ch. 5 part a

Only part of the energy released in catabolism is actually available for cellular functions bc....

of the energy is lost to the environment as heat

what is exergonic

produce more energy than they consume

what is catalysts

substances that can be speed up a chemical reaction without being permanently altered themselves

what is example of substrate

sucrose(table sugar) is the substrate fo the enzyme sucrase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose

what is catabolism

the breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler ones

can metabolism be divided into 2 classes of chemical reactions

true

does each chemical reaction requires a specific level of energy

true

what does dehydration synthesis reactions release

water

What is an example of catabolism?

when cells break down sugars into carbon dioxide and H20.

cell's metabolic pathways are determined by its enzymes

which are in turn determined by the cell's genetic makeup

for reactions to take place

atoms, ions, or molecules must collide

what are the building blocks for anabolic reactions and furnish the energy needed to drive anabolic reactions

catabolic reactions

what energy is required for a chemical reaction

collision energy

what is enzyme-substrate complex

formed by the temporary binding of enzyme and reactants enables the collisions to be more effective and lowers the activation energy of the reaction

what are enzymes

in living cells serve as biological catalysts

what is the function of enzymes

is to speed up biochemical reactions at a temperature that is compatible with the normal functioning of the cell

enzymes are

large globular proteins in molecular weight form about 10000 to several million

what does biosynthetic reactions generate

materials for cell growth

higher the particles' velocities

more probable that their collision will cause a reaction

if colliding particles posses the mininum energy needed for reaction

no reaction will take place unless the particles are properly oriented toward each other

what are the 2 classes of chemical reactions can metabolism be divided

1) those that release energy 2) those that require energy

what is link between children getting cavities in the middle of the summer?

Dental caries are caused by oral streptococci, including S. mutans, S. salivarius, and S. sobrinus, that attach to tooth surfaces. Oral streptococci ferment sucrose and produce lactic acid, which lowers the salivary ph.

enzyme orients the substrate into

a position that increases the probability of a reaction

what is active site

a region that interacts with a specific chemical substance

what are examples of anabolism?

1)formation of proteins from amino acids 2)nucleic acids from nucleotides 3)polysaccharides from simple sugars

energy-requiring and energy-releasing reactions is made possible thru what molecule

adenosine triphosphate(atp)

the energy from catabolic reactions used to combine adp and a p(i) to resynthesize atp:

adp + p(i) + energy > ATP

what is basis of collision theory is that

all atoms, ions, and molecules are continuously moving and are thus continuously colliding with one another

anabolic reactions are coupled to ATP breakdown, and catabolic reactions are coupled to what synthesis

atp

why can metabolism be viewed as energy-balancing act

because chemical reactions either release or require energy

what is the solution to dental caries?

bubblegum switched with a sugarless gum made with xylitol, a naturally occuring sugar alcohol, can significantly lower the number of dental caries in children bc it lowers the number of S. mutans in the mouth

what is anabolism?

building of complex organic molecules into simpler ones

why does temperature increase the reaction rate of a substance

by causing the molecules to move faster, heat increases both the frequency of collisions and the number of molecules that attain activation energy

What are hydrolytic reactions?

catabolic reactions which use water and which chemical bonds are broken

Atp stores energy derived from catabolic reactions and releases it later to drive what reaction and perform other cellular work

anabolic reactions

Enzyme-regulated energy requiring reactions are mostly

anabolism

what is endergonic

consume more energy than they produce

what is substrate

each acts on a specific substance when there are two or more reactants

What are anabolic processes

endergonic

when the terminal phosphate group is split from atp, adenosine diphospate(adp) is formed

energy is released to drive anabolic reactions

principal properties of a group of proteins involved in almost all biologically important chemical reactions

enzymes

as catalysts

enzymes are specific

what is a catabolic or degradative reaction?

enzymes needed to metabolize a nutrient are produced only when needed

as catalysts,

enzymes typically acclerate chemical reactions

what is collision theory

explains how chemical reactions occur and how certain factors affect the rates of those reactions

because cell must use energy to maintain life, new what

external sources of energy

chemical reactions occur when chemical bonds

formed or broken

what is reaction rate

frequency of collisions containing sufficient energy to bring about a reaction-depends on the number of reactant molecules at or above the activation energy level

what is activation energy

which is the amount of energy to disrupt the stable electronic configuration of any specific molecule so that the electrons can be rearranged

When pressure is increased or when the reactants are more concentrated because the distance between molecules is thereby decreased

number of collisions also increases

what is metabolism

refers to the sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism

each known enzymes has a characteristic 3 dimensinal shape with a specific surface configuration

result of its primary, secondary, tertiary structures

what is metabolic pathways

sequences of chemical reactions

why is it important for the enzyme's ability to accerlate a reaction without the need for an increase in temperature to living systems

significant temperature increase would destory cellular proteins

what does the enzyme do to the reaction by increasing the number of AB molecules that attain sufficient activation energy to react

speeds up

population of molecules of substance AB, at specific temperature, some molecules possess relatively little energy;

the majority of the population possesses relatively little energy; and a small portion of the population has high energy

what are anabolic or biosynthetic reaction

the production of complex molecules within living organisms or cells

what enables each enzyme to find the correct substrate from among the large number of divers molecules in the cell

the unique configuration

several factors determine whether a collision will cause a chemical reaction:

the velocities of the colliding particles, their energy, and their specific chemical configurations

the energy transferred by the particles in the collision can disrupt

their electron structures enough to break chemical bonds or form new bonds

what is the specifity of enzymes is made possible by what

their structure

for example, if only the high-energy AB molecules are able to react and converted to A and B molecules,

then only relatively few molecules at any one time possess enough energy to react in a collision

molecules of substance AB(the reactant) are converted

to molecules of substances A and B (the products)

what is one way to increase the reaction rate of a substance

to raise its temperature

Catabolism involved in the enzyme-related chemical reactions that release energy in living cells

true

Does anabolic processes involve dehydration synthesis

true

In living systems, enzymes increase the reaction rate without raising the temperature

true