ch. 6 (test 2)

If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________.

increases

A classically conditioned negative reaction to a particular taste that has been associated with nausea or other illness is known as _____.

taste aversion

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.

According to Skinner's view of operant conditioning, reinforcement and punishment must come _____ the response.

after

Secondary reinforcers increase the probability of a response, and _____.

are based on prior learning of their reinforcing properties

the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

children learn aggressive behaviors by observing aggressive models

In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response.

classical

Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination?

conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement.

continuous reinforcement

Eli's grandmother gives him a Tootsie Roll every time she visits. When Eli sees his grandmother arriving, his mouth begins to water. In this example, the conditioned stimulus (CS) is ____.

grandma

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?

operant conditioning

Learning in which voluntary responses are controlled by their consequences is called _____.

operant conditioning

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?`

punishment

Which of the following is an example of a reflex: an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment?

the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

A(n) _____ is an unlearned reaction evoked by a stimulus without any learning.

unconditioned response

Any stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response without previous conditioning is a(n) _____.

unconditioned stimulus

Primary reinforcers _____.

usually satisfy a biological need

A _____ schedule of reinforcement provides reinforcement for a behavior in an unpredictable manner (e.g., the number or amount of response/reinforcement varies).

variable ratio