CH 5 LEARNSMART PEER GROUPS

Aggressive adolescents who have few friends, and few aggressive friends in particular, are likely to become (more/less) antisocial over time.

less

Adolescents and their friends generally ______.

listen to the same type of music and dress alike

Troy is considered very good looking by most of his peers. Gage is a star football and baseball player. These traits are examples of ______.

perceived popularity

The determinants of (sociometric/perceived) popularity are highly variable.

perceived

What proportion of American adolescents report having been physically bullied at some time during the past year?

One-third

Regarding friendships, similarity in attitudes toward school, school achievement, and educational plans tends to be especially true among ______ adolescents. (Select all that apply.)

Asian White

Which of the following helps explain the rapid growth of the teenage population between 1955 and 1975?

Baby boom

Which of the following aggressive adolescents will likely be more popular among peers?

Casey, who uses aggression strategically

Which of the following is an explanation for why cliques of boys and girls begin to mix?

Dating provides a basis for common activity.

Female adolescents who hang around with gangs are likely to be involved in which of the following?

Drug use High-risk sexual behavior Crime

Research indicates that (ethnicity/SES) is a far more powerful determinant of friendship patterns.

Ethnicity

Which of the following characteristics of popularity is also critical for establishing friendships?

Having good social skills

The transition from same-sex groups to mixed-sex groups is associated with a(n) (increase/decrease) in alcohol and drug use among females and a(n) (increase/decrease) in alcohol use among males.

Increase; increase

Which of the following statements about peer harassment is true?

It can be either direct or indirect.

Jen is considered a popular student at Tremont High, whereas Sarah is considered an unpopular student. Which of the following statements about Jen and Sarah is true?

Jen is more likely than Sarah to have close, intimate friendships.

Harrison hangs out with a deviant peer group. Marlo has no friends at school. Which of the following statements about these boys is true?

Marlo will feel more lonely than Harrison.

Identify two types of popularity.

Perceived Sociometric

In what type of society is cultural change slowest?

Postfigurative

Sociometric popularity is determined mainly by which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Social skills Friendliness Sense of humor

Which of the following statements about popularity and aggression is true?

Some aggressive adolescents are quite popular.

______ refer(s) to the period following World War II, during which the number of infants born was extremely large.

The baby boom

The amount of status or prestige someone has is called ___ popularity.

perceived

During the transition to adolescence, there is a dramatic drop in the amount of time young people spend with parents. For boys, this is mainly replaced by time ______, whereas for girls, it is replaced by time _______.

alone; alone and with friends

"______" are not involved in either the peer culture or adult institutions.

burnouts

Bridget, Fawn, Emily, Tara, and Valencia are good friends who study together several times a week. They eat lunch together every day at school and spend most of their weekends together. These girls are part of a ______.

clique

Sophomores Brandon and Jayson like to hang out with Cara and Lydia, their friends on student council. The four students are considered a ______.

clique

___ popularity refers to how well-liked someone is.

sociometric

Sex segregation in adolescence ______.

weakens with age

______ is such a strong influence that it often serves as the basis for forming cross-ethnic friendships.

Substance use

Laura is planning her school schedule for next fall. She is debating whether or not to take an advanced math course. Which of the following will have the most significant impact on Laura's decision?

Whether or not her friends are taking an advanced math class

During ______, cliques tend to be composed of individuals of the same sex. (Select all that apply.)

early adolescence middle adolescence

Adolescents' cliques show (low/moderate/high) stability over the course of the school year.

moderate

Adolescents spend (more/less) time with peers than adults.

more

Nathan is an aggressive, antisocial teenager. His two best friends, Jaron and Denny, are also aggressive and antisocial. Over time, Nathan will become (more/less) aggressive and antisocial.

more

Over the course of childhood, boys and girls become (more/less) concerned about behaving in ways judged to be sex-appropriate.

more

According to Margaret Mead, cultures that socialize children almost exclusively through contact with the culture's elders are known as ___ cultures.

postfigurative

Which of the following adolescent groups are very involved in the peer culture, as well as involved in the institutions valued by adults? (Select all that apply.)

"Jocks" "Populars"

According to research, which of the following students is likely to report the highest degree of discrimination by peers?

