CH 9, 10, 11 Theories of Personality Feist 9th ed. Maslow, Rogers, May

Inner tension arises, Rogers said, when a conflict exists between the

**a. self-actualization tendency and the organismic self. b. emotion and cognition. c. the values of others and one's own values. d. the formative tendency and the actualization tendency.

May regarded care as the source of

**a. love and will. d. eros and philia. c. philia and agape. d. Dasein and nothingness.

Rogers hypothesized that empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence are

**a. necessary and sufficient conditions for therapy. b. necessary but not sufficient conditions for therapy. c. sufficient but not necessary conditions for therapy. d. neither necessary nor sufficient for therapy.

The issues of freedom and control of human behavior were at the heart of a series of debates between Rogers and ________________________.

...

healthy interpersonal relationship; client and therapist

A _______ _____________ ____________ between ______ and _________ is therefore the best psychological medicine.

A _____________________ person is one whose organismic experiences are matched by an awareness of them and a willingness to communicate them honestly.

Congruent

aim or goal; some deficit need

Coping behavior serves some ___ or _____ (although not always conscious or known to the person), and it is always motivated by ____ _______ ____.

Being-in-the-world, or ______________________, means to exist in the world or to be at one with the world.

Dasein

metapathology

Deprivation of any of the B-values results in _____________ or the lack of a meaningful philosophy in life

Freedom comes from understanding our ______________________.

Destiny

Healthy people are able to face their ________________________ and to assume their freedom.

Destiny

People often deny or ____________________ both positive and negative experiences because these experiences threaten an established self-concept.

Distort

unconscious motivation

Some seemingly obvious deviations in the order of needs are not variations at all. If we understood the ___________ __________ underlying the behavior, we would recognize that the needs are ___ ________.

T/F After receiving his PhD, Rogers spent more than 10 years in clinical practice, mostly isolated from the academic community, and this isolation helped him develop an approach to therapy that was unique.

True

T/F Agape is an altruistic love that does not depend on the behavior of the loved person.

True

T/F As a schoolboy, Rogers became interested in scientific farming, an interest that contributed to his later research abilities.

True

T/F Care is the source of love and will.

True

T/F During his lifetime, Kierkegaard's ideas had little effect on philosophical thought.

True

T/F Eros is a psychological desire to seek creation through an enduring union with a loved one.

True

T/F In Rogerian theory, the actualizing tendency refers to the person's organismic or physiological experiences.

True

T/F Maintenance needs include the need to resist change.

True

T/F May believed that humans are capable of doing both tremendous good and immense evil.

True

T/F May believed that our ultimate destiny was death.

True

T/F May suggested that healthy relationships blend all four forms of love.

True

T/F Neurotic anxiety, May said, is disproportionate to the threat and involves intrapsychic conflict.

True

T/F Once the self-concept is formed, change becomes difficult.

True

T/F Receiving praise or compliments can be threatening to a person's self-concept.

True

T/F Rogers believed that when client-centered therapy is successful, clients become their own therapists.

True

T/F Rogers's theory of personality grew out of his experiences as a psychotherapist.

True

T/F Rollo May had an unpredictable mother and an older sister who experienced a psychotic breakdown.

True

T/F Self-actualization is a subsystem of the actualizing tendency.

True

T/F The acquisition of freedom should be matched by the acquisition of responsibility.

True

T/F The goal of May's therapy is to set people free.

True

T/F The three necessary conditions for therapeutic growth, Rogers believed, are counselor congruence, unconditional positive regard, and empathic listening.

True

Freud's psychoanalytic theory, with its emphasis on biological drives and instincts, deals most specifically with (May):

Umwelt

Our relation with the world of things and objects is called _____________________.

Umwelt

universal

Unlike conative needs, aesthetic needs are not _________.

In Eysenck's theory of personality, the three basic factors of P, E, and N are:

Unrelated to one another

The first condition for therapeutic growth is that a _____________________ client comes into contact with a congruent therapist.

Vulnerable

They live primariy for those needs and strive constantly to satisfy them.

What do people do when they do not have their physiological needa satisfied?

emotional security and good adjustment

What were the good qualities that Maslow eventually came to conclude as not dependable predictors of a Good Human Being?

in the chicago studies, rogers and his associated found that

clients who received client-centered therapy improved, but they did not reach an "average" level of psychological functioning

Allport recognized these two kinds of traits:

common and individual

taylor's parents praise her whenever her behavior meets with their standards. however, they punish taylor when her behavior fails to meet with their approval. from this information it appears that taylor is experiencing

conditions of worth

D-love (deficiency love)

affection (attachment) based on the lover's specific deficiency and the loved one's ability to satisfy that deficit.

in the chicago studies

all the therapist were graduate students

Jonah complex

an obstacle that often blocks people's growth toward self-actualization which is exemplified as the fear of being one's best

People experience ______ when they become aware that their existence might be destroyed.

anxiety

Tyler has a negative view of himself. To increase his self-concept, his parents and teachers continually praise and compliment him. Rogers believed that such praise and compliments are most likely to

be distorted by Tyler.

tyler has a negative view of himself. to increase his self-concept, his parents and teachers continually praise and compliment him. rogers believed that such praise and compliments are most likely to

be distorted by tyler

rogers hypothesized that persons of tomorrow would

be open to their experience

coping behavior

behavior that is ordinarily conscious, effortful, learned, and determined by the external environment

According to May, a person's refusal to accept ontological guilt:

leads to neurotic or morbid guilt.

according to rogers, the two basic human needs are

maintenance and enhancement

rogers described the formative tendency as the tendency for

matter to evolve from simpler to more complex form

rogers hypothesized that empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence are

necessary and sufficient conditions for therapy

aesthetic needs

needs for beauty and easthetically pleasing experiences such as art, music, beauty, and the like.

instinctoid needs

needs that are innately determined even though they can be modified by learning

May believed various compulsive behaviors and addictions can be seen as manifestations of

nonbeing

which statement is consistent with rogers' theory?

one achieved, self-regard can exist independently of others' opinions and attitudes

safety needs

one of the basic needs that include physical security, stability, dependency, protection, and freedom from danger

self-actualization needs

one of the basic needs which include self-fulfillment, the realization of all one's potential, and a desire to become creative in the full sense of the word

esteem needs

one of the conative needs which include self-respect, confidence, competence, and the knowledge that others hold them in high esteem.

which statement is most consistent with rogers' concept of humanity?

people have a natural tendency to more toward actualization

Allport insisted that the basic units of personality are

personal dispositions

- frequently unconscious - takes place naturally and with little effort - has no goal or aim - can continue even in the absence of reinforcement or reward

some characteristics of expressive behavior (uu.n.nga.carr)

inner tension arises, rogers said, when a conflict exists between the:

self-actualization tendency and the organismic self

-heightened sense of reality -mystical experiences -creativity -detachment from other people

some characteristics that neurotic and psychotic individuals have in common with self-actualizing people

tali. low scores do not necessarily suggest pathology but give clues concerning a person's self-actualizing values and behaviors.

tali o mama. High scores on the 2 major scales and the 10 subscales indicate some level of self-actualization; low scores suggest some degree or signs of pathology.

mali. B-love is mutually felt and shared and not motivated by a deficiency or incompleteness within the lover.

tama o mali. B-love can be unreciprocated or one-sided and supplements a deficiency within the lover.

