Ch. 6 & 7 psy test

IQ (intelligence quotient) is measured by an IQ test. The average IQ is _____.

100

Which of the following statements about gifted people is true?

They are defined as having a high IQ and/or an exceptional ability in an area.

Organic retardation is mental retardation caused by a genetic disorder or by brain damage.

True

The diagnosis of mental retardation (intellectual disability) must occur before the age of 18.

True

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.

after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

Tasks that require you to compare, contrast, or evaluate are using the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

analytical

Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior?

baby seeking food by rooting and suckling

In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus.

higher order

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?

knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

The average score on an IQ test is 100. In modern IQ testing, one standard deviation is 15 points. Someone with an IQ of 115 would be described as________.

one standard deviation above the mean

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?

punishment

In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus).

unconditioned response

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

The most common syndromes associated with intellectual disability are autism, Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD).

True

The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________.

analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

Lauren is gifted in the area of body movement. Her ability to balance and coordinate her body's movement enables her to do well in basketball, baseball, and field hockey. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?

bodily kinesthetic

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement.

continuous

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct?

He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.

________ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion.

John B. Watson

Which of the following statements BEST describes the general relationship between thinking and language?

Language is a tool that may be used in thinking, but it isn't the sole basis of thought.

According to Albert Bandura, ________.

Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs?

Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence?

Robert Sternberg

________intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation.

creative

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed interval

If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________.

increases

Scientists who study cognition are searching for ways to understand how we ________, organize, and utilize our conscious cognitive experiences without being aware of all of the unconscious work that our brains are doing.

integrate

In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence.

interpersonal; intrapersonal

A system for combining symbols so that an infinite number of meaningful statements can be made is called ________.

language

Which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate the model's behavior?

vicarious punishment

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

Who experimented with rats to demonstrate that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement?

Edward C. Tolman

Which of the following statements about Howard Gardner is false?

He believed discussing IQ as standard deviations from average was inaccurate.

Which of the following is an example of observational learning?

teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

What is the main idea of social learning theory?

One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

________ and ________ are powerful influences on both our thoughts and behaviors.

emotion; memory

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

negative reinforcement

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.

observational

In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed.

partial

According to Robert Sternberg, ________ is best described as "street smarts," or the ability to use information to get along in life. People who have it know how to be tactful, how to manipulate situations to their advantage, and how to use inside information to increase their odds of success.

practical

Sternberg has found that ________ intelligence is a good predictor of success in life but has a low relationship to ________ intelligence.

practical; analytical

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?

rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?

taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.

Three criteria must be met for a diagnosis of intellectual disability: significant limitation in general mental abilities (intellectual functioning), significant limitations in one or more areas of adaptive behavior across multiple environments (as measured by an adaptive behavior rating scale, i.e. communication, self-help skills, interpersonal skills, and more), and evidence that the limitations became apparent in childhood or adolescence. In genera (before the age of 18), people with intellectual disability have an IQ below _________.

70

To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule.

CS + UCS; continuous

In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response.

classical

Which of these is an element of the formal definition of intellectual disability?

difficulty adapting to everyday life

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

emotion can be a conditioned response

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

A mental deficit in which no evidence of organic brain damage can be found; individuals' IQs range from 55 to 70 is known as Cultural-familial retardation.

True

Intellectual Disability was referred to as mental retardation (MR) prior to the DSM-5. Intellectual disability is a condition with an onset in the developmental period of life and includes below-average general intellectual function and a lack of the skills necessary for independent daily living.

True

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

associational

Poor nutrition and medical care, poor living conditions, and a lack of intellectual support, are thought to lead to ________.

familial retardation