Ch 9 - Groups

What is Task interdependence?

Task interdependence refers to the degree that team members are dependent on one another to get information, support, or materials from other team members to be effective. Research shows that self-managing teams are most effective when their tasks are highly interdependent.

Teams whose members have ___________are often more successful, because members can see each other's blind spots. One team member's strengths can compensate for another's weaknesses.

Complementary skills

Group members have a _______ identity

Collective identity They share a mutual bond and sense of purpose and work together on a common task in the group

Faultlines

The perceived divisions that split groups into two or more subgroups based on individual differences such as sex, race, age, work experience, and education.

What is the main purpose of assembling a team?

To do something that not only 1 person can do and need buy in (need to combine skills)

What are cross functional teams?

- Bringing together as many people as you need to get the job done that have a broad array of skills - Would be from same hierarchical level, but different work areas (production, accounting, marketing, etc.) - Walmart example: company is expanding to Chile, going to need to build a cross-functional team for HR, legal, marketing, etc. BROAD

Steps in creating and managing a virtual team:

- Develop a virtual team charter (leader) - This charter has to update people with reports on progress - Set up communication rules - Humanize everyone by sharing pics and personal photos of the team - Handle serious conflicts face-to-face - Reward positive team behavior and celebrate team success

6 Ways to increase group cohesion:

- Make them smaller - Have group goals - Have group stability - As cohesion goes up, it's harder to get into the group -Group competition -Minimize Status Differences

What are some of the characteristics of virtual teams?

- Not located in the same geographical area - In doing so, you can get talent wherever it may be - 8.4 million ppl work on virtual teams - It's cheaper

What is the Status Characteristics Theory?

- power gives you greater status - higher status members help group achieve better outcomes (leader gets food) - Ability to contribute, personal characteristics ←see if this is in book

What are self-managed teams?

-Permanent team that will perform as a team but without a supervisor. Supervisor is simply taken out and team managed themselves. - When done well - productivity goes up, Autonomy goes up, task variety goes up, task identity goes up, etc. (good things)

What are Problem Solving Teams?

-Short duration team that determines the causes and solution of a problem. 5-12 people - temporary team to solve the problem

Name some reasons why every company doesn't just have self-managed team?

-Very expensive to do - Have to train everyone to know how to do everything - Job Rotation would be critical - Need real-time performance - Would have to do team-based hiring - Need some type of coach - Need team-based rewards

What are the 5 stages of group development?

1) Forming Stage "ice breaking stage" - "what is my role" Lots of ambiguity, group is feeling each other out 2) Storming Stage -Members negotiating roles- "Who is going to be in charge" - Subgroups form and if groups cannot get past this stage, they cannot move on -Subtle forms of rebellion form -Everybody is on board with idea 3) Norming Stage - Cohesive teams -develop norms - find rules of group, make decisions - business of an effective group 4) Performing Stage - Focus on problem solving -Fully functional group -Strong productivity and cooperation - Functions as good as it ever will 5) Adjourning Stage - Work is done - Awards, party, etc. - Group's purpose has been served

Name a few issues with the 5 Stages of Group Development:

1)People assume that the group becomes more effective as it progresses 2)Groups can regress 3)Some groups don't storm and still perform 4)Not always linear

What are the 5 main properties of a group?

1)Roles 2)Norms 3)Status 4)Size 5) Group Cohesion rnssc

Define formal work group:

A formal work group is made up of managers, subordinates, or both with close associations among group members that influence the behavior of individuals in the group.

Define Group

A group is a collection of individuals who interact with each other such that one person's actions have an impact on the others.

Definition of Team:

A team is a cohesive coalition of people working together to achieve mutual goals. - A team is a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they are mutually accountable

What stage is the final one and where the work is done and the group's purpose has been served?

Adjourning Stage

What is a task force team?

An example of a temporary team is a task force that is asked to address a specific issue or problem until it is resolved.

Psychological Contract

An unwritten agreement that sets out what management expects from an employee and vice versa.

What are the purposes of norms?

Establish order Increase cohesion Differentiate members

What stage of Group Development is known as the "ice breaking stage"?

Forming stage

Difference between groups and teams:

Group/Team: One leader / Shared Leadership Individual Performance / Collective performance (like sports team) Individual Accountability / Individual and collective accountability Skills are a random mix / Members are selected by their unique skills Information sharing / Collective problem solving

What are idea-generation tasks?

Idea-generation tasks deal with creative tasks, such as brainstorming a new direction or creating a new process.

What is sequential interdependence?

If one person's output becomes another person's input, the team would be experiencing sequential interdependence.

What is reciprocal interdependence and outcome interdependence?

If the student team decided that in order to create a top-notch research paper they should work together on each phase of the research paper so that their best ideas would be captured at each stage, they would be undertaking reciprocal interdependence. Another important type of interdependence that is not specific to the task itself is outcome interdependence, in which the rewards that an individual receives depend on the performance of others.

What is a reference group? (W/Norms Section)

If there is a group you want to belong to, you need to comply with their norms - "A reference group is a group that we compare ourselves to for the purpose of evaluating our behaviors."

