adequate fluid volume and venous return. Baroreceptors detect the fall in blood pressure and activate the sympathetic nervous system. Decreased perfusion of the kidneys activates RAAS, which increases fluid volume within the body. CARDIOGENIC HYPOVOLEMIC ANAPHYLACTIC
CARDIOGENIC As the name implies, cardiogenic shock is related to the functioning of the heart. In this type of shock, fluid volume and other factors are sufficient; the failure to maintain blood pressure results from inadequate cardiac function.
A patient presents with shock. An intra-aortic balloon pump device is used for treatment. Which type of shock is the patient most likely experiencing? Neurogenic Cardiogenic Anaphylactic Hypovolemic
Cardiogenic
Which type of shock occurs when the heart is unable to meet the body's demands and systolic blood pressure drops below 90 mm Hg for 30 minutes? Septic Cardiogenic Neurogenic Vasogenic
Cardiogenic
Which of the following are types of shock? Select all that apply. Cardiogenic Anaphylactic Neurogenic Disseminated Septic
Cardiogenic Anaphylactic Neurogenic Septic
What is the term used to describe the period of reduced immunity and increased susceptibility to infection following an injury? Disseminated intravascular coagulation Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome Compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome Systemic inflammatory response syndrome
Compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome
This or That? Select the best answer for each statement regarding organ failure. If ARDS occurs, then surfactant levels _____________. DECREASE INCREASE
DECREASE ARDS affects both type I and type II alveolar epithelial cells. Type II cells are responsible for producing surfactant. Surfactant reduces the surface tension in the alveoli. If surfactant production is disrupted, alveoli collapse, resulting in reduced gas exchange.
This or That? Select the best answer for each statement regarding organ failure. If abdominal compartment syndrome occurs, then blood flow through the inferior vena cava may be _____________. DECREASED INCREASED
DECREASED In abdominal compartment syndrome, pressure is increased within the abdomen. The abdomen is no longer able to stretch to accommodate any further increase in fluid or pressure. As pressure elevates in the abdominal cavity, vessels, such as the inferior vena cava, are likely to collapse. The collapse of the inferior vena cava can reduce venous return to the heart, compromising circulatory function.
This or That? Select the best answer for each statement regarding organ failure. If shock occurs, the kidneys experience _____________ in blood flow. DECREASES INCREASES
DECREASES In states of shock, the sympathetic nervous system is activated. The sympathetic nervous system causes vasoconstriction to the kidney. The vasoconstriction causes reduced blood flow, or hypoperfusion, of the kidney. The decrease in blood flow to the kidney can result in ischemia of the kidney. With decreased perfusion, the ability of the kidney to filter the blood is also reduced, enabling waste products to increase.
This or That? Select the best answer for each statement regarding organ failure. If a patient is suffering ARDS, then PO2 _____________. DECREASES INCREASES
DECREASES One of the hallmarks of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is falling oxygen levels even with oxygen administration. Normally, hypoxia stimulates respiration. In the situation of ARDS, however, the pulmonary function is so compromised, adequate oxygenation of the blood does not occur, even with increased respiration.
Which of the following may be expected to be observed in shock? Select all that apply. Decreased respiratory rate Increased insulin production by the pancreas Decreased gastrointestinal tract perfusion Increased lactic acid production Inhibition of epinephrine
Decreased gastrointestinal tract perfusion Increased lactic acid production
A nursing student is reviewing the "gut theory" in relation to the development of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Please place the following sequence of events in the proper order. Gastrointestinal (GI) mucosal ischemia Increased permeability of GI wall Massive immune response to GI bacteria Decreased perfusion GI tract GI bacteria enter bloodstream
Decreased perfusion GI tract Gastrointestinal (GI) mucosal ischemia Increased permeability of GI wall GI bacteria enter bloodstream Massive immune response to GI bacteria
A patient in severe hypovolemic shock has developed acidosis. Please place the events in the proper sequence leading to this state. Decreased cardiac output Decreased tissue perfusion Tissue hypoxemia Decreased venous return to the heart Increased lactic acid formation
Decreased venous return to the heart Decreased cardiac output Decreased tissue perfusion Tissue hypoxemia Increased lactic acid formation
Which of the following hormones are released in a large quantities during the stress stage of shock? Select all that apply. Epinephrine Atrial natriuretic peptide Cortisol Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) Insulin
Epinephrine
In regard to the shock, which of the following is the correct understanding for the nurse to have in regard to renal function? The kidneys are very resilient and can withstand a state of shock for several days. Any damage to the kidneys during a state of shock is irreversible. Development of even brief episodes of shock is the number one reason for renal transplants. Fifteen minutes of shock can begin to cause dysfunction of renal tubules.