- more efficient perception of reality - acceptance of self, others, and nature - spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness - problem-centering - the need for privacy - autonomy - continued freshness of appreciation - the peak experience - gemeinschaftsgefühl - profound interpersonal relations - the democratic character structure - discrimination between means and ends - philosophical sense of humor - creativeness - resistance to enculturation

the 15 tentative qualities of self-actualizing people

Time Competence/Time Incompetence scale and Support scale

the 2 major scales of the POI

Rogers believed healthy people evaluate their experiences as good or bad according to this criterion.

the actualizing tendency

healthy people evaluate their experiences as good or bad according to this criterion

the actualizing tendency

basic anxiety

the condition that arises from inability to satisfy physiological and safety needs.

cognitive needs

the desire to know, to solve mysteries, to understand and to be curious that, when blocked, all needs on Maslow's hierarchy is threatened

farue. A person may be simultaneously motivated by needs from two or more levels.

tralse or farue: People are motivated by one need at a time and these needs emerge gradually.

tralse. When these needs are not met, they become sick in the same way that they become sick when their conative needs are frustrated.

tralse or farue: People with strong aesthetic needs desire beautiful and orderly surroundings. However, when these needs are not met, they can still function normally.

true. self-actualizers become independent from the lower level needs that gave them birth.

true or false. Self-actualizing people maintain their feelings of self-esteem even when scorned, rejected, and dismissed by other people.

false. Maslow originally assumed this. However, during the 1960s, he realized that many of the young students at Brandeis and other campuses around the country had all their lower needs gratified, including reputation and self-esteem, and yet they did not become self-actualizing

true or false: Naturally, once people's esteem needs are met, they move on to the level of self-actualization

trueness.

trueness or falseness. Not all determinants of behavior are motives.

falseness. Occasionally, they are reversed.

trueness or falseness: The hierarchical order of the conative needs are never reversed.

falseth. Even though instinctoid needs are basic and unlearned, they can be changed and even destroyed by the more powerful forces of civilization.

trueth or falseth: Because instinctoid needs are basic and unlearned, they cannot be changed nor destroyed by the more powerful forces of civilization.

trueth

trueth or falseth: Higher needs are similar to lower ones in that they are instinctoid.

an unawareness of a discrepancy between self and experience leads to

vulnerability

as a young boy, rogers

was shy and frequently teased by his older brothers and sisters

Good Human Being

what did Maslow initially call self-actualizing people?

T/F Rogers' approach to psychotherapy is most accurately called nondirective.

False

T/F Rollo May believed that love and will should be separate.

False

Rogers believed that all behavior relates to one's

actualizing tendency.

As a young boy, Rogers

**a was shy and frequently teased by his older brothers and sisters. b. spent 2 years in a detention home for wayward boys. c. wanted to be a physician. d. held deep-seated animosity toward his mother.

May defined love as:

**a. "a delight in the presence of the other person and an affirmation of his value and development as much as one's own" b. "the capacity to organize oneself toward a prized partner" c. "the imaginative playing with the idea that another is an object of affection" d. "agape minus eros" e. "philia minus eros"

In The Cry for Myth, May suggested that one myth is powerful today because it contains elements of existential crises common to all of us. This is the story of ______.

**a. Oedipus b. Moses c. Hercules d. Job e. Jonah

Which statement is most consistent with Rogers' concept of humanity?

**a. People have a natural tendency to move toward actualization. b. People move inevitably toward actualization. c. People move inevitably toward self-actualization. d. People are free to become what they will.

May believed that people acquire freedom of action, in part, by

**a. expanding their self-awareness. b. relying on other people. c. using the tools and technology of modern society. d. denying nonbeing. e. becoming self-actualizing.

Rogers believed that, for psychologically healthy individuals,

**a. the self and experience are congruent. b. denial of organismic functioning is essential. c. the ideal self replaces the real self. d. an incongruence exists between their organismic self and their ideal self.

problem-centering

A fourth characteristic of self-actualizing people is their interest in problems outside themselves. This interest allows selfactualizers to develop a mission in life, a purpose for living that spreads beyond self-aggrandizement.

persistent; psychological health

A second criterion for distinguishing between instinctoid and noninstinctoid needs is that instinctoid needs are __________ and their satisfaction leads to _____________ ______.

Distinguish among self, self-actualization, self-concept, and ideal self.

A sense of self or personal identity begins to emerge during infancy, and once established, it allows a person to strive toward self-actualization, which is a subsystem of the actualization tendency and refers to the tendency to actualize the self as perceived in awareness. The self has two subsystems: (1) the self-concept, which includes all those aspects of one's identity that are perceived in awareness, and (2) the ideal self, or our view of our self as we would like to be or aspire to be. Once formed, the self concept tends to resist change, and gaps between it and the ideal self result in incongruence and various levels of psychopathology. C. Awareness People are aware of both their self-concept and their ideal self, although awareness need not be accurate. For example, people may have an inflated view of their ideal self but only a vague sense of their self-concept. Rogers saw people as having experiences on three levels of awareness: (1) those that are symbolized below the threshold of awareness and are ignored, denied, or not allowed into the self-concept; (2) those that are distorted or reshaped to fit it into an existing self-concept; and (3) those that are consistent with the self-concept and thus are accurately symbolized and freely admitted to the self-structure. Any experience not consistent with the self-concept—even positive experiences—will be distorted or denied.

species-specific

A third distinction (from noninstinctoid needs) is that instinctoid needs are _______-________. Therefore, animal instincts cannot be used as a model for studying human motivation.

Discuss May's concept of myth and explain why the Oedipal myth is important in today's world. Trace May's discussion of the Oedipus myth.

According to May, the people of contemporary Western civilization have an urgent need for myths. Because they have lost many of their traditional myths, they turn to religious cults, drugs, and popular culture to fill the vacuum. The Oedipus myth has had a powerful effect on our culture because it deals with such common existential crises as birth, separation from parents, sexual union with one parent and hostility toward the other, independence in one's search for identity, and finally death.

Define being-in-the-world and nonbeing.

According to existentialists, a basic unity exists between people and their environments, a unity expressed by the term Dasein, or being-in-the-world. Three simultaneous modes of the world characterize us in our Dasein: Umwelt, or the environment around us; Mitwelt, or our world with other people; and Eigenwelt, or our relationship with our self. People are both aware of themselves as living beings and also aware of the possibility of nonbeing or nothingness. Death is the most obvious form of nonbeing, which can also be experienced as retreat from life's experiences.

Intentionality and _____________________ are inseparable.

Action

The ______________________ tendency suggests that people tend to move toward completion or fulfillment of potentials.

Actualization

creativeness

All self-actualizing people studied by Maslow were creative in some sense of the word. In fact, Maslow suggested that creativity and self-actualization may be one and the same. Not all self-actualizers are talented or creative in the arts, but all are creative in their own way. They have a keen perception of truth, beauty, and reality.

Roger's Person-Centered Theory

Although Carl Rogers is best known as the founder of client-centered therapy, he also developed an important theory of personality that underscores his approach to therapy.

We experience ______________________ of worth whenever a significant other accepts only our positive behaviors and traits.

Conditions

A state of ________________________ exists when the organismic self, the perceived self, and the ideal self are in harmony.

Congruence

People experience _____________________ when they become aware that their existence might be destroyed.

Anxiety

Rollo May spent part of his youth as a wandering ___________________, traveling through Europe, just as Erik Erikson had done a few years earlier.

Artist

The Peak Experience

As Maslow's study of self-actualizers continued, he made the unexpected discovery that many of his people had had experiences that were mystical in nature and that somehow gave them a feeling of transcendence. But these experiences cannot be brought on by an act of the will; often they occur at unexpected, quite ordinary moments.

at the height of his career, rogers engaged in a series of debates with

B.F. Skinner

Explain how physical fitness can be a defense against mortality awareness.

B.Fitness as a Defense against Mortality Awareness If thoughts of death are highly anxiety provoking, then people should protect themselves against thoughts of death (terror-management) by doing things that can decrease their likelihood of dying, such as exercising and performing other healthy behaviors. Jamie Arndt and colleagues investigated this issue and found support for the hypothesis that, for people who value health and fitness, thoughts of death are related to greater interest in health-related behaviors. They also confirmed the importance of distinguishing between proximal or conscious and distal or unconscious defenses against death. In summary, terror management seems to be a powerful force behind much of human behavior.

tolerate the frustation

Because they had their lower level needs satisfied, self-actualizing people were better able to ________ the __________ of these needs.

May defined ______________________ as "a state in which something does matter."

Care

Discuss the interrelationship between care, love, and will.

