Ch. 7 and 8

As heritability is a proportion, the highest degree of heritability is ________ percent.

100

People who are gifted have an IQ of

130 or higher

Most adults reach their peak physical development during their _____.

20s

Intellectual disability (formerly called mental retardation) is a condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has an IQ of _____ and has difficulty adapting to everyday life.

70 or below

Twin studies by Trzaskowski and others in 2014 report that the heritability of intelligence is found to be as high as _____ percent.

75

______ are differences between individuals that stem not necessarily from their ages but for the historical period and society in which they were born and developed.

Cohort effects

_____ are mental categories used to group objects, events, and characteristics

Concepts

Which of the following is true of concepts?

Concepts provide clues about how to react to a particular object or experience.

_______ produces the single best solution to problem

Convergent thinking

______ involves the ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and to devise unconventional solutions to problems.

Creativity

______ involves reasoning from a general case that we know to be true to specific instance.

Deductive reasoning

_____ is a learning disability characterized by difficulty with learning to read fluently and with accurate comprehension, despite normal intelligence

Dyslexia

_____ is the proportion of observable differences in a group that can be explained by differences in the genes of the group's members.

Heritability

____ is the tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that we accurately predicted an outcome. It is sometimes referred to as the "I-knew-it-all-along effect."

Hindsight bias

____ refers to the tendency to two vivid stimuli, when they occur together, to become linked erroneously in memory.

Illusory correlation

Which of the following is true of babbling?

It is determined by biological readiness.

_____ is the specialization of function in one hemisphere of the brain or the other

Lateralization

_____ is an individual's level of intellectual development relative to that of others.

Mental age

_____ refers to a language's rules for word formation, whereas ____ refer to the meaning of words and sentences.

Morphology/semantics

_____ is caused by a genetic disorder.

Organic intellectual disability

____ is a language's sound system

Phonology

______ refers to a person's ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times.

Resilience

According to _____ there are three forms on intelligence, whereas according to _____ there are nine types of intelligences.

Sternberg's triarchic theory/Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences

_____ refers to a language's rules for combining words to form acceptable phrases and sentences.

Syntax

_____ is tendency to make judgements about group membership on physical appearances or the match between a person and one's stereotype of a group rather than on available base rate information.

The representativeness heuristic

According to Piaget, accommodation occurs when individuals

adjust their schemas to new information

A(n) _____ is a strategy that guarantees a solution to a problem.

algorithm

In the U.S., intelligence is defined as

an all-purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience

According to Erikson, theory of socioemotional developmental, establishing _____ is the key challenge of adolescence.

an identity

The ability to analyze, judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast are characteristics of _______

analytical

In everyday situations, finding and framing problems can be difficult because most real-life problems

are ill defined or vague

The tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of very specific but vivid information is known as

base rate neglect

Mindfulness means

being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities

Recognizing problems involves

being aware of and open to experiences

Which of the following indicates cognition in early adulthood?

being more realistic

Open-mindedness involves

being receptive to other ways of looking at things.

According to ______, as we age our cells become less capable of dividing

cellular-clock theory

Most individuals develop a clear understanding of their language's structure, as well as a large vocabulary, during

childhood

Which of the following is the correct sequence of the stages of prenatal development

conception, zygote, embryonic period, fetal period

Most children successfully acquire conservation skills during the _____ stage of cognitive development.

concrete operational

Which stage of cognitive development involves replacing intuitive reasoning with logical reasoning in concrete situations?

concrete operational

The tendency to search for and use information that supports our ideas rather than refutes them is known as _____.

confirmation bias.

According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, _____ intelligence predominantly involves the ability to design, invent, originate, and imagine

creative

In the context of creative thinking, _____ produces many solutions to the same problem.

divergent thinking

In the course of prenatal development, by the end of the _____ period, the heart begins to beat, the arms and legs become more differentiated, the face starts to form, and the intestinal tract appears in human beings.

embryonic

According to Jeffrey Arnett, the transitional period from adolescence to adulthood is described as

emerging adulthood

According to Erikson's theory of socioemotional development, _______ is the best way to build an infant's sense of trust.

engaging in establishing a sense that the world is a predictable and safe place

According to James Marcia, the two dimensions of identity are

exploration and commitment

children of permissive parents

fail to learn respect for others and have difficulty controlling their behavior.

