CH 8 TEST QUESTION

Two-year-old Alissa is more likely to imitate a correct grammatical form if she a. hears her mother use that form in her normal conversation. b. is explicitly corrected when she makes a grammatical error. c. hears her own sentences recast by her mother. d. is ignored when she speaks ungrammatically. e. is reinforced for good grammar.

a. hears her own sentences recast by her mother

A child says, "Doll" while holding out her hand. This is an example of a(n) a. holophrase. b. constraint. c. overextension. d. inflection. e. sentence

a. holophrase

Research on private speech has shown all of the following EXCEPT a. it completely disappears by 9 or 10 years of age. b. young children talk to themselves when trying to remember lists. c. children use it to remind themselves of a new strategy. d. adults sometimes use it when dealing with difficult tasks. e. it is not always audible.

a. it completely disappears by 9 or 10 years of age

Which of the following babies is most likely to show a preference for the stress patterns of his or her native language? a. nine-month-old Eric b. seven-month-old Latisha c. five-month-old Sam d. three-month-old Bobbi e. one-month old Maria

a. nine month old eric

The bulk of the research indicates that for most children, the majority of new words during very early vocabulary growth are a. nouns. b. pronouns. c. verbs. d. adjectives. e. adverbs.

a. nouns

When Lisa sees a dog she points and says "kitty." Lisa is demonstrating a. overextension. b. telegraphic speech. c. underextension. d. holophrasing. e. overregularization.

a. overextension

Because poor readers have problems with sound-letter combinations, they benefit from what type of approach? a. phonics b. rote learning c. invented spelling d. dialogical reading e. shiritori

a. phonics

By one or two months of age, babies can a. tell the difference between individual letter sounds. b. understand that speech sounds are matched by the speaker's mouth movements. c. discriminate among syllables or words. d. show a preference for words in their native language. e. produce babbling sounds.

a. tell the difference between individual letter sounds

Lawanda has not yet experienced the naming explosion. Therefore, her use of "car" is most likely to be for a. the family car only. b. all cars, including toys. c. all four-wheel vehicles. d. all methods of transportation. e. cars used only by people she knows.

a. the family car only

An infant first understands the meaning of individual words spoken to him at about a. 12 months. b. 9 or 10 months. c. 4 or 5 months. d. 24 months. e. 1 or 2 months.

b. 9 or 10 months

Linguists use the term holophrase to indicate a. a two- or three-word phrase conveying a single meaning. b. a word-gesture combination used to convey a sentence-like meaning. c. a phrase or sentence imitated from another's speech. d. the child's first two-word sentence. e. random words with no specific meaning

b. a word gesture combo used to convey sentence-like meaning

From six months on, babies begin engaging in ________, which is a sound pattern consisting of consonants and vowels. a. cooing b. babbling c. gurgling d. fussing e. crying

b. babbling

Sounds, signs, or symbols that communicate meaning are called a. prelinguistic language. b. expressive language. c. prenatal language. d. cooing and babbling. e. phonology.

b. expressive language

The fact that children say things such as "I wented," supports what conclusion about the role of imitation in language development? a. Imitation is the central process in language development. b. Imitation alone can't explain all language acquisition. c. Imitation in infancy improves language development in early childhood. d. Imitation is irrelevant in language development. e. Imitation slows language development.

b. imitation alone can't explain all language acquisition

All of the following are characteristics of infant-directed speech EXCEPT a. concrete vocabulary. b. lower-pitched voice. c. short, simple sentences. d. slower pace. e. simple grammar.

b. lower-pitched voice

Children's vocabulary grows rapidly because, by 3 years of age, children begin to a. memorize as well as an adult. b. pay attention to words in whole groups. c. speak more clearly and frequently. d. interact more with other children. e. go to preschool.

b. pay attention to words in whole groups

A child's awareness of the rules governing the sound patterns that are specific to his or her language is called a. linguistic awareness. b. phonological awareness. c. cognitive awareness. d. constructive awareness. e. pragmatic awareness.