Care is an active process that suggests that things matter. Love means to care, to delight in the presence of another person, and to affirm that person's value as much as one's own. Care is also an important ingredient in will, defined as a conscious commitment to action. A. Union of Love and Will May believe that our modern society has lost sight of the true nature of love and will, equating love with sex and will with will power. He further held that psychologically healthy people are able to combine love and will because both imply care, choice, action, and responsibility. B. Forms of Love May identified four kinds of love in Western tradition—sex, eros, philia, and agape. He believed that Americans no longer view sex as a natural biological function, but have become preoccupied with it to the point of trivialization. Eros is a psychological desire that seeks an enduring union with a loved one. It may include sex, but it is built on care and tenderness. Philia, an intimate nonsexual friendship between two people, takes time to develop and does not depend on the actions of the other person. Agape is an altruistic or spiritual love that carries with it the risk of playing God. Agape is undeserved and unconditional.

Carl Rogers

Carl Rogers was born into a devoutly religious family in a Chicago suburb in 1902. After the family moved to a nearby farm, Carl became interested in scientific farming and learned to appreciate the scientific method. When he graduated from the University of Wisconsin, Rogers intended to become a minister, but he gave up that notion and completed a PhD in psychology from Columbia University in 1931. In 1940, after nearly a dozen years away from an academic life working as a clinician, he took a position at Ohio State University. Later, he held positions at the University of Chicago and the University of Wisconsin. In 1964, he moved to California, where he helped found the Center for Studies of the Person. He died in 1987 at age 85.

Allport believed that the average person has about 5 to 10 _____ traits.

Central

straightforward; disguise; more obvious ways

Children attempt to satisfy love and belongingness needs usually in a _______________ manner whereas adults might sometimes either ________ their attempts or adopt ____ _______ ____

Rogers's system of therapy is called ______________________, and his theory of personality can be called person-centered.

Client-Centered

Traits shared by many people are called _____ traits.

Common

A state of ______________________ exists when therapists accurately sense the feelings of their clients and are able to communicate these perceptions so that the clients know that another person is on their wavelength.

Empathy

According to May, apathy and ______________________ are the spiritual illnesses of our time.

Emptiness

The need for ________________________ includes the need to grow, to develop, and to become a more fully-functioning person.

Enhancement

Existentialists hold that existence precedes ____________________.

Essence

According to Rogers, _____________________ living is the tendency to live in the moment.

Existential

May's Existential Theory

Existential psychology began in Europe shortly after World War II and spread to the United States, where Rollo May played a large part in popularizing it. A clinical psychologist by training, May took the view that modern people frequently run away both from making choices and from assuming responsibility.

unlearned, spontaneous; within the person; environment

Expressive behavior is usually _________, ___________, and determined by forces ______ ___ ______rather than by the ___________.

Discuss Eysenck's view on the relationship between biology and personality.

Eysenck felt that biology, specifically heredity, accounted for 3/4 of personality formation, and that 1/4 of personality was shaped by environment, and cited 3 three points of research to support his claims: 1) Found nearly identical factors in among people all over the world 2) individuals maintain their personality position over time 3) a higher concordance of personality between identical twins than between non-identical, same-gender twins. Once the foundation of personality has been established by way of the Giant 3 types, then, and only then, can the environment start influencing personality/

According to Rogers, people with low self-worth who receive positive external evaluations will assimilate these evaluations into their self-concept, and thus will grow toward psychological health.

False

Rogers believed that healthy people adjust their organismic self in order to make it congruent with their ideal self. (T/F)

False

T/F A strong criticism of Rogers' theory is that it has not produced any research.

False

T/F According to May, anxiety and guilt are the malaise of our time.

False

T/F Carl Rogers' parents were teachers, and they encouraged him to become a teacher.

False

T/F Existentialism began with the work of A. H. Maslow.

False

T/F Existentialists advocate a split between subject and object.

False

T/F For May, intentionality is always conscious.

False

T/F May believed that the Oedipus story lost its power when psychoanalysts popularized it and thus trivialized it.

False

T/F May considered sex to be the salvation of eros.

False

T/F May's existential psychology has generated extensive research.

False

T/F Most existentialists suggest that people be studied from an objective frame of reference.

False

T/F Ontological guilt associated with Mitwelt arises from our separation from the natural world.

False

T/F Rogers believed that healthy people adjust their organismic self in order to make it congruent with their ideal self.

False

T/F Rogers held that healthy people evaluate their experience from the viewpoint of significant others.

False

T/F Rogers was more interested in building a theory than in conducting psychotherapy.

False

Discuss Allport's definition of personality.

For Allport, personality consisted of the following components: 1) both physical and psychological 2) includes overt behaviors and covert thoughts 3) it is something, and also does something 4) both substance and change, product and process, structure and growth Or, to quote him directly: "The dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his characteristic behavior and thought."

Briefly discuss Rogers's concept of self and its development.

For Rogers, the self begins with awareness when experiences begin to be personalized and differentiated. The actualization tendency then initiates self-actualization, and the ability to perceive the self which allows for the development of the self-concept (how we perceive ourselves) and the ideal self (the self as we wish it to be).

Discuss the methods, procedures, and results of Rogers' research on the effectiveness of client-centered therapy.

For client-centered psychotherapy to be effective, six conditions are necessary: (1) A vulnerable client must (2) have contact of some duration with a counselor who is (3) congruent and who demonstrates (4) unconditional positive regard and who (5) listens with empathy to a client. In addition, the client must (6) perceives the congruence, unconditional positive regard, and empathy. If these conditions are present, then the process of therapy will take place and certain predictable outcomes will result. A. Conditions Three of these conditions are crucial to client-centered therapy, and Rogers called them the necessary and sufficient conditions for therapeutic growth. The first is counselor congruence, or a therapist whose organismic experiences are matched by an awareness and by the ability and willingness to openly express these feelings. Congruence is more basic than the other two conditions because it is a relatively stable characteristic of the therapist, whereas the other two conditions are limited to a specific therapeutic relationship. Unconditional positive regard exists when the therapist accepts and prizes the client without conditions or qualifications. Empathic listening is the ability of the therapist to sense the feeling of a client and also to communicate these perceptions so that the client knows that another person has entered into his or her world of feelings without prejudice, projection, or evaluation. B. Process Rogers saw the process of therapeutic change as taking place in seven stages: (1) clients are unwilling to communicate anything about themselves; (2) they discuss only external events and other people; (3) they begin to talk about themselves, but still as an object; (4) they discuss strong emotions that they have felt in the past; (5) they begin to express present feelings; (6) they freely allow into awareness those experiences that were previously denied or distorted; and (7) they experience irreversible change and growth. C. Outcomes When client-centered therapy is successful, clients become more congruent, less defensive, more open to experience, and more realistic. The gap between their ideal self and their true self narrows and as a consequence, clients experience less physiological and psychological tension. Finally, clients' interpersonal relationships improve because they are more accepting of self and others. V. The Person of Tomorrow If people receive the three necessary and sufficient conditions for psychological health person, then they will grow toward becoming the "fully functioning person" or the "person of tomorrow." Rogers listed seven characteristics of the person of tomorrow. First, persons of tomorrow would be more adaptable and more flexible in their thinking. Second, they would be open to their experiences, accurately symbolizing them in awareness rather than denying or distorting them. Persons of tomorrow would listen to themselves and hear their joy, anger, discouragement, fear, and tenderness. A third characteristic would be a tendency to live fully in the moment, experiencing a constant state of fluidity and change. They would see each experience with a new freshness and appreciate it fully in the present moment. Rogers (1961) referred to this tendency to live in the moment as existential living. Fourth, persons of tomorrow would remain confident of their own ability to experience harmonious relations with others. They would feel no need to be liked or loved by everyone, because they would know that they are unconditionally prized and accepted by someone. Fifth, they would be more integrated, more whole, with no artificial boundary between conscious processes and unconscious ones. Because they would be able to accurately symbolize all their experiences in awareness, they would see clearly the difference between what is and what should be. Sixth, persons of tomorrow would have a basic trust of human nature. They would experience anger, frustration, depression, and other negative emotions, but they would be able to express rather than repress these feelings. Finally, because persons of tomorrow are open to all their experiences, they would enjoy a greater richness in life than do other people. They would live in the present and thus participate more richly in the ongoing moment.

