Ch 8

An organic compound that is needed in small amounts in the diet to help regulate and support chemical reactions and processes in the body is a

vitamin.

The B vitamins and vitamin C are _____ vitamins.

water-soluble

How are trace minerals different from major minerals?

Requirements for trace minerals are less than 100 mg/day, whereas requirements for major minerals are 100 mg/day or more

Phytic acid ____________ the absorption of zinc from grains.

decreases

Refinement of grains decreases the mineral content of grain products.

decreases

Protective health benefits of phytochemicals include _____.

decreasing the formation of blood clots preventing DNA damage and aiding in DNA repair mimicking or inhibiting hormones and enzymes

Bioavailability refers to the degree to which a nutrient can be

digested and absorbed.

True or false: Taking high-dose supplements of trace minerals, such as iron, can lead to toxicity and dangerous, potentially life-threatening consequences.

True Reason: Excessive iron supplementation can lead to intestinal upset, organ damage, and even death.

Vitamins that are easily lost during food prcessing and preparation....

Water-soluble

Vitamins that are readily excreted from the body...

Water-soluble

Vitamins that include the B vitamins and vitamin C...

Water-soluble

Does the FDA have limited resources to police supplement manufacturers? Multiple choice question.

Yes

The consumer is ultimately responsible for protecting himself when using dietary supplements because the ______ cannot regulate supplements as closely as it regulates drugs. Multiple choice question.

FDA

True or false: Trace minerals are not essential nutrients.

False Reason: There are nine trace minerals and each one is an essential nutrient because the body cannot produce minerals from other substances.

Vitamins A, D, E, & K

Fat-soluble

Vitamins that are stored mostly in the liver and fatty tissues...

Fat-soluble

Vitamins that travel as part of chylomicrons through the bloodstream...

Fat-soluble

The body is able to store which group of vitamins?

Fat-soluble vitamins

Vitamins can be destroyed by exposure to which of the following? Check all that apply.

Heat, Light & Oxygen

Vitamin C improves absorption of which mineral?

Iron

Which of the following are examples of micronutrients?

Minerals Vitamins

Consuming large amounts of fat-soluble vitamins is a problem because they

are stored by the body.

Which of the following products are considered to be supplements in the United States?

Amino acids Minerals Vitamins

The degree to which an ingested nutrient such as minerals is absorbed and available to the body is called its

bioavailability.

Oxalic acid ____________ the absorption of calcium from spinach.

decreases

Vitamins can be destroyed by

exposure to oxygen. heating. exposure to light. Reason: Cool temperatures actually preserve vitamin content of foods.

The ______-soluble vitamins are more readily stored in the body than ______-soluble vitamins.

fat water

Vitamins A, D, E, and K are considered to be _____ vitamins.

fat-soluble

Points to consider when choosing a multivitamin and mineral supplement include

how the supplement balances with other sources of nutrients (e.g., highly fortified foods). % Daily Value of each nutrient. full list of ingredients. cost and availability.

Vitamin C ____________ the absorption of iron from foods.

increases

A nutrient that yields no energy and is required in small amounts (milligrams or micrograms per day) is a

micronutrient.

Stimulating the immune system, reducing inflammation, reducing oxidative damage to cells, and activating insulin receptors are some of the functions of _____.

phytochemicals

The water-soluble vitamins include

the B vitamins. vitamin C.

Taking mineral supplements exceeding current standards for mineral needs may accumulate in the body to the extent that signs and symptoms of ______ occur.

toxicity

Name the fat-soluble vitamins.

vitamin A vitamin K vitamin D vitamin E

According to DSHEA, products containing vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and botanicals are categorized as

Dietary supplement

When considering a multivitamin and mineral supplement, which of the following should you select?

A supplement with less than the Upper Level for any nutrients

The active vitamin D hormone improves absorption of which mineral?

Calcium

What is the best way to get phytochemicals in the diet?

Eat a variety of whole plant foods

For optimal health, get your phytochemicals from

Food Reason: Research suggests that phytochemicals are most effective when they are present in whole plant foods.

What is the danger associated with consuming large amounts of fat-soluble vitamins?

Since they are stored, they can reach toxic levels.

Which of the following are true of phytochemicals? Check all that apply.

Some phytochemicals are useful for reducing risk of diseases in humans. Phytochemicals cannot be synthesized in the body.

Which cooking methods are best for preserving vitamin content of fresh vegetables?

Steaming or stir-frying

Vitamin D ____________ the absorption of calcium from foods.

increases

A(n) ____ is an organic compound needed in small amounts in the diet to help regulate and support chemical reactions and processes in the body.

vitamin

A(n) _____ is an organic compound needed in small amounts in the diet to help regulate and support chemical reactions and processes in the body.

vitamin

Exposure to light, heat, and oxygen can reduce a food's ______ content.

vitamin Reason: Although minerals may leach into cooking water, they are not destroyed by exposure to light, heat, or oxygen.