What is Social Loafing? Why do people do it?

In a large group, someone will slack off and someone else will then have to work harder to pick up that slack and get the job done - they do it because it is easy to hide and they ask themselves "does my contribution matter?"

What is the relationship between size and group performance?

Increases in group size are inversely related to individual performance.

Team Role Typology - 10 C's

LOOK AT HANDOUT

Higher status members of the group are ______ restrained by norms and pressure to conform

Less

Name 3 types of informal groups

Lunch group, interest group, hobby group - Informal work groups are made up of two or more individuals who are associated with one another in ways not prescribed by the formal organization.

Higher status members are more or less assertive in groups?

More

What stage of group development is where the group finds its rules and starts to make decisions and norms

Norming Stage

What is group cohesion?

One of the main properties of the group and it's the idea that group members are attracted to one another and are motivated to stay in the group. Group members will usually have something in common like interest, hobby, ethnicity, etc. - It refers to the degree of camaraderie within the group. Cohesive groups are those in which members are attached to each other and act as one unit.

What stage of group development is where it functions as good as it ever will and is a fully functional group?

Performing Stage

What is a Rate-Buster? (W/Norms Section)

Person who excels so much that they are making the group look bad

Social Identity Theory

Perspective that considers when and why individuals consider themselves members of groups.

What is Pooled interdependence?

Pooled interdependence exists when team members may work independently and simply combine their efforts to create the team's output. For example, when students meet to divide the section of a research paper and one person simply puts all the sections together to create one paper, the team is using the pooled interdependence model.

Name 4 different types of Teams

Problem Solving Teams Self-Managed Teams Cross-Functional Teams Virtual Teams

What are Problem-solving tasks?

Problem-solving tasks refer to coming up with plans for actions and making decisions.

What are Production tasks?

Production tasks include actually making something, such as a building, product, or a marketing plan.

What is the Zimbardo Experiment?

Professor faked a prison using student volunteers and randomly assigned guards and prisoners. People got deep into their roles and guards were very abusive, prisoners revolted and experiment was stopped after 6 days. (Role Properties of a group).

The _____ model describes the sequence of actions taken by temporary groups with deadlines.

Punctuation Equilibrium

What are empowered teams?

Self-managed teams are empowered teams, which means that they have the responsibility as well as the authority to achieve their goals.

Fundamental factors that affect group cohesion are:

Similarity. The more similar group members are in terms of age, sex, education, skills, attitudes, values, and beliefs, the more likely the group will bond. Stability. The longer a group stays together, the more cohesive it becomes. Size. Smaller groups tend to have higher levels of cohesion. Support. When group members receive coaching and are encouraged to support their fellow team members, group identity strengthens. Satisfaction. Cohesion is correlated with how pleased group members are with each other's performance, behavior, and conformity to group norms. A group CAN have too much cohesion.

Which group size is better for? Speed (getting things done): Individual performance tracking: More diverse input: Problem Solving: Collecting More Facts: Better Solutions: Overall Performance:

Speed (getting things done) = Small Individual performance tracking = Small More diverse input = Large Problem Solving = Large Collecting More Facts = Large Better Solutions = Large Overall Performance = Both, research is mixed but usually the bigger the group, the better

What stage of Group Development is when the subgroups form?

Storming Stage

What stage of Group Development is where if people cannot move past this stage, they cannot move on at all?

Storming Stage

What is the punctuated equilibrium?

That the change in groups occur in rapid, radical spurts RATHER than gradually over time like the 5 stages of group development.

What is a Top management team?

Top management teams are appointed by the chief executive officer (CEO) and, ideally, reflect the skills and areas that the CEO considers vital for the company. There are no formal rules about top management team design or structure. The top team often includes representatives from functional areas, such as finance, human resources, and marketing, or key geographic areas, such as Europe, Asia, and North America.

T/F - Group decisions lead to increased acceptance of the solution.

True

T/F - Physically isolating a group will make it more cohesive.

True

Formal Group

Two or more individuals coming together as a designated work group defined by the organization's structure.

What are norms for the group properties?

Unspoken rules of what is expected by members

What are the Asch Studies? (W/Norms Section)

Which line is longer test. They had 4 people in a group, 3 of the people were controlled variables (acting as volunteers) and 1 was just a regular volunteer. They showed a couple lines and had to say which one was longer. The controlled variables would sometimes say the wrong answer on purpose and be obviously wrong but the 1 regular volunteer would conform with the group and go with it. - Showed the power of conformance -Study based on conformity

Name 4 issues with large groups:

Worse communication Worse coordination Hard to enforce norms *Social Loafing

Name some challenges with virtual teams?

communication, trust issues and if members are not fully engaged, then they will avoid conflict and performance will suffer

What is group conformity? (W/Norms Section)

gaining acceptance by adjusting ones behavior to align with the norms of the group - "get in line and behave like us"

What are the sizes of a "small" and "large" group?

small = 7 or less members and large is 12+

Name a few ideas on how to prevent social loafing:

• Have clear objective • Do peer reviews • Get poll from group • Set group goals • Have inter-group competition • Hold people accountable • Give out rewards