The ______________________ tendency suggests that all matter tends to evolve from simpler to more complex forms.

Formative

Existentialists emphasize the balance between _________________ and responsibility.

Freedom

May defined _______________________ as "the individual's capacity to know that he [she] is the determined one."

Freedom

May's Existential Theory: Guilt Explain May's concept of three forms of guilt.

Guilt arises whenever people deny their potentialities, fail to accurately perceive the needs of others, or remain blind to their dependence on the natural world. Both anxiety and guilt are ontological; that is, they refer to the nature of being and not to feelings arising from specific situations.

Philosophical sense of humor

Healthy people see little humor in put-down jokes. They may poke fun at themselves, but not masochistically so. They make fewer tries at humor than others, but their attempts serve a purpose beyond making people laugh. They amuse, inform, point out ambiguities, provoke a smile rather than a guffaw. The humor of a self-actualizing person is intrinsic to the situation rather than contrived; it is spontaneous rather than planned. Because it is situation-dependent, it usually cannot be repeated.

clients must be free from their dependency on others so that their natural impulse toward growth and self-actualization could become active

How can the aim of Maslow's therapy be accomplished?

five

How many basic assumptions does Maslow's theory of personality have?

four

How many criteria are there for identifying self-actualizing people?

Rogers believed that each of us has an _____________________ self, that is, a picture of our self as we would wish to be.

Ideal

The Democratic Character Structure

Maslow found that all his self-actualizers possessed democratic values. They could be friendly and considerate with other people regardless of class, color, age, or gender, and in fact, they seemed to be quite unaware of superficial differences among people. Beyond this democratic attitude, self-actualizers have a desire and an ability to learn from anyone. In a learning situation, they recognize how little they know in relation to what they could know.

Discuss the concept of the person of tomorrow and its implications for future humanity. Discuss implications for the future if Rogers' view of the person of tomorrow is realized.

If people receive the three necessary and sufficient conditions for psychological health person, then they will grow toward becoming the "fully functioning person" or the "person of tomorrow." Rogers listed seven characteristics of the person of tomorrow. First, persons of tomorrow would be more adaptable and more flexible in their thinking. Second, they would be open to their experiences, accurately symbolizing them in awareness rather than denying or distorting them. Persons of tomorrow would listen to themselves and hear their joy, anger, discouragement, fear, and tenderness. A third characteristic would be a tendency to live fully in the moment, experiencing a constant state of fluidity and change. They would see each experience with a new freshness and appreciate it fully in the present moment. Rogers (1961) referred to this tendency to live in the moment as existential living. Fourth, persons of tomorrow would remain confident of their own ability to experience harmonious relations with others. They would feel no need to be liked or loved by everyone, because they would know that they are unconditionally prized and accepted by someone. Fifth, they would be more integrated, more whole, with no artificial boundary between conscious processes and unconscious ones. Because they would be able to accurately symbolize all their experiences in awareness, they would see clearly the difference between what is and what should be. Sixth, persons of tomorrow would have a basic trust of human nature. They would experience anger, frustration, depression, and other negative emotions, but they would be able to express rather than repress these feelings. Finally, because persons of tomorrow are open to all their experiences, they would enjoy a greater richness in life than do other people. They would live in the present and thus participate more richly in the ongoing moment.

dangal at puri

In Filipino Psychology, the two levels of esteem needs might be translated to "______ at ____".

aesthetic, cognitive, and neurotic.

In addition to the five conative needs, Maslow identified three other categories of needs:

A discrepancy between self-concept and organismic experiences is called ____________________.

Incongruence

Cattell and McCrae and Costa both used an _________ of gathering data.

Inductive

The Danish philosopher and theologian ____________________ is usually credited with being the first modern existentialist.

Kierkegaard

pathology

Lack of satisfaction of any of the basic needs leads to some kind of _________.

sex and human contact; give and receive love

Love and belongingness also include some aspects of ___ and _____ _______ as well as the need to both ____ and _______ ____

B-love (being love)

Love between self-actualizing people and characterized by the love for essence or the being of the other.

prepotency

Lower level needs have __________ over higher level needs; that is, they must be satisfied or mostly satisfied before higher level needs become activated.

The need for _______________________ would include the need for food, sleep, and the tendency to resist change.

Maintenance

Allport; individual; large groups

Maslow agreed with _______ that psychological science should place more emphasis on the study of the __________ and less on the study of _____ ______.

basic needs

Maslow also often referred to the conative needs as _____ _____

Taoistic attitude

Maslow argued for a ________ ________ for psychology, one that would be noninterfering, passive, and receptive.

value free ; care about

Maslow argued for a different philosophy of science, a humanistic, holistic approach that is not _____ ____ and that has scientists who ____ _____ the people and topics they investigate.

views of humanity; psychologically healthy person

Maslow criticized both psychoanalysis and behaviorism for their limited ______ __ _________ and their inadequate understanding of the _______________ _______ ______

85; 70; 50; 40; 10

Maslow estimated that the hypothetical average person has his or her needs satisfied to approximately these levels: physiological, __%; safety, __%; love and belongingness, __%; esteem, __%; and self-actualization, __%.

Gemeinschaftsgefühl

Maslow found that his self-actualizers had a kind of caring attitude toward other people. Although they often feel like aliens in a foreign land, self-actualizers nevertheless identify with all other people and have a genuine interest in helping others—strangers as well as friends.

existential illness

Maslow hypothesized that when people's metaneeds are not met, they experience what type of illness?

14 truth, goodness, beauty, wholeness or the transcendence of dichotomies, aliveness or spontaneity, uniqueness, perfection, completion, justice and order, simplicity, richness or totality, effortlessness, playfulness or humor, and self-sufficiency or autonomy

Maslow identified how many B-values? name some of them.

15

Maslow listed how many tentative qualities that characterize self-actualizing people to at least some degree?

metaneeds

Maslow termed B-values _________ to indicate that they are the ultimate level of needs.

hierarchy of needs

Maslow's concept that assumes that lower level needs must be satisfied or at least relatively satisfied before higher level needs become motivators.

needs can be arranged on a hierarchy

Maslow's final basic assumption (concerning motivation)

holistic (whole person) approach to motivation [the whole person, not any single part, is motivated]

Maslow's first basic assumption

all people everywhere are motivated by the same basic needs.

Maslow's fourth basic assumption the manner of striving may vary widely but the fundamentals are common

(1) the human body is simply not strong enough to endure the ecstasy of fulfillment for any length of time (2) Most people have private ambition to be great. However, when they compare themselves with those who have accomplished greatness, they are appalled by their own arrogance

Maslow's rationale for the Jonah Complex (2)

motivation is usually complex

Maslow's second basic assumption meaning that a person's behavior may spring from several separate motives.

people are continually motivated by one need or another

Maslow's third basic assumption which implies that whrn one need is satisfied, it ordinarily loses its motivational power and is then replaced by another need

the embracing of the B-values.

Maslow's third criterion for self-actualization

List and give examples of the four forms of love. List and define four kinds of love.

May identified four kinds of love in Western tradition—sex, eros, philia, and agape. He believed that Americans no longer view sex as a natural biological function, but have become preoccupied with it to the point of trivialization. Eros is a psychological desire that seeks an enduring union with a loved one. It may include sex, but it is built on care and tenderness. Philia, an intimate nonsexual friendship between two people, takes time to develop and does not depend on the actions of the other person. Agape is an altruistic or spiritual love that carries with it the risk of playing God. Agape is undeserved and unconditional.

Define existential freedom and essential freedom. Differentiate between existential freedom and essential freedom.

May recognized two forms of freedom: (1) freedom of doing or freedom of action, which he called existential freedom, and (2) freedom of being or an inner freedom, which he called essential freedom.

May's Existential Theory: Psychopathology

May saw apathy and emptiness—not anxiety or depression—as the chief existential disorders of our time. People have become alienated from the natural world (Umwelt), from other people (Mitwelt) and from themselves (Eigenwelt). Psychopathology is a lack of connectedness and an inability to fulfill one's destiny.

