Ch. 5: Civil Rights

Which group of women experiences the largest wage gap?

Asian American

________________ people account for about ________________ of prisoners but only about twelve percent of the U.S. population.

Black, one-third

Place the following cases relating to gay and lesbian civil rights in order, from oldest to most recent.

Bowers v. Hardwick, Romer v. Evans, Lawrence v. Texas, Obergefell vs. Hodges

In the landmark 1954 Supreme Court ruling of ____________, the Court overturned _______________ and declared that "separate but equal are inherently unequal."

Brown v. Board of Education, Plessy v. Ferguson

Which of the following statements are true regarding the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program?

DACA is a temporary shield that allows undocumented immigrants to remain in the U.S. to work or study & The Trump administration sought to dismantle the DACA program, and the Biden administration has sought to secure the program through litigation.

What challenges did African Americans face in the years immediately after the Brown v. Board of Education decision in 1954?

Employment discrimination against African Americans persisted & Housing remained racially segregated & Many African Americans still could not exercise their right to vote.

(True or False) After the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, protests shifted to focusing on public accommodations.

False

(True or False) Most of the civil rights protests were about voting rights.

False

(True or False) The Equal Rights Amendment was added to the Constitution in 1972.

False

(True or False) The Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause requires that everyone be treated equally.

False

What was the primary outcome of the Seneca Falls Convention?

The convention called for women to have the right to vote

How did Dred Scott v. Sanford influence civil rights in the United States?

The decision denied civil rights to all Black people

Put these major moments from civil rights history in order from earliest to most recent.

The fourteenth amendment is ratified, Plessy v. Ferguson is decided by the Supreme Court, Brown v. Board of Education is decided by the Supreme Court, the twenty-fourth amendment is ratified, the voting rights act is passed

What is the goal of affirmative action?

The goal of affirmative action is to redress past injustices against specified groups by providing members of those groups with access to educational or employment opportunities

Identify the correct and incorrect statements about America's immigrants.

The majority of immigrants are lawful permanent residents or naturalized citizens & More immigrants in America have an authorized legal status than unauthorized.

Why was Brown v. Board of Education a significant case?

It overturned the separate but equal doctrine established by Plessy v. Ferguson & It signaled that the Court was willing to apply the strict scrutiny test in cases involving racial discrimination.

What effect did the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 have?

It prohibits discrimination in employment, housing, and healthcare & It called for making all public businesses accessible to those with disabilities.

___________, which criminalized racial intermarriage and segregated railroad travel, were enacted by southern states following Reconstruction. These laws were upheld by the Supreme Court in _______________, which established the "separate but equal" rule.

Jim Crow Laws, Plessy v. Ferguson

Put the regions or countries in order from those representing the lowest percentage of immigrants to the highest.

Middle East and North Africa, Central America, Europe and North America, Mexico, Asia

Social Movement Action

Montgomery, Alabama, bus boycotts (1955) & Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "Letter from a Birmingham Jail" & Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee formed to organize protests, sit-ins, freedom rides

What contributed to the expansion of civil rights for African Americans after World War II?

NAACP lawyers won several important court cases & Congress made it illegal for southern states to force African Americans to use separate public facilities & Intense, well-organized support in the form of protests, boycotts, and other direct-action campaigns helped expand civil rights.

Which of the following statements about the civil rights of Native Americans are correct?

Native American reservations are not subject to state laws prohibiting gambling

What 1890s Supreme Court case limited the influence of the Fourteenth Amendment?

Plessy v. Ferguson

Political and Legal action

President Eisenhower sending 101st Airborne Division to Little Rock, Arkansas, to enforce the integration of Central High School & Voting Rights Act of 1965 & Brown v. Board of Education (1954) & Civil Rights Act of 1964

Place the following affirmative action policy changes in order from oldest to most recent.

President Johnson promotes minority employment among the federal civil service and companies doing business with the US government, the federal government makes affirmative action a prominent goal, the Supreme Court subjects affirmative action policies to strict scrutiny

Which of the following statements regarding the civil rights of Asian Americans are correct and which are incorrect?

