Ch 6

True or false: Protein synthesis is the process of altering the three-dimensional structure of a protein.

False Reason: Denaturation is the process of altering the three-dimensional structure of a protein.

______ protein is an example of a plant-based protein that does meet essential amino acid needs.

Soy

True or false: Exceeding the RDA for protein may contribute to increased body fat.

True Reason: Excess calories - no matter what source - can be stored as fat.

Vitamin C helps with the absorption of

iron.

Victims of the type of protein-calorie malnutrition known as ______ have a "skin and bones" appearance with little or no subcutaneous fat.

marasmus

A(n) ______ amino acid is one that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts.

nonessential Reason: An essential amino acid is one that we must get from the foods we eat as our bodies do not make them.

True or false: The body links amino acids with peptide bonds to form lipids.

False Reason: The body links amino acids with peptide bonds to form proteins.

True or false: The risk of death from chronic diseases is higher in vegetarians.

False Reason: Vegetarians have a lower risk of death from chronic diseases.

Which of the following are functions of protein?

Fluid balance Blood clotting Production of enzymes and hormones

Select the foods that would be good sources of calcium for a person who follows a vegan dietary pattern.

Fortified soy milk Calcium-fortified tofu Fortified orange juice

Which type of malnutrition is characterized by edema, mild or moderate weight loss, and fatty liver?

Kwashiorkor

Which type of protein-calorie malnutrition leads to severe muscle wasting and a "skin and bones" appearance?

Marasmus

Protein turnover is a process by which a cell can respond to its changing environment by

making proteins disassembling proteins

Soybean oil, seaweed, walnuts, and flax seeds are all good sources of ______ in a vegetarian diet.

omega-3 fatty acids

The body links amino acids with peptide bonds in order to form

proteins.

Proteins, while not typically used for supplying daily calorie needs, can supply the body with ______ kcal per gram.

4

What is the RDA of protein for a typical (154 lb.) man?

56 grams Reason: 154 lbs / 2.2 = 70 kg. 70 kg x 0.8 g/kg = 56 g

What is the process of altering the three dimensional structure of a protein by treatment with heat, enzymes, acids, bases, or agitation?

Denaturation

Which of the following are true statements about the functions of protein?

Protein is necessary for blood clotting, fluid balance and cell repair Protein serves multiple functions in the body

______ from plant-based foods help prevent chronic diseases.

Phytochemicals

When excess protein is consumed, excess amino acids can be

converted into glucose. metabolized as fuel. converted into ketones.

True or false: Changing a protein's shape can destroy its ability to function normally.

True Reason: This statement is true. By changing a protein's shape, its ability to function is destroyed and the protein loses its biological activity.

A diet rich in animal sources of protein may increase risk for cardiovascular disease because

foods of animal origin are often high in saturated fat. it is likely to be low in dietary fiber and phytochemicals.

A conditionally essential amino acid

is a nonessential amino acid that becomes essential during times of stress.

A ______ diet is a modified vegetarian diet that includes dairy products and eggs.

lactoovovegetarian

What macronutrient is a key component of the cells within the immune system and makes up many of the antibodies that defend the body from illness?

protein

The function of a protein is determined by the

protein's shape.

How do proteins contribute to acid-base balance of the blood?

pump ions into and out of cells serve as buffers that resist changes in pH

Which of these foods will a vegan eat?

Watermelon Tofu Vegetable oil

What is the best way to obtain all of the essential amino acids?

Whole foods Reason: Due to the risk of imbalance or toxicity, amino acids should be consumed in the form of whole foods rather than as supplements.

Enriched tofu, fortified soy milk, and fortified orange juice are all good sources of ______ in a vegan diet.

calcium

Phytochemicals have been implicated in prevention of

cancer. cardiovascular disease.

Vitamin B-12 is only found naturally and in abundance in foods of ______ origin.

Animal Reason: Vitamin B-12 only occurs naturally in animal foods and is not found in significant amounts in plant foods.

What are some good sources of omega-3 fatty acids in a plant-based diet?

Canola oil Soybean oil Flax seeds Walnuts

Which of the following are possible reasons people choose a vegetarian lifestyle?

Environmental preservation Religious beliefs Health benefits Ethical concerns

Which of the following cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts and must be included in the diet?

Essential amino acid Reason: A nonessential amino acid can be produced by the body and does not need to be a part of the diet.