May's Existential Theory: Concept of Humanity

May viewed people as complex beings, capable of both tremendous good and immense evil. People have become alienated from the world, from other people, and, most of all, from themselves. On the dimensions of a concept of humanity, May rates high on free choice, teleology, social influences, and uniqueness. On the issue of conscious or unconscious forces, his theory takes a middle position.

May's Existential Theory: Critique of May

May's psychology has been legitimately criticized as being antitheoretical and unjustly criticized as being anti-intellectual. May's antitheoretical approach calls for a new kind of science—one that considers uniqueness and personal freedom as crucial concepts. However, according to the criteria of present science, May's theory rates low on most standards. More specifically, we give it a very low rating on its ability to generate research, to be falsified, and to guide action; low on internal consistency (because it lacks operationally defined terms), average on parsimony, and high on its organizational powers, due to its consideration of a broad scope of the human condition.

Distinguish between normal and neurotic anxiety. Distinguish between normal anxiety and neurotic anxiety, as described by May.

People experience anxiety when they become aware that their existence or something identified with it might be destroyed. The acquisition of freedom inevitably leads to anxiety, which can be either pleasurable and constructive or painful and destructive. A. Normal Anxiety Growth produces normal anxiety, defined as that which is proportionate to the threat, does not involve repression, and can be handled on a conscious level. B. Neurotic Anxiety Neurotic anxiety is a reaction that is disproportionate to the threat and that leads to repression and defensive behaviors. It is felt whenever one's values are transformed into dogma. Neurotic anxiety blocks growth and productive action.

Discuss research on terror management theory and explain how it relates to Rollo May's concept of anxiety. Summarize the findings of terror management theorists, and explain how these findings relate to Rollo May's existential theory of personality.

May's theory of personality does not easily lend itself to direct empirical research. Nevertheless, some researchers have investigated the concept of terror management, which is based on more readily testable hypotheses. Rollo May's existential theory has not generated much objective, scientific research, a situation that May would have approved. Nevertheless, one existential topic to receive some empirical attention has been existential anxiety and terror management. Ernest Becker, an American psychiatrist inspired by Kierkegaard and Otto Rank, has presented research that has been a major source of inspiration for terror management theorists. A. Mortality Salience and Denial of Our Animal Nature Also, Jamie Goldenberg and colleagues found that cultural worldviews (religion, politics, and social norms) and self-esteem function to defend people against thoughts of death, so that when death becomes salient through disasters, death of a loved one, or images of death, people respond by clinging more closely to cultural worldviews and bolstering their self-esteem. They predicted that mortality salience would increase feelings of disgust, and their experiment found this prediction to be true. Goldenberg and colleagues found that their results supported the basic terror management assumption that people distance themselves from animals because animals remind us of our own physical mortality. Cathy Cox and colleagues recently extended Goldenberg's findings by investigating disgust reactions to breast feeding. Their findings supported the conclusions of a growing body of research that when mortality is made more salient, people are increasingly disgusted by human features that remind us of our animal nature. This body of work points to the general conclusion that disgust serves the function of defending us against the existential threat posed by our inevitable death.

expressive; coping

Metamotivation is characterized by __________ rather than ______ behavior and is associated with the B-values.

Rogers wanted to be a ______________________ after he graduated from the University of Wisconsin, but he switched to psychology when he went to Columbia University.

Minister

Our relationship to the world of people is termed ________________.

Mitwelt

Discuss research on Rogers' facilitative conditions in situations outside the therapeutic relationship.

More recently, other researchers have investigated Rogers' facilitative conditions both outside therapy and within therapy. A. Self-Ideal, Congruence, and Mental Health: Self-Discrepancy Theory In the 1980s, E. Tory Higgins developed a version of Rogers' model called self-discrepancy theory. Higgins hypothesized that individuals with high levels of self-discrepancy were most likely to experience high levels of negative affect in their lives, such as anxiety and depression. Ann Phillips and Paul Silvia (2005) predicted that the negative emotion experienced from either real-ideal or real-ought discrepancies would be greatest when people are more self-aware or self-focused. Their hypothesis was supported by their findings when they compared participants completing their questionnaires in front of a mirror to participants without a mirror. Other researchers have found that college students with a high discrepancy between real and ideal self-perceptions tended to drink more alcohol in a controlled setting (Wolfe & Maisto, 2000). Others applied Higgins' self-discrepancy theory to eating disorders (Veale, Kinderman, Riley, & Lambrou, 2003), and to general mental health (Liao & Fan, 2003). In general, these results supported Rogers' notion that people whose ideal self is at variance with their real self may turn to unhealthy behaviors as a means of coping with this discrepancy. B. Motivation and Pursuit of Goals Rogers proposed (1951) that we all have an organismic valuing process (OVP), or a natural instinct guiding us toward the most fulfilling pursuits. Ken Sheldon and colleagues (2003) explored the existence of an OVP in college students. Their hypothesis that if people have an OVP, over time they will rate more inherently fulfilling goals as more desirable than materialistic goals, was supported by their findings. Schwartz and Waterman found from their longitudinal study (2006) that the more self-realizing experiences people have, the more intrinsic motivation they are likely to experience, just as Carl Rogers would have predicted.

love and belongingness

Most people who seek therapy have some difficulty achieving which needs?

May believed that _______________________ are conscious and unconscious belief systems that provide explanations for personal and social problems.

Myths

compensation; unsatisfied

Neurotic needs are usually reactive; that is, they serve as ___________ for ___________ basic needs.

stagnation and pathology

Neurotic needs lead only to __________ and _________.

The most obvious avenue of _____________________ is death.

Non-being

neurotic needs

Nonproductive needs that are opposed to the basic needs and perpetuate an unhealthy style of life, and that block psychological health whether or not they are satisfied

simplistic; complex reasons

One important way in which Maslow differed from Gordon Allport: Allport viewed behavior in a more __________ manner while Maslow believed behavior has _______ ______.

Guilt and anxiety are __________________________ in the sense that they refer to the nature of being and not to specific situations.

Ontological

To Rogers, the real self and the __________________ self are the same concept.

Organismic

Rogers believed that healthy individuals evaluate their experience from the viewpoint of:

Organismic Self

__________________ is a nonsexual love between two people, for example, a sister and brother.

Philia

1. they are the ONLY needs that can be COMPLETELY SATISFIED or even overly satisfied. 2. they have a RECURRING NATURE.

Physiological needs differ from other needs in at least two important ways: (1) (OCS) (2) (RN)

prepotent

Physiological needs, being thr most basic, are the most _________ of all.

Unconditional ____________________________ exists when the therapist prizes the client regardless of the client's behavior.

Positive Regard

Describe the relationship between freedom and destiny. Discuss May's concept of destiny.

Psychologically healthy individuals are comfortable with freedom, able to assume responsibility for their choices, and willing to face their destiny. A. Freedom Defined Freedom comes from an understanding of our destiny. We are free when we recognize that death is a possibility at any moment and when we are willing to experience changes even in the face of not knowing what those changes will bring. B. Forms of Freedom May recognized two forms of freedom: (1) freedom of doing or freedom of action, which he called existential freedom, and (2) freedom of being or an inner freedom, which he called essential freedom. C. Destiny Defined May defined destiny as "the design of the universe speaking through the design of each one of us." In other words, our destiny includes the limitations of our environment and our personal qualities, including our mortality, gender, and genetic predispositions. Freedom and destiny constitute a paradox because freedom gains vitality from destiny, and destiny gains significance from freedom. D. Philip's Destiny After some time in therapy, Philip was able to stop blaming his mother for not doing what he thought she should have done. The objective facts of his childhood had not changed, but Philip's subjective perceptions had. As he came to terms with his destiny, Philip began to be able to express his anger, to feel less trapped in his relationship with Nicole, and to become more aware of his possibilities. In other words, he gained his freedom of being.

apparent: real

Reversals in the hierarchy are more ________ than ____.

Discuss Rogers' philosophy of science.

Rogers agreed with Maslow that scientists must care about the phenomena they study and that psychologists should limit their objectivity and precision to their methodology, not to the creation of hypotheses or to the communication of research findings.