b. phonological awareness

The understanding of what type of language to use in specific situations is called a. grammar. b. pragmatics. c. semantics. d. syntax. e. inflection

b. pragmatics

Skinner's theory of language states that children's language is shaped through systematic ________ of better and better approximations of adult speech. a. generation b. reinforcement c. imitation d. monitoring e. development

b. reinforcement

The fact that parents are remarkably forgiving of all sorts of peculiar constructions and meaning in their children's speech is evidence against which theory of language development? a. imitation b. reinforcement c. innateness d. constructivist e. psychoanalytic

b. reinforcement

All of the following changes occur at 9 or 10 months of age EXCEPT a. the beginning of meaningful gestures. b. telegraphic speech and holophrases. c. imitative gestural games. d. first comprehension of individual words. e. receptive language becomes evident.

b. telegraphic speech and holophrases

The first two-word sentences are usually formed between the ages of a. 10 and 12 months. b. 12 and 18 months. c. 18 and 24 months. d. 20 and 26 months. e. 24 and 30 months.

c. 18 and 24 months

At what age will children begin to mimic their first words? a. 6 months b. 12 months c. 20 months d. 24 months

c. 20 months

Which theorist is most strongly associated with nativist theories of language? a. Skinner b. Freud c. Chomsky d. Piaget e. Vygotsky

c. Chomsky

Which of the following is an accurate statement about motherese? a. It is the behavior pattern shown by infants attached to their mothers. b. It is not effective in communicating with young children. c. It is scientifically described as infant directed speech. d. It is spoken only by mothers and only to their own infants. e. It tends to slow down language acquisition.

c. It is scientifically described as infant directed speech

Pragmatics is an aspect of language dealing with a. grammar. b. word meaning. c. communication. d. commonalities. e. inflections.

c. communication

Piaget thought that the "private speech" of children was a. an attempt to guide their own behavior. b. a conversational skill. c. egocentric speech. d. use of practice to perfect language skills. e. telegraphic speech.

c. egocentric speech

Based on his research on vocabulary development, Anglin argues that children at about age 8 or 9 a. have a vocabulary of 10,000 words. b. lose their ability to use derived words. c. figure out relationships between whole categories of words. d. begin to use telegraphic speech. e. acquire about 1,000 words a year.

c. figure out relationships between whole categories of words

When Amy wants to play with the toy that Ellie has, she says "give me that toy." However, when she wants something her father has, she asks, "May I please have that?" Amy is using a. syntax. b. semantics. c. pragmatics. d. grammar. e. overgeneralization.

c. pragmatics

Missy has been babbling while she watches her father read the paper. Her babbling has ended with a falling intonation indicating a. that she expects her father to answer her. b. that she is feeling sad. c. that she does not expect a response. d. a problem in her language development. e. that she may have a hearing problem.

c. that she does not expect a response

Studies of a wide variety of language communities have revealed that a. Asian children skip the prelinguistic phase. b. Western children tend to use language before they understand it. c. the prelinguistic phase is identical in all language communities. d. there is no set pattern for language development. e. all language development is genetically programmed.

c. the prelinguistic phase is identical in all language communities

Researchers have found that deaf children a. are very slow to use any type of communication. b. cannot learn to "sign" until about three years of age. c. use simple gestures at about the same time as hearing children. d. do not learn to use referential signs. e. fail to learn any gestural language.

c. use simple gestures at about the same time as hearing children

According to linguists, any sound or set of sounds that is used consistently to refer to some thing, action, or quality is considered to be a. babbling. b. a gesture. c. language. d. a word. e. an overextension.

d. a word

The sequence of development in the prelinguistic phase of language development is a. cooing, crying, babbling. b. babbling, crying, cooing. c. crying, babbling, cooing. d. crying, cooing, babbling. e. cooing, babbling, crying.

d. crying, cooing, babbling

The ability to categorically link new words to real-world referents is a. overextension. b. linguistic reference. c. expressive language. d. fast-mapping. e. underextension.

d. fast mapping

Private speech is used to a. practice before talking to someone. b. entertain oneself. c. block out the surrounding environment. d. monitor one's own behavior. e. talk to imaginary friends.