Fifteen minutes of shock can begin to cause dysfunction of renal tubules.
This or That? Can you differentiate between the different stages and types of shock? Based on each description, select the correct stage or type. This form of shock results from decreased blood volume, often as a result of trauma. Inadequate blood returns to the heart, reducing cardiac output and blood pressure. CARDIOGENIC HYPOVOLEMIC NEUROGENIC
HYPOVOLEMIC Hypovolemic shock often results from trauma causing hemorrhagic blood loss. The loss of blood prevents adequate venous return to the heart. With insufficient blood to pump, the heart is unable to maintain pressure and perfusion to the tissues.
This or That? Can you differentiate between the different stages and types of shock? Based on each description, select the correct stage or type. In this type of shock, fluid replacement is the key treatment. Although initial form of replacement fluid is under debate, most agree that Ringer's lactate or normal saline can be used. Blood transfusions may eventually be necessary. CARDIOGENIC HYPOVOLEMIC SEPTIC
HYPOVOLEMIC Hypovolemic shock treatment requires adequate fluid management. Discussions continue as to which fluid should be used first for replacement. However, the key is getting fluid levels to the point that adequate pressure and perfusion can be maintained. Later, the type of fluid infusion or the need for blood transfusions can be considered.
Which of the following are criteria for systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)? Please select all that apply. Heart rate (HR) > 90 beats per minute Hypoventilation Hyperthermia (body temperature above 38°C) Leukocytosis (white blood cells [WBC] count greater than 12,000 per cubic millimeter) Hypothermia (body temperature less than 36°C)
Heart rate (HR) > 90 beats per minute Hyperthermia (body temperature above 38°C) Leukocytosis (white blood cells [WBC] count greater than 12,000 per cubic millimeter) Hypothermia (body temperature less than 36°C)
This or That? Select the best answer for each statement regarding organ failure. As a result of toxins and inflammatory mediators released in septic shock, vasodilation and capillary permeability _____________. DECREASE INCREASE
INCREASE Septic shock develops as the result of a severe systemic infection. Often, the infection may be due to Gram-negative bacteria that contain endotoxins. The endotoxins, along with inflammatory mediators released by white blood cells in response to infection, can disrupt circulation by causing massive vasodilation and increased capillary permeability. As fluid leaks from the capillary and blood pressure is lessened due to the vasodilation, septic shock can develop.
This or That? Select the best answer for each statement regarding organ failure. If DIC is present, fibrin degradation products are _____________. DECREASED INCREASED
INCREASED Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a condition in which many tiny clots form in the small vessels of the body. The activation of the clotting cascade in this manner results in clotting factors being consumed and unable for use in areas of injury, such as surgical lacerations. Thus, although clot formation is occurring, excessive bleeding can also be happening. Fibrin degradation products are formed from clot dissolution and will be elevated in DIC.
This or That? Select the best answer for each statement regarding organ failure. If DIC is present, then clotting times are _____________. DECREASED INCREASED
INCREASED In DIC, or disseminated intravascular coagulation, small blood clots are formed in the smaller vessels. The formation of these clots consumes available clotting factors, prolonging clotting time. The consumption of the clotting factors and the prolonged clotting time can increase the risk of bleeding.