Roger's Person-Centered Theory: Concept of Humanity

Rogers believed that humans have the capacity to change and grow—provided that certain necessary and sufficient conditions are present. Therefore, his theory rates very high on optimism. In addition, it rates high on free choice, teleology, conscious motivation, social influences, and the uniqueness of the individual.

Identify the formative and actualizing tendencies. Compare Rogers' concepts of the formative tendency and the actualizing tendency. Define incongruence and discuss how a person might become incongruent.

Rogers carefully crafted his person-centered theory of personality to meet his own demands for a structural model that could explain and predict outcomes of client-centered therapy. However, the theory has implications far beyond the therapeutic setting. A. Basic Assumptions Person-centered theory rests on two basic assumptions: (1) the formative tendency that states that all matter, both organic and inorganic, tends to evolve from simpler to more complex forms and (2) an actualizing tendency, which suggests that all living things, including humans, tend to move toward completion, or fulfillment of potentials. However, in order for people (or plants and animals) to become actualized, certain identifiable conditions must be present. For a person, these conditions include a relationship with another person who is genuine, or congruent, and who demonstrates complete acceptance and empathy for that person.

Discuss Rogers' concept of self and its development. Discuss Rogers' concept of self-actualization.

Rogers carefully crafted his person-centered theory of personality to meet his own demands for a structural model that could explain and predict outcomes of client-centered therapy. However, the theory has implications far beyond the therapeutic setting. B. The Self and Self-Actualization A sense of self or personal identity begins to emerge during infancy, and once established, it allows a person to strive toward self-actualization, which is a subsystem of the actualization tendency and refers to the tendency to actualize the self as perceived in awareness. The self has two subsystems: (1) the self-concept, which includes all those aspects of one's identity that are perceived in awareness, and (2) the ideal self, or our view of our self as we would like to be or aspire to be. Once formed, the self concept tends to resist change, and gaps between it and the ideal self result in incongruence and various levels of psychopathology.

resistance to enculturation

Self-actualizing people have a sense of detachment from their surroundings and are able to transcend a particular culture. They are neither antisocial nor consciously nonconforming. Rather, they are autonomous, following their own standards of conduct and not blindly obeying the rules of others.

State the basic needs of individuals according to person-centered theory.

Rogers carefully crafted his person-centered theory of personality to meet his own demands for a structural model that could explain and predict outcomes of client-centered therapy. However, the theory has implications far beyond the therapeutic setting. D. Needs The two basic human needs are maintenance and enhancement, but people also need positive regard and self-regard. Maintenance needs include those for food, air, and safety, but they also include our tendency to resist change and to maintain our self-concept as it is. Enhancement needs include needs to grow and to realize one's full human potential. As awareness of self emerges, an infant begins to receive positive regard from another person, that is, to be loved or accepted. People naturally value those experiences that satisfy their needs for positive regard, but unfortunately, this value sometimes becomes more powerful than the reward they receive for meeting their organismic needs. This sets up the condition of incongruence, which is experienced when basic organismic needs are denied or distorted in favor of needs to be loved or accepted. As a result of experiences with positive regard, people develop the need for self-regard which they acquire only after they perceive that someone else cares for them and values them. Once established, however, self-regard becomes autonomous and no longer dependent on another person's continuous positive evaluation.

List and describe Rogers' necessary and sufficient conditions for psychological growth. Define conditions of worth. List and briefly explain the "necessary and sufficient" conditions for psychological growth.

Rogers carefully crafted his person-centered theory of personality to meet his own demands for a structural model that could explain and predict outcomes of client-centered therapy. However, the theory has implications far beyond the therapeutic setting. E. Conditions of Worth Most people are not unconditionally accepted. Instead, they receive conditions of worth; that is, they feel that they are loved and accepted only when and if they meet the conditions set by others.

Roger's Person-Centered Theory: Psychological Stagnation

Rogers carefully crafted his person-centered theory of personality to meet his own demands for a structural model that could explain and predict outcomes of client-centered therapy. However, the theory has implications far beyond the therapeutic setting. F. Psychological Stagnation When the organismic self and the self-concept are at variance with one another, a person may experience incongruence, anxiety, threat, defensiveness, and even disorganization. The greater the incongruence between self-concept and the organismic experience, the more vulnerable that person becomes. Anxiety exists whenever the person becomes dimly aware of the discrepancy between organismic experience and self-concept, whereas threat is experienced whenever the person becomes more clearly aware of this incongruence. To prevent incongruence, people react with defensiveness, typically in the forms of distortion and denial. With distortion, people misinterpret an experience so that it fits into their self-concept; with denial, people refuse to allow the experience into awareness. When people's defenses fail to operate properly, their behavior becomes disorganized or psychotic. With disorganization, people sometimes behave consistently with their organismic experience, and sometimes in accordance with their shattered self-concept.

Rogers Person-Centered Theory: Critique

Rogers' person-centered theory is one of the most carefully constructed of all personality theories, and it meets quite well each of the six criteria of a useful theory. It rates very high on internal consistency and parsimony, high on its ability to be falsified and to generate research, and high average on its ability to organize knowledge and to serve as a guide to the practitioner.

May's Existential Theory: The Case of Phillip

Rollo May helped illustrate his concepts of existential theory and therapy by the case of Philip, a successful architect in his mid-50s. Despite his apparent success, Philip experienced severe anxiety when his relationship with Nicole (a writer in her mid-40s) took a puzzling turn. Uncertain of his future and suffering from low self-esteem, Philip went into therapy with Rollo May. Eventually, Philip was able to understand that his difficulties with women were related to his early experiences with a mother who was unpredictable and an older sister who suffered from severe mental disorders. However, he began to recover only after he accepted that his "need" to take care of unpredictable Nicole was merely part of his personal history with unstable women.

Rollo May

Rollo May was born in Ohio in 1909, but grew up in Michigan. After graduating from Oberlin College in 1930, he spent 3 years as an itinerant artist roaming throughout eastern and southern Europe. When he returned to the United States, he entered the Union Theological Seminary, from which he received a Master of Divinity degree. He then served for 2 years as a pastor, but quit in order to pursue a career in psychology. He received a PhD in clinical psychology from Columbia in 1949 at the relatively advanced age of 40. During his professional career, he served as lecturer or visiting professor at a number of universities, conducted a private practice as a psychotherapist, and wrote a number of popular books on the human condition. May died in 1994 at age 85.

cannot be overly satiated

Safety needs differ from physiological needs in that they ______ __ ______ ________.

Eigenwelt refers to our relationship with ______________________.

Self

Discrepancies between the _________________________ and the organismic self results in incongruence.

Self-Concept

All of us, Rogers said, have a need for ______________________, that is, a feeling of self-confidence and self-worth.

Self-Regard

continued freshness of appreciation

Self-actualizing people have the wonderful capacity to appreciate again and again, freshly and naively, the basic goods of life, with awe, pleasure, wonder, and even ecstasy. They retain their constant sense of good fortune and gratitude for it.

profound interpersonal relations

Self-actualizers have a nurturant feeling toward people in general, but their close friendships are limited to only a few. They have no frantic need to be friends with everyone, but the few important interpersonal relationships they do have are quite deep and intense. They tend to choose healthy people as friends and avoid intimate interpersonal relationships with dependent or infantile people, although their social interest allows them to have a special feeling of empathy for these less healthy persons.

spontaneity, simplicity, naturalness

Self-actualizing people are unconventional but not compulsively so; they are highly ethical but may appear unethical or nonconforming. They ordinarily live simple lives in the sense that they have no need to erect a complex veneer designed to deceive the world. They are unpretentious and not afraid or ashamed to express joy, awe, elation, sorrow, anger, or other deeply felt emotions.