d. monitor one's own behavior

As she works on a puzzle, Ashley tells herself "this is a corner piece." This is an example of a. holophrastic speech. b. telegraphic speech. c. delayed speech. d. private speech. e. underextension

d. private speech

The type of speech in which children frequently omit everything in a sentence but the critical words is called ________ speech. a. overregulated b. overextended c. receptive d. telegraphic e. holaphrastic

d. telegraphic

Linguists point out that children overextend words because a. their language development is delayed. b. it is a device that calls attention to them. c. they can't differentiate between the objects they are labeling. d. they are trying to communicate with a limited vocabulary. e. they fail to make accurate discriminations.

d. they are trying to communicate with a limited vocabulary

According to Vygotsky, children use "private speech" a. because they enjoy hearing themselves talk. b. because they are egocentric. c. to keep others from talking to them. d. to guide their own behavior. e. to talk to imaginary friends.

d. to guide their own behavior

The type of vocalization used by infants between 6 and 12 months of age is a. cooing. b. grunting. c. baby talk. d. fastmapping. e. babbling.

e. babbling

From birth to about one month of age, we would expect that a baby's most common sound is a. pseudowords. b. laughing. c. babbling. d. cooing. e. crying.

e. crying

Mr. Esterhaus reads frequently to his children and talks to them about a wide range of subjects. We can expect that his children will do all of the following EXCEPT a. begin to talk sooner. b. use more complex sentences. c. learn to read more readily in school. d. develop larger vocabularies. e. learn to dislike reading

e. learn to dislike reading

The most common gesture infants use is a. hitting. b. arms up. c. waving. d. clapping. e. pointing.

e. pointing

When young children use audible language to help control or monitor their own behavior, they are exhibiting a. overregularization. b. child directed speech. c. baby talk. d. fast mapping. e. private speech.

e. private speech

Bowerman and other constructivist theorists maintain that the important factor in language development is a. built-in biases. b. genetically programmed operating principles. c. the constraints on language. d. the rate of brain cell development. e. the child's construction of language.

e. the child's construction of language

When Dora's mother mentions that the neighbors have a new "kitty." Dora says "they can't have Kitty because Kitty lives with us." Dora is demonstrating a. overextension. b. fast mapping. c. vocabulary explosion. d. word constraints. e. underextension.

e. underextension

When Anita simplifies her language for her younger brother, she is demonstrating that she a. is egocentric. b. dislikes her sibling. c. knows complex language rules. d. has poor language skills. e. understands pragmatics.

e. understands pragmatics

Shawn is beginning to use grammatical inflections in his speech. Which is he most likely to have added first? a. -ing b. -ed c. -est d. -er e. -es

a. -ing

According to your text, what is the relationship between receptive language and expressive language in early language development? a. Children generally understand more than they can express. b. Children generally express more than what they understand. c. Children generally understand only the words they express. d. Approximately 50 percent of children express more than they can understand. e. Language should be limited to a very simple form in order for both to develop.

a. Children generally understand more than they can express

The principle of contrast is an example of what some linguists believe is a(n) ________ in children's language development. a. built-in bias b. naming explosion c. underextension d. inflection e. underextension.

a. built in bias

Imitation theories of language development cannot account for a. children saying things like, "I hurted myself." b. children's repetition of their parents. c. the drift of babbling toward the language spoken around the infant. d. rapid language growth of children who repeat the words they hear. e. the failure of reinforcement to promote language development.

a. children saying things like, "I hurted myself."

The gestural language of infants a. develops near the end of the first year. b. is only seen in deaf babies. c. is seen only in babies who speak very early. d. is used to express anger and disappointment. e. is used to convey a variety of meanings.

a. develops near the end of the first year

Edna's father points to a squirrel climbing up a tree with a nut in its mouth and says "look at the squirrel." Because of built-in constraints, Edna will know that her father is referring to a. the squirrel itself. b. the nut in the squirrel's mouth. c. the tree. d. the fact that the squirrel has a nut. e. the fact that the squirrel is running up a tree.

a. the squirrel itself

All of the following are true of the first six months of early word learning EXCEPT a. words are understood to be symbolic. b. the process is very slow. c. many repetitions are required. d. each word is connected to a specific context. e. as few as 30 words may be learned.

a. words are understood to be symbolic