Several Western states passed laws denying Japanese immigrants the right to own property, and after Japan's the attack on Pearl Harbor, 120,000 people of Japanese descent—including 90,000 American citizens—were forcibly confined in internment prisons & The Civil Liberties Act of 1988 acknowledged the forced removal and internment of Japanese people as an injustice and provided reparations of $20,000 to each surviving Japanese American & In 1870, Congress declared Chinese immigrants ineligible for citizenship, and in 1882 the first Chinese Exclusion Act suspended the entry of Chinese laborers.

What was the effect of the Supreme Court's ruling in Shelby County v. Holder?

States previously required to get preclearance for changes to their voting laws (such as Texas and Alabama) are no longer required to do so

Which of the following statements about the civil rights of Asian Americans are true?

The Civil Liberties Act of 1988 acknowledged the internment of Japanese Americans as a "grave injustice" and provided reparations of $20,000 to each surviving Japanese American & The first Chinese Exclusion Act suspended the entry of Chinese laborers

In what ways did the Supreme Court weaken affirmative action laws?

The Court decided that affirmative action policies must survive strict scrutiny & The Court ruled that particular affirmative action policies violate the Fourteenth Amendment.

outside strategy

The League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) airs a series of television advertisements aimed at shifting public opinion on the issue of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) & Black Lives Matter organized a series of nationwide protests to draw attention to police violence and to call for reforms to the criminal justice system.

In affirmative action cases, which of the following represent the Supreme Court's position?

The Supreme Court has ruled that minority status may be considered as one of many factors in university admissions. & The Supreme Court has ruled that the government does have a compelling interest in promoting diversity.

Which amendment provides the most substantial grounding for modern civil rights legislation?

14

Which amendment formally guaranteed all women in the United States the right to vote?

19

When did affirmative action programs start?

1960s

inside strategy

A coalition of civil rights groups, including the NAACP and Disability Rights Education & Defense Fund, sends a letter to Congress urging them to immediately pass the John Lewis Voting Rights Advancement Act to ensure everyone has an equal right to vote & Lambda Legal files a motion in court to stop a directive ordering the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services to investigate parents who work with medical professionals to provide their transgender children with gender-affirming care.

strict scrutiny example

A state college has created a scholarship that is only available to White, non-Hispanic students.

rational basis test example

A state has a law that bans individuals without a medical degree from practicing medicine.

intermediate scrutiny example

A state law restricts access to multi-user restrooms, locker rooms, and other sex-segregated facilities on the basis of a definition of sex or gender consistent with sex assigned at birth or "biological sex."

How are cases on affirmative action different from those such as Brown v. Board of Education and Loving v. Virginia?

Affirmative action programs disadvantage those in dominant majority groups & Affirmative action programs are designed to assist victims of past injustices.

Put the states in order from lowest percentage of foreign-born residents to highest percentage of foreign-born residents.

Alabama, Pennsylvania, Texas, New York

Which of the following does Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 do?

Title VII delegated powers to enforce fair-employment practices to the Justice Department's Civil Rights Division and to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) & Title VII makes it unlawful to discriminate in employment on the basis of color, religion, sex, national origin, and race.

What congressional action did the Supreme Court use as their foundation for opposing sexual harassment?

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

Put the following events from the history of Latino civil rights in chronological order, from earliest to most recent.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Leage of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) founded, Mendez v. Westminster, Cesar Chavez leads United Farm Workers in protests

(True or False) Increasing demonstrations and protests heightened public pressure for the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965.

True

(True or False) No Supreme Court ruling or national legislation explicitly protected gay and lesbian people from discrimination until 1996.

True

(True or False) Social movements sometimes pursue both inside and outside strategies to achieve their goals.

True

(True or False) The Chicano Power movement, which was the social and political movement of mostly Mexican Americans focused on organizing against discrimination and repressive policing, organized a series of school walkouts where thousands of students demanded bilingual education, an end to discrimination, and greater cultural recognition

True

(True or False) The Civil Rights Act of 1964 addressed many concerns related to public accommodations.

True

(True or False) The Fair Housing Act, which was aimed at ending discrimination in housing, had little effect at first due to challenges with enforcement.

True

(True or False) The Supreme Court considers diversity in education a compelling government interest.

True

(True or False) The formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee in 1960 led to a wave of new protests.

True

(True or False) The percentage of college students who are women has stayed the same or increased every decade since the 1960s.