______-protein diets can lead to kidney problems and are not recommended for people with (or at risk for) kidney disease.

High Reason: Low-protein diets are not harmful to the kidneys, but high-protein diets can be harmful to the kidneys, especially if someone has kidney disease.

Which of the following elements can be found in amino acids?

Nitrogen Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen

Which of the following is the amino acid that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts?

Nonessential

______ help regulate the acid-base balance in the blood.

Proteins Reason: Proteins help regulate the acid-base balance in blood because they pump chemical ions in and out of cells.

True or false: A diet high in animal protein can reduce a person's chance of developing cardiovascular disease.

False Reason: Excessive intake of animal protein can increase a person's chance for developing cardiovascular disease because of the high amount of cholesterol and saturated fat that are consumed.

True or false: The presence of proteins in the blood causes edema.

False Reason: Blood proteins help maintain body fluid balance. The presence of proteins inside the blood vessels attracts fluid from the extracellular space back into the blood.

True or false: There is very little risk involved in taking amino acids as supplements.

False Reason: Due to the risk of toxicity and protein imbalance, amino acids should be consumed as part of whole foods, rather than as supplements.

Which of the following are characteristics of kwashiorkor?

Fatty liver Lack of growth Edema

Which of the following meals would be acceptable for a lactoovovegetarian?

Spinach and artichoke lasagna with Alfredo sauce; Italian bread; iced tea Poached eggs; whole-wheat toast with jam; banana; orange juice

How does denaturation of a protein affect its function?

The protein loses its normal biological activity.

True or false: Proteins contribute to immune function.

True Reason: Proteins are a key component of the cells within the immune system. Antibodies are proteins produced by a type of white blood cell and these antibodies can help remove invaders from the body.

True or false: Amino acids serve as a source of nitrogen for the human body.

True Reason: Amino acids contain nitrogen bonded to carbon as a result of plants combining nitrogen from the soil with carbon.

Some people choose vegetarian dietary patterns as a way to improve their health.

True Reason: There are many potential health benefits linked to vegetarian dietary patterns, including reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer.

True or false: Vitamin B-12 is found primarily in animal foods.

True Reason: Vitamin B-12 is found naturally in animal foods. It is not found in significant amounts in plant foods.

A(n) ______ protein relates to food proteins that combine to make up for each other's inadequate supply of individual essential amino acids. When put together, the collective proteins supply a sufficient amount of all 9 essential amino acids.

complementary

What is it called when two sources of protein combine to form a complete protein, whereas by themselves, they supply an inadequate amount of essential amino acids?

complementary protein

There are times during an illness, injury, or wound healing when an amino acid that is normally not an essential amino acid might become one. This amino acid is called a(n)

conditionally essential amino acid.

When blood proteins are too low,

fluid leaks out of the blood vessels into extracellular spaces. Reason: The presence of protein inside the blood vessels attracts fluid, which helps to maintain blood volume and prevent edema.

A ______ dietary pattern is primarily plant-based, but does include dairy products.

lactovegetarian

How many pounds equate to 1 kilogram?

2.2

If Jonas weighs 154 pounds, how many kilograms does he weigh?

70 Reason: 154/2.2 = 70 kg

True or false: Adults need to consume abundant amounts of protein in order to meet the body's protein needs.

False Reason: An adult only needs to consume enough protein to replace what is lost daily as a result of protein breakdown.

What are some good sources of omega-3 fatty acids in a plant-based diet?

Parfait made with yogurt, granola, and blueberries Calcium-fortified orange juice Oatmeal with butter and brown sugar

True or false: Vitamin C helps with the absorption of iron.

True

True or false: Soy protein is a complete protein, which means it provides all nine essential amino acids.

True Reason: Most plant proteins are incomplete proteins, but soy and quinoa do provide all nine essential amino acids.

Who has a lower risk of developing cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and many forms of cancer?

Vegetarians Reason: Non-vegetarians are at higher risk of developing chronic diseases. Vegetarians have a lower risk because the foods they eat tend to be healthier for the body.

A high-protein diet can affect the kidneys by

contributing to kidney stones. increasing the production of urea.

The unique three-dimensional form of a protein dictates the _________ of each protein.

function

Protein ______ is the process by which cells break down old proteins and resynthesize new proteins so that the cell will have the proteins it needs to function at that time.

turnover

A(n) ______ is a "total vegetarian" who eats only plant foods and does not use animal products for any other purposes.

vegan