Acceptance of self, others, and nature

Self-actualizing people can accept themselves the way they are. In similar fashion, they accept others and have no compulsive need to instruct, inform, or convert. They accept nature, including human nature, as it is and do not expect perfection either in themselves or in others. They realize that people suffer, grow old, and die.

more efficiently perceive reality

Self-actualizing people can more easily detect phoniness in others. They perceive ultimate values more clearly than other people do and are less prejudiced and less likely to see the world as they wish it to be.

autonomy

Self-actualizing people depend on themselves for growth even though at some time in their past they had to have received love and security from others. The confidence that one is loved and accepted without conditions or qualifications can be a powerful force in contributing to feelings of self-worth. Once that confidence is attained, a person no longer depends on others for self-esteem

discrimination between means and end

Self-actualizing people have a clear sense of right and wrong conduct and have little conflict about basic values. They set their sights on ends rather than means and have an unusual ability to distinguish between the two. What other people consider to be a means (e.g., eating or exercising), self-actualizing people often see as an end in itself. They enjoy doing something for its own sake and not just because it is a means to some other end.

the need for privacy

Self-actualizing people have a quality of detachment that allows them to be alone without being lonely. They feel relaxed and comfortable when they are either with people or alone. Because they have already satisfied their love and belongingness needs, they have no desperate need to be surrounded by other people. They can find enjoyment in solitude and privacy.

List the common assumptions found among most existential thinkers. List five common elements of existentialism.

Søren Kierkegaard, the Danish philosopher and theologian, is usually considered to be the founder of modern existentialism. Like later existentialists, he emphasized a balance between freedom and responsibility. People acquire freedom of action by expanding their self-awareness and by assuming responsibility for their actions. However, this acquisition of freedom and responsibility is achieved at the expense of anxiety and dread. A. What Is Existentialism? The first tenet of existentialism is that existence takes precedence over essence, meaning that process and growth are more important than product and stagnation. Second, existentialists oppose the artificial split between subject and object. Third, they stress people's search for meaning in their lives. Fourth, they insist that each of us is responsible for who we are and what we will become. Fifth, most existentialists take an antitheoretical position, believing that theories tend to objectify people. B. Basic Concepts According to existentialists, a basic unity exists between people and their environments, a unity expressed by the term Dasein, or being-in-the-world. Three simultaneous modes of the world characterize us in our Dasein: Umwelt, or the environment around us; Mitwelt, or our world with other people; and Eigenwelt, or our relationship with our self. People are both aware of themselves as living beings and also aware of the possibility of nonbeing or nothingness. Death is the most obvious form of nonbeing, which can also be experienced as retreat from life's experiences.

Personal Orientation Inventory (POI)

Test designed by E. L. Shostrom to measure Maslow's concept of selfactualizing tendencies in people which consists of 150 forced-choice items.

faking

The POI is quite resistant to ______.

fulfilled their needs to grow, to develop, and to increasingly become what they were capable of becoming

The final criterion for reaching self-actualization which Maslow described as the "full use and exploitation of talents, capacities, potentialities, etc."

level of pathology upon frustration.

The first criterion for separating instinctoid needs from noninstinctoid needs is the:

conative needs

The five needs composing Maslow's hierarchy are ________ _____, meaning that they have a striving or motivational character.

May's Existential Theory: Psychotherapy

The goal of May's psychotherapy was not to cure patients of any specific disorder, but rather to make them more fully human. May said that the purpose of psychotherapy is to set people free, that is, to allow them to make choices and to assume responsibility for those choices.

prediction and control

The new psychology Maslow argued for would abolish __________ and _______ as the major goals of science and replace them with sheer fascination and the desire to release people from controls so that they can grow and become less predictable.

skepticism, disillusionment, and cynism

The pathology that results from blocking the coginitive needs takes the form of ___________, _______________, and ________

psychological health; pathology; Neurotic needs

The satisfaction of aesthetic and cognitive needs is consistent with _____________ _____, whereas the deprivation of these two needs results in _________. ________ _____, however, lead to pathology whether or not they are satisfied.

spontaneous and natural behavior.

The similarity between self-actualizing people and children and animals is in their:

May's Existential Theory: Intentionality

The structure that gives meaning to experience and allows people to make decisions about the future is called intentionality. May believed that intentionality permits people to overcome the dichotomy between subject and object because it enables them to see that their intentions are a function of both themselves and their environment.

humanistic, existential, and phenomenological

The third force is usually thought to include __________, ___________, and ________________ theories.

instinctoid; noninstinctoid

The thwarting of __________ needs produces pathology, whereas the frustration of ______________ needs does not.

(1) it is LONG, taking most participants 30 to 45 minutes to complete; (2) the two-item forced-choice format can ENGENDER HOSTILITY in the participants, who feel frustrated by the limitations of a forced-choice option.

The two practical problems of POI:

First, higher level needs are later on the phylogenetic or evolutionary scale and appear later on the course of development. Second, higher level needs produce more happiness and more peak experiences.

The two ways that higher level needs differ from lower level needs (in degree)

B-values ("being" values)

The values of self-actualizing people, including beauty, truth, goodness, justice, wholeness, and the like, which motivate them

people who have received love and belongingness in small doses

They will be strongly motivated to seek satisfaction of their love and belongingness needs and have stronger needs for affection and acceptance than others do.

incapable of giving love; devalue; take its absence for granted.

Those who have never experienced love and belongingness are _________ __ ______ ____. Maslow believed that these people will eventually learn to _______ love and to ____ ___ _______ ___ _______.

embrace the Being-values

To Maslow, the aim of therapy would be for clients to:

T/F According to Rogers, a vulnerable person is unaware of the discrepancy between self and experience.

True

T/F According to Rogers, all living organisms possess the actualizing tendency.

True

T/F After people have established unconditional positive self-regard, they no longer depend on others for unconditional positive regard.

True

rogers believed that all behavior relates to one's

actualizing tendency

Roger's Person-Centered Theory: The Chicago Studies

When he taught at the University of Chicago and again at the University of Wisconsin, Rogers along with colleagues and graduate students conducted an experimental investigation on the effectiveness of psychotherapy. These studies, though now old, remain as some of the best designed and most sophisticated of all such investigations. A. Hypotheses This study at the University of Chicago tested four broad hypotheses. As a consequence of therapy (1) clients will become more aware of their feelings and experiences, (2) the gap between the real self and the ideal self will lessen; (3) clients' behavior will become more socialized; and (4) clients will become both more self-accepting and more accepting of others. B. Method Participants were adults who sought therapy at the University of Chicago counseling center. Experimenters asked half of them to wait 60 days before receiving therapy while beginning therapy with the other half. In addition, they tested a control group of "normals" who were matched with the therapy group. This control group was also divided into a wait group and a non-wait group. C. Findings Rogers and his associates found that the therapy group—but not the wait group—showed a lessening of the gap between real self and ideal self. They also found that clients who improved during therapy showed changes in social behavior, as reported by their friends. D. Summary of Results Although client-centered therapy was successful in changing clients, it was not successful in bringing them to the level of the fully functioning persons or even to the level of "normal" psychological health.

whether or not they embrace the B-values

Why some people step over the threshold from esteem to self-actualization and others do not is a matter of:

May suggested a union between love and ______________________.

Will

children

________ are more often motivated by safety needs because they live with such threats as darkness, animals, strangers, and punishments from parents.

motivation

_________ is limited to the satisfaction of some need.

knowledge

_________ is necessary to satisfy each of the five conative needs.

metapathology

a pathology manifested as the absence of values, the lack of fulfillment, and the loss of meaning in life that results from the deprivation of self-actualization needs

self-esteem

a person's own feelings of worth and confidence which is based on real competence and not merely on others' opinions.

expressive behavior

a type of behavior that is often an end in itself and serves no other purpose than to be

According to Allport, people are motivated by

a variety of drives

At the height of his career, Rogers engaged in a series of debates with

a. George Kelly. b. Carl Jung. **c. B.F. Skinner. d. Albert Bandura.

Various compulsive behaviors and addictions can be seen as manifestations of

a. Mitwelt. **b. nonbeing. c. normal anxiety. d. neurotic anxiety. e. destiny.

Which statement is consistent with Rogers' theory?

a. Self-regard is originally dependent on self-concept. **b. Once achieved, self-regard can exist independently of others' opinions and attitudes. c. Self-regard is symptomatic of malignant egoism. d. Self-regard stems from the negative appraisals received from others.