True

Islamophobia, or the fear of and discrimination against Islam or people who practice Islam, has led to organizations like the Council on American-Islamic Relations advocating at the federal, state, and local levels for legislation that protects Arab or Muslim rights.

True

Which of the following statements about civil rights is true?

What "equal protection" means and which groups should be protected has evolved over time

It's 1968, and although you had previously been forced to pay a poll tax to vote, that requirement has now been ended. What directly caused this change?

a constitutional amendment

Since the 1970s, what have been the three tracks of the Latino political strategy for achieving equality?

a legal strategy using civil rights laws designed to ensure fair access to the political system & mass mobilization & voter registration and voting along ethnic lines

Thirteenth

abolished slavery

What services and protections does the United States provide to unauthorized immigrants?

access to K-12 education & access to emergency medical care

repeal of "Don't Ask, Don't Tell"

allowed gay men and women to serve openly in the military

Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools

allowed monetary damages for Title IX violations

Fair Housing Act

allowed the government to initiate legal action in cases of housing discrimination

In 2003, the Supreme Court ruled on two different University of Michigan cases related to affirmative action. They ruled that it was __________________ to use race as one of a number of considerations while also ruling that it was ________________ to give minority applicants a specific number of bonus points in the application scoring system.

constitutional, unconstitutional

In the 1960s, the federal government proposed _______________ programs, but in the 1970s the government proposed ______________

desegregation, integration

Brown v. Board of Education

ended the era of "separate but equal" schools,

Americans' civil rights are grounded in which clause in the Constitution?

equal protection

Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act

established sexual harassment as a form of sex discrimination

After the Civil War, three amendments to the Constitution ______________ civil rights for African Americans. Once Reconstruction ended, however, _______________ severely restricted the rights of African Americans, with _____________ states taking the lead in segregating many public facilities.

expanded, Jim Crow laws, southern

Lawrence v. Texas

extended the right of privacy, as related to intimate contact, to sexual minorities

Fourteenth

guaranteed equal protection of the laws

Obergefell v. Hodges

guaranteed same-sex couples the right to marry in all states

Fifteenth

guaranteed voting rights for Black men

de jure

legally enforced practice of segregation

In the 1970s, the federal government made several policy changes that had an important impact on the rights of many Asian Americans. Which policy areas changed, in particular?

literacy tests & language of education

Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Act

made it easier for employees to sue in cases of wage discrimination

Equal Pay Act of 1963

made wage discrimination illegal

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed job discrimination based on gender and race

civil liberties

protection from government infringement upon an individual's right to burn the American flag in protest & limitations on what government can do

Which level of scrutiny makes it easiest for the government to discriminate against a subset of citizens?

rational basis test

Order these levels of scrutiny under the Equal Protection Clause from the lowest scrutiny to the highest scrutiny.

rational basis test, intermediate scrutiny, strict scrutiny

Civil _____________ are guarantees of equal opportunity and protections that are constitutionally protected, often requiring an expansion of government power to take positive action. In court cases involving claims of discrimination, an individual or entity is expected to provide sufficient evidence that discrimination has occurred, which is known as the _____________

rights, burden of proof

A 1971 Supreme Court case held that busing children across school districts could be a remedy for ___________. In subsequent decisions, the Court has _______________ its support for busing children

school segregation, weakened

de facto

segregation that occurs by practices that aren't legally mandated. segregation resulting from housing patterns & schools where students are predominantly of one race because of who lives in the neighborhood

___________ are sustained campaigns by disadvantaged populations in support of a political or social goal. Civil rights groups seek to promote change and to further the rights of disadvantaged populations through _____________

social movements, collective action

Which level of scrutiny must affirmative action policies now meet?

strict

civil rights

students' rights to attend desegregated schools & guarantees of equal opportunity and protection for all citizens

Which of the following cases of discrimination would be subject to strict scrutiny?

the U.S. government ordering people of Japanese descent into internment camps & a university using race as part of its holistic admissions procedures

intermediate scrutiny

the level of scrutiny used for cases that deal with gender-based and discrimination claims

strict scrutiny

the level of scrutiny used for cases that deal with racially based discrimination claims

rational bias

the lowest level of scrutiny applied by the courts

Place the following groups in the order that they received the right to vote, according to national law, from first to last.

white men, black men, women