Nio, who is Asian

According to a recent comprehensive review, physical bullying is ______ electronic bullying.

about twice as common as

Educators first developed the idea of free public education, with students grouped by age, a practice known as ______.

age grading

Micah, age 15, has difficulty controlling his hostility toward peers. However, he becomes very anxious about initiating friendships with other adolescents. Micah would be considered ______.

aggressive and withdrawn

___ are small groups of between 2 and 12 individuals that are generally of the same sex and the same age.

cliques

Membership in a (crowd/club/gang/posse) is often the basis for an adolescent's identity.

crowd

Bullying that occurs over the Internet or via cell phones is called ___

cyberbullying

Danica has started receiving threatening text messages from a classmate, Claire. Claire threatens to beat Danica up and starts several Facebook rumors about Danica. Danica is a victim of ______.

cyberbullying

Jacob and Ian, both 16 years old, have been in trouble with the law for underage drinking, selling marijuana, and breaking into cars. Recently, a new student, Gabe, started at their school. While in detention with Jacob and Ian, Gabe talked about his parents taking him out of his other school because he was caught drinking and smoking marijuana with his friends. Jacob and Ian then chimed in, excitedly telling Gabe about their delinquent behavior. This example illustrates ______.

deviance training

___ is a type of research in which individuals are observed in their natural settings.

ethnographic

Professor Hilton is interested in peer relationships during adolescence. He believes that the best way to understand how peers interact is to observe them in their natural settings, such as at the mall and at school. Professor Hilton conducts ______.

ethnographic research

True or false: Antisocial adolescents rarely have any friends.

false

Organized peer groups of antisocial individuals are called ___

gangs

(Boys/Girls) are more aware of relational aggression, are more distressed by it, and are more often the victims of it.

girls

Age ___ is the process of grouping individuals within social institutions on the basis of age.

grading

Sixteen-year-old Chance, who is aggressive, engages in promiscuous sex, and drinks alcohol regularly, is popular among many of his peers. According to research, as Chance transitions to adulthood, he will ______.

have more interpersonal and behavioral problems than his peers

The tendency to interpret ambiguous interactions with others as deliberately hostile is called ___ ___ ___

hostile attribution bias

While playing soccer during physical education class, Byron ran into Drake as he was chasing the ball. Drake fell, jumped back up angrily, and raced after Byron to tackle him. When the teacher intervened, Byron explained that he was simply playing the game and accidentally ran into Drake. Drake argued that Byron's behavior was intentional and yelled, "I should have punched him in the face for it!" Drake is demonstrating ______.

hostile attributional bias

The undesirable consequences of well-intentioned treatments are called ___ effects.

iatrogenic

Group-based interventions for adolescents with conduct problems usually (increase/decrease) participants' problem behavior.

increase

Leo, who is in a clique with four other boys, actively dislikes school. The boys frequently complain about their teachers, homework, and detentions. Today, Leo received a 90% on a difficult science exam. His teacher praised him for his effort and encouraged him to keep up the good work. Leo is likely to feel ______ about the grade and the teacher's comments.

indifferent

___ aggression is aggressive behavior that is deliberate and planned.

instrumental

Adolescents' online friends are (less/more) similar in age than the friends they make in school.

less

Sandra is an early adolescent. If she is like most adolescents her age, her clique will be composed of people who are ______. (Select all that apply.)

of the same ethnicity of the same sex

Antisocial, aggressive adolescents ______.

often gravitate toward each other

Compared to children, adolescents have increasing contact with ______.

other-sex peers

Ethnographic research is (quantitative/qualitative)

qualitative

A ___ group is one against which an individual compares himself or herself.

reference

Teenagers who are high in perceived popularity tend to ______.

reject less popular teenagers

Like boys, girls act aggressively toward peers, but unlike boys, girls' aggression is often ______.

relational

Ellen and Daisy are part of a clique that is known for gossiping and spreading rumors. They frequently target other girls by excluding them from social activities, trying to damage their reputation, and withdrawing their attention and friendship from girls who were formerly part of the clique. Ellen and Daisy are demonstrating characteristics of ______.

relational aggression

One challenge associated with determining rates of bullying is that ______.

researchers define bullying in different ways

Adolescents and their friends tend to be similar in ______. (Select all that apply.)

school achievement educational plans their attitudes toward school

Among all the characteristics of friends that influence the behavior of adolescents, the ______ of their friends has the greatest effect.

school performance

Age segregation in adolescents' cliques result mostly from the structure of their ______.

schools

The most important influence on the composition of cliques is ______.

similarity

In most high schools, ______.

there are very few ethnically mixed cliques

True or false: Adolescent crowds serve as reference groups.

true

True or false: Although the actual composition of adolescent cliques may shift over time, the defining characteristics of their cliques do not.

true

True or false: Ethnicity is not a strong determinant of clique composition during childhood.

true

True or false: Marla is highly physically aggressive. Compared to Belle, who engages in high rates of relational aggression, Marla will show more maladjustment.

true

True or false: Witnessing the harassment of others appears to buffer some of the harmful effects of being victimized.

true

Sex segregation is stronger among (White/Black) students.

white

___ adolescents are shy, anxious, and inhibited. They are also frequently targeted by bullies.

withdrawn

Being singled out for harassment feels (better/worse) than being just one of many who are picked on.

worse

One reason for sex segregation in adolescent peer groups concerns ______.

young adolescents' sensitivity about sex roles