This or That? Select the best answer for each statement regarding organ failure. If abdominal compartment syndrome occurs, then abdominal cavity pressure _____________. DECREASES INCREASES
INCREASES Abdominal compartment syndrome develops when pressure within the abdomen increases, usually due to fluid within the abdominal cavity. To a certain extent, the abdomen can stretch to accommodate excess fluid. Once a certain threshold has been reached, however, additional fluid results in an increase in abdominal pressure. The increased abdominal pressure may exceed the perfusion pressure.
This or That? Select the best answer for each statement regarding organ failure. If intestinal ischemia develops, the risk for portal bacteremia _____________. DECREASES INCREASES
INCREASES Splanchnic vasoconstriction occurs when the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is activated. The activation of the SNS significantly reduces blood flow to the intestines, which may result in intestinal ischemia. When the intestines suffer ischemia, intestinal contents may be released into the bloodstream. In the case of the intestines, blood from the intestines travels to the liver via the portal vein. The presence of bacteria in this portal vein increases with intestinal ischemia.
This or That? Select the best answer for each statement regarding organ failure. If the kidneys fail, then BUN _____________. DECREASES INCREASES
INCREASES When the kidneys fail, they are unable to carry out one of their primary functions, the removal of waste products, such as blood urea nitrogen (BUN), from the blood. As these substances are not removed by the kidneys, they elevate in the blood.
This or That? Can you differentiate between the different stages and types of shock? Based on each description, select the correct stage or type. In this stage of shock, a decrease in blood pressure is detected, which activates the sympathetic nervous system. Activation of RAAS also occurs, as the response is similar to the alarm stage of the stress response. INITIAL PROGRESSIVE IRREVERSIBLE
INITIAL In the initial stages of shock, a decrease in blood pressure is often the first sign detected by the body. The fall in blood pressure is noted by the baroreceptors which activate the sympathetic nervous system. The activation of this system counteracts the falling blood pressure by increasing the heart rate and contractility of the heart. Reduced blood pressure in the kidneys prompts the juxtaglomerular (JG) cells to release renin, activating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). This increases blood volume to maintain blood pressure. Stress hormones epinephrine and cortisol are released.
This or That? Can you differentiate between the different stages and types of shock? Based on each description, select the correct stage or type. In this stage of shock, perfusion is reduced to essential tissues, such as the brain and heart. Widespread cellular hypoxia and anaerobic metabolism also occur. INITIAL PROGRESSIVE IRREVERSIBLE
IRREVERSIBLE In the irreversible stage of shock, the body's compensations have failed to maintain adequate blood flow to the brain and heart. As these primary tissues are compromised, further compensatory and regulatory mechanisms fail. Anaerobic metabolism and cell death begin to occur.
A child is brought to the emergency department suffering from suspected anaphylactic shock due to bee sting. What are the immediate treatments considered? Select all that apply. IV epinephrine Beta-blockers IV saline administration Glucocorticoids Antihistamines
IV epinephrine IV saline administration Glucocorticoids Antihistamines
Please place the following stage of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in the proper order, leading to death. Increased volume requirements and mild respiratory alkalosis Shock with azotemia and coagulation abnormalities Vasopressor dependency, oliguria, and ischemic colitis Death Tachypnea and hypoxemia
Increased volume requirements and mild respiratory alkalosis Tachypnea and hypoxemia Shock with azotemia and coagulation abnormalities Vasopressor dependency, oliguria, and ischemic colitis Death
A nurse is assessing a patient for abdominal compartment syndrome. Which of the following should she expect relative to this condition? Select all that apply. Increasing abdominal girth Syncope Increased urine output Difficulty breathing Decreased heart rate
Increasing abdominal girth Syncope Difficulty breathing
Which of the following statements are true about hypovolemic shock? Select all that apply. It can also be referred to as "anaphylactic shock." It can be caused by blood loss. It develops in response to a nervous system injury. It induces tachycardia. It can be caused by diminished venous return.
It can be caused by blood loss. It induces tachycardia. It can be caused by diminished venous return.