Which of the following is the first step in the problem-solving process?

find and frame problems

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the ability to think about things that are not concrete, make predictions, and use logic to come up with hypotheses about the future is attained during the _____ stage

formal operational

A(n) ____ is a mental framework for understanding what it means to be male or female in one's culture.

gender schema

Which of the following pairs are correctly matched?

grief unfolds in four patterns - George Bonanno

When using the computer as an analogy to explain the relationship between cognition and the brain, the brain is described as the computer's _____ and cognition is described as its _____.

hardware/software

Which theory of aging has focused on the role of chronic stress in reducing immune-system functioning?

hormonal stress theory

According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to young children's

inability to take another person's perspective

Which of the following is the final stage of Erikson's socioemotional development?

integrity vs. despair

The sense of _____ is the most dangerous aspect of adolescent egocentrism.

invincibility

Standardization

involves developing uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test, as well as creating norms, or performance standards, for the test

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, formal operational thought is

logical, systematic, abstract, and idealistic

In a female embryo, what allows for the normal development of female sex organs?

low levels of androgens

cognitive psychology is the study of

mental processes

Schaie's longitudinal study of intellectual abilities showed that _____ is the period when most people reach their peak for many intellectual skills.

middle adulthood

Which of the following characteristics is essential to the process of critical thinking?

mindfulness and open-mindedness

developmental psychologist use the term _____ to refer to a person's genes or biological inheritance.

nature

In the context of human development, _____ refers to the individual's environmental and social experiences.

nurture

"Out of sight, out of mind" can describe the behavior of a child who lacks the concept of

object permanence

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, an individual who recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then develops an increasingly personal moral code is operating at the ______ level of moral development.

postconventional

The useful character of language and the ability of language to communicate even more meaning than is said to known as

pragmatics

What infant perception research technique involves giving an infant a choice at what to look at and then looking for a reliable preference for one stimulus over the other?

preferential looking

Behavior that is intended to benefit other people is called

prosocial behavior

Which of the following refers to a period of rapid skeletal and secual maturation that occurs mainly in early adolescene?

puberty

At the preconventional level of moral development, individuals decide right and wrong based on

punishments or rewards

The last step in the problem-solving process is _____

rethinking and redefining problems and solutions over time

Some researchers disagree with notation that the labels "easy," difficult," and "slow-to-warm-up" are the best way to conceptualize temperament. these psychologist argue that ____ are the core dimensions of temperament.

self-regulation, inhibition, and negative affectivity

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the first stage of cognitive development that lasts from birth to about two years of age is the ______ stage.

sensorimotor

Which of the following represents the correct chronological sequence of Piaget's stages of the cognitive development?

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

According to Gardner's multiple intelligences, which of the following frames of mind describes the ability to think three-dimensionally?

spatial

The strange situation test is used to assess an infant's

style of attachment

Cognitive psychology studies all of the following EXCEPT

telepathy

The term _____ refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding.

temperament

A(n) _____ is any agent that causes a birth defect

teratogen

infinite generativity refers to

the ability to create an unlimited number of meaningful sentences

According to ____, when people evaluate whether a particular object reflects a certain concept, they compare the most typical item(s) in that category and look for a "family resemblance" with that item's properties.

the prototype model

Flexibility, inner motivation, willingness to face risk, and objective evaluation of work are characteristics of people who _____.

think creatively

In the _____ week of prenatal physical development, the neural tube, which eventually becomes the spinal cord, starts to take shape.

third

According to Erikson's theory of socioemotional development, the first 18 months of life are devoted to mastering which developmental task?

trust vs. mistrust

Which of the following accurately represents the correct sequence of Erikson's first four stages of socioemotional development?

trust vs. mistrust; autonomy vs. shame; initiative vs. guilt; industry vs. inferiority

Infants who display secure attachment _____.

use their caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment

According to Arnett, all of the following EXCEPT _____ are features of emerging adulthood.

wisdom