The personality theories of Sullivan, Maslow, Rogers, and others that emphasize interpersonal relations deal mostly with ______.

a. Umwelt **b. Mitwelt c. Eigenwelt d. Dasein

The guilt that arises from our inability to accurately perceive the world of others is associated with ______.

a. Umwelt **b. Mitwelt c. Eigenwelt d. neurotic anxiety e. intentionality

Our relationship to self and our ability to grasp who we are best describes ______.

a. Umwelt b. Mitwelt **c. Eigenwelt d. nonbeing

May defined anxiety as

a. a feeling of separation from the natural world. **b. an awareness that our existence or some value identified with it may be destroyed. c. the imaginative playing with the possibility of some act or state occurring. d. a fear of nonbeing and an attraction to nothingness or death.

May believed that freedom grows from an understanding of one's

a. authenticity. b. will. c. intentionality. d. responsibility. **e. destiny.

In the Chicago studies, Rogers and his associates found that

a. clients who received client-centered therapy became fully functioning. b. empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence were neither necessary nor sufficient. **c. clients who received client-centered therapy improved, but they did not reach an "average" level of psychological functioning. d. clients who received cognitive behavior therapy showed no gain.

In the Chicago studies,

a. clients who received no therapy experienced the same level of growth as did the clients in the therapy group. **b. clients who received no therapy received no psychological growth. c. Carl Rogers was the sole therapist. d. all the therapist were graduate students.

A discrepancy between the self-concept and the ideal self results in

a. ego defense mechanisms. b. safe-guarding tendencies. c. the person of tomorrow. **d. incongruence.

Tyler has a negative view of himself. To increase his self-concept, his parents and teachers continually praise and compliment him. Rogers believed that such praise and compliments are most likely to

a. enhance Tyler's self-esteem. b. reinforce Tyler's negative behavior. c. be easily accepted into Tyler's self-concept. **d. be distorted by Tyler.

Rogers believed that all behavior relates to one's

a. enhancement needs. b. ideal self. c. safety needs. **d. actualizing tendency.

May would accept the statement that

a. essence precedes existence. **b. subject and object operate as a single entity. c. responsibility precedes freedom. d. freedom takes precedence over responsibility.

The terms Umwelt, Mitwelt, and Eigenwelt refer to

a. existential dread. b. mechanisms of escaping from freedom. c. mechanism of escaping from responsibility. **d. a person's being-in-the-world.

Rogers described the formative tendency as the tendency for

a. humans to form intimate interpersonal relationships. **b. matter to evolve from simpler to more complex form. c. people to strive toward self-actualization. d. people to return to an inorganic state.

In Rogerian theory, the actualization tendency

a. is synonymous with the formative tendency. b. has the same or nearly the same meaning as self-actualization. **c. refers to the person's organismic experiences. d. refers to the tendency to actualize the perceived self.

Although Rollo May's writings were somewhat philosophical in tone, his views originated from his experience as

a. lawyer. b. physician. c. scientific researcher. d. soldier in World War II. **e. psychotherapist

Kierkegaard, like most existentialists, suggested a balance between

a. life and death. **b. freedom and responsibility. c. hope and despair. d. consciousness and unconsciousness. e. Yin and Yang.

Philia is defined as

a. love without care. b. care without love. c. will without wish. **d. an intimate, nonsexual friendship. e. a sexual, nonintimate relationship.

Taylor's parents praise her whenever her behavior meets with their standards. However, they punish Taylor when her behavior fails to meet with their approval. From this information it appears that Taylor is experiencing

a. low self-esteem. **b. conditions of worth. c. disorganization. d. high self-esteem.

Rogers hypothesized that persons of tomorrow would

a. mistrust others. b. be free of psychological conflict. **c. be open to their experience. d. reach a high-level stage where continued change was unnecessary.

According to May, a denial of destiny leads to

a. nonbeing. **b. psychopathology. c. freedom. d. freedom and responsibility. e. guilt and shame.

An unawareness of a discrepancy between self and experience leads to

a. psychological health. b. anxiety. c. threat. **d. vulnerability. e. guilt.

May contended that contemporary people of Western civilization have an urgent need for

a. religion. b. peace. c. unity. d. individuality. **e. myths.

According to Rogers, the two primary defensive strategies are ______.

a. repression and denial b. repression and reaction formation **c. denial and distortion d. repression and regression

May said that healthy people

a. retreat from their destiny. b. deny their freedom. **c. challenge their destiny. d. deny death.

According to Rogers, the two basic human needs are

a. sex and safety. b. self-actualization and self-enhancement. c. power and submission. **d. maintenance and enhancement.

According to May, an authentic person must unite love with

a. sex. b. imagination. c. wish. d. agape. **e. will.

Clients are better able to listen to themselves when the therapist possesses

a. sympathy for them. **b. empathy for them. c. conditions of worth toward them. d. a professional attitude toward them.

May defined intentionality as

a. the desire to achieve self-fulfillment. b. the feeling of threat that leads to a realization of Dasein. c. the acceptance of ontological guilt. **d. the structure that gives meaning to our experience and allows us to make decisions about the future.

Rogers believed that a person with a disorganized personality may at times behave consistently with organismic experience and at other times consistently with

a. the ideal self. b. others' expectations. **c. the shattered self-concept. d. the actualizing tendency.

Healthy people evaluate their experiences as good or bad according to this criterion.

a. the self-concept b. perceived self c. reflected appraisal of others **d. the actualizing tendency

The term Dasein expresses

a. the ultimate form of love. b. the world of things or objects. **c. the essential unity of person and environment. d. nonbeing.

People use myths to

a. transcend the immediate situation. b. expand self-awareness. c. search for identity. **d. all of these.

according to rogers, the two primary defensive strategies are____

denial and distortion

clients are better able to listen to themselves when the therapist possesses

empathy for them

May believed that people acquire freedom of action, in part, by

expanding their self-awareness.

a discrepancy between the self-concept and the ideal self results in

incongruence

in rogerian theory, the actualization tendency

referes to the person's organismic experiences

moli. attempts to run away from one's destiny

tomo o moli. The Jonah complex is characterized by attempts to run away from one's goals.

They were free from psychopathology.

the first criteria for self-actualization meaning that a person is neither neurotic nor psychotic nor does he/she have a tendency toward psychological disturbances.

physiological > safety > love and belongingness > esteem > self-actualization

the five conative needs in order of their prepotency

support scale

the major scale designed to measure whether an individual's mode of reaction is characteristically 'self' oriented or 'other' oriented"

time competence/time incompetence scale

the major scale that measures the degree to which people are present oriented

metamotivation

the motives of self-actualizing people, especially including B-values

reputation

the perception of the prestige, recognition, or fame a person has achieved in the eyes of others

self-actualizing people had progressed through the hierarchy of needs

the secomd criteria for self-actualization which pertains to lower level needs

rogers believed that, for psychologically healthy individuals,

the self and experience are congruent

rogers believed that a person with a disorganized personality may at times behave constantly with organismic experience and at other times consistently with:

the shattered self-concept.

become everything that one can become, to actualize or fulfill all of one's potentials.

the term "self-actualization" means to: ? When people can accomplish this goal, they become more unique, more heterogeneous, and less shaped by a given culture

repuration and self-esteem

the two levels of esteem needs

Short Index of Self-Actualization (SISA) and Brief Index of Self-Actualization (BISA-R)

the two other measures of self-actualization developed to overcome the limitations of POI

desacralization

the type of science that lacks emotion, joy, wonderm awe, and rapture

Holistic Dynamic Theory

theory of personality that assumes that the whole person is constantly being motivated by one need or another and that people have the potential to grow toward psychological health

People who have had their love and belongingness needs adequately satisfied from early years

these people have confidence that they are accepted by those who are important to them, so when other people reject them, they do not feel devastated.

the third force in psychology

those approaches to psychology that have reacted against the older psychodynamic and behavioristic theories

physiological needs

thr most basic needs of any person

resacralize

to instill with human values, emotion, and ritual