This or That? Can you differentiate between the different stages and types of shock? Based on each description, select the correct stage or type. In this type of shock, an infectious organism is actively replicating and producing toxins that disrupt circulation. Hypotension results as venous return is decreased to the heart. HYPOVOLEMIC NEUROGENIC SEPTIC
SEPTIC Septic shock is the result of a widespread inflammatory response to an infectious agent. The infectious agents often produce toxins that disrupt circulation. As circulation is disrupted, hypotension and decreased perfusion of tissues occurs.
A patient with a severe systemic infection is displaying hypoxemia and elevated lactate levels, along with an altered mental state. Which type of shock is the patient most at risk for experiencing? Cardiogenic Hypovolemic Septic Neurogenic
Septic
A nurse is reviewing hypovolemic shock causes. Which of the following is an unlikely cause of hypovolemic shock? Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) release Internal hemorrhaging Crushing injury in lower extremities preventing blood return Severe dehydration
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) release
Which of the following characteristics will be present if the patient is experiencing "warm shock"? The patient will complain of feeling too hot and begin to remove clothing. The patient appears pink and the skin feels warm to the touch. The patient's only sign is an elevated temperature. The patient has decreased blood pressure.
The patient appears pink and the skin feels warm to the touch.
A patient presents at the emergency department in shock. Blood glucose levels are elevated. Which of the following may explain this development relative to the state of shock? The patient has diabetes mellitus. The patient has recently eaten. The patient has increased insulin sensitivity. The patient has released the stress hormones cortisol and epinephrine.
The patient has released the stress hormones cortisol and epinephrine.
A patient has been evaluated and is believed to be in a period of compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome (CARS). Which of the following is the correct interpretation? The patient is displaying elevated immune response to injury. The patient has developed sepsis. The patient is at increased risk for infection. The patient is heading into adult respiratory distress syndrome.
The patient is at increased risk for infection.
A condition associated with increased bleeding and clotting is ______________. disseminated intravascular coagulation acute respiratory distress kidney failure liver failure
disseminated intravascular coagulation
In adult respiratory distress syndrome, ____________________. hypoventilation is the first sign serum creatinine increases blood urea nitrogen increases the lungs have difficulty oxygenating the blood
the lungs have difficulty oxygenating the blood
A clinician suspects disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in a patient. Which of the following would support this conclusion? Elevated D-dimer Reduced prothrombin time (PT) Thrombocytosis Less blood loss from wound than expected
Elevated D-dimer
This or That? Select the best answer for each statement regarding organ failure. If CARS develops, the functionality of the immune system _____________. DECREASES INCREASES
DECREASES CARS stands for compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome and is the development of suppressed immune function often leading to increased risk for infection. CARS often follows SIRS, which is an initial overwhelming inflammatory response to severe injury or insult. This overwhelming immune response then causes the suppressed immune function associated with CARS.
Azotemia, shock, acid-base imbalances, and significant coagulation abnormalities occur during which stage of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome? Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 1 Stage 2
Stage 3
Which of the following may appear in anaphylactic shock but be absent in other forms of shock? Decreasing blood pressure Tachycardia Stridor and wheezing Underlying systemic infection
Stridor and wheezing
If a patient is diagnosed with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), which of the following is occurring? Shock Suppression of SNS activity Increased clotting and increased bleeding Widespread inflammatory response
Widespread inflammatory response
Which of the following is true in regard to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)? MODS is easily reversed. Most patients postsurgery progress to transient MODS. MODS is the leading cause of death in the intensive care unit (ICU). The etiology and progression of MODS is clearly understood.
MODS is the leading cause of death in the intensive care unit (ICU).
A patient has developed adult respiratory distress syndrome. Which of the following has been shown to improve survival? Mechanical ventilation Steroids Surgical resection of lungs Opioids
Mechanical ventilation
Which of the following statements about adult respiratory distress syndrome are true? Select all that apply. Chest X-rays are ineffective for diagnosis. Acute onset of bilateral pulmonary infiltrates develops. Medications, such as corticosteroids, are a primary treatment. Oxygen administration is normally required and reverses the disease progression. Mechanical ventilation is often required.
Medications, such as corticosteroids, are a primary treatment. Oxygen administration is normally required and reverses the disease progression. Mechanical ventilation is often required.
A patient in a state of hypovolemic shock is most likely to present with which acid-base imbalance? Respiratory acidosis Respiratory alkalosis Metabolic acidosis Metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
This or That? Can you differentiate between the different stages and types of shock? Based on each description, select the correct stage or type. In this type of shock, parasympathetic-drive bradycardia must be counteracted. Atropine, an anticholinergic agent, may be given. Vasoconstrictors and fluid may be administered to maintain blood pressure. CARDIOGENIC HYPOVOLEMIC NEUROGENIC
NEUROGENIC In neurogenic shock, decreased responsiveness of the cardiac system occurs with sympathetic nervous system disruption. Normally, the sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate to compensate for low blood pressure. If the sympathetic nervous system is not functioning properly, this does not occur as needed. Thus, treatments center on maintain adequate heart rate by blocking parasympathetic bradycardia and using vasoconstrictors to maintain blood pressure.
This or That? Can you differentiate between the different stages and types of shock? Based on each description, select the correct stage or type. In this type of shock, disruption of the sympathetic nervous system, as occurs in spinal cord or brain injury, causes widespread vasodilation. The body is unable to compensate for decreases in blood pressure as expected because of disruption of the sympathetic nervous system. CARDIOGENIC HYPOVOLEMIC NEUROGENIC
NEUROGENIC In neurogenic shock, disruption of the nervous system, specifically the sympathetic nervous system, results in dysfunction of the circulatory system.
This or That? Can you differentiate between the different stages and types of shock? Based on each description, select the correct stage or type. In this stage of shock, decreased perfusion of kidney, liver, and GI tract develop. Decreased urination and buildup of waste products in the blood occurs. INITIAL PROGRESSIVE IRREVERSIBLE
PROGRESSIVE In the progressive stage of shock, the body compensates for circulatory failure by initiating vasoconstriction to tissues such as the GI tract, liver, and kidneys. The decreased perfusion of the kidneys results in reduced urine formation and decreased removal of waste products from the blood.
Which of the following signs and symptoms are indications of the body's attempt to compensate for hypovolemic shock? Select all that apply. Bradycardia Pale, cool skin Elevated respirations Decreased urine output Peripheral vasodilation
Pale, cool skin Elevated respirations Decreased urine output
A nurse is reviewing a patient's arterial blood gas values. Which of the following would be most indicative of adult respiratory distress syndrome? Partial pressure of oxygen is 90 mm Hg and partial pressure of carbon dioxide is 35 mm Hg Partial pressure of oxygen is 80 mm Hg and partial pressure of carbon dioxide is 30 mm Hg Partial pressure of oxygen is 60 mm Hg and partial pressure of carbon dioxide is 50 mm Hg Partial pressure of oxygen is 90 mm Hg and partial pressure of carbon dioxide is 40 mm Hg
Partial pressure of oxygen is 60 mm Hg and partial pressure of carbon dioxide is 50 mm Hg
This or That? Can you differentiate between the different stages and types of shock? Based on each description, select the correct stage or type. In this type of shock, multiple specialists are involved in the treatment. Appropriate antibiotics are needed, and vasoconstrictors and/or respiratory support may be required. Some cases must be resolved with surgery. Control of hyperglycemia is critical. NEUROGENIC ANAPHYLACTIC SEPTIC
SEPTIC Septic shock treatment involves a multidisciplinary team approach. Antibiotics are essential when the infection is bacterial in nature. Surgical removal of the source of infection may be necessary. Control of hyperglycemia through IV insulin is required. Other approaches such as vasoconstrictors, respiratory, and renal support may be needed.
A nurse comments that a patient is displaying an overwhelming immune response to trauma. Which acronym would apply to the nurse's statement? SIRS CARS MODS APACHE
SIRS