Ch 9 Maternal and Fetal Nutrition Eaqs

What question does the nurse ask while assessing the socioeconomic status of a pregnant patient? "What prescription medications do you take?" "Do you have any factories around your house?" "Do you have any medical or dental insurance?" "Are there any diseases that run in your family?"

"Do you have any medical or dental insurance?" When the nurse is assessing a patient's socioeconomic status, the nurse should determine whether the patient has health insurance. Lack of health insurance may mean the patient does not have a job to pay for insurance or the income to pay for it privately. This may affect the patient's prenatal care if she cannot afford services. When the nurse asks about the family's medical history, this falls under the patient's personal history. The nurse asks about the community in which the patient lives when assessing the patient's environment. Medications can affect the fetus in a pregnant patient. Therefore the nurse should ask about the medications taken by the patient when assessing the patient's health status.

The nurse is assessing a patient who is 4 months pregnant. On reviewing the patient's previous report the nurse finds that the patient was 51 kg during the second month of pregnancy. If the patient's height is 1.4 m, what is the optimal weight gain per week that the patient would have at this stage of pregnancy? 0.1 kg 0.3 kg 0.5 kg 2.0 kg

0.3 kg The body mass index (BMI) is calculated using the formula weight (kg)/(height)2. The patient who weighs 51 kg and is 1.4 m tall has BMI 25.5, which indicates the patient was overweight during conception. A patient who is overweight should not gain more than 0.3 kg per week in the second trimester of pregnancy. If a patient is obese, then the weight gained per week in the second trimester of pregnancy should not be more than 0.1 kg. If the patient is of normal weight, then the patient can gain 0.5 kg per week during pregnancy. In a pregnancy with only one fetus the total weight gained in the first trimester by a patient of normal weight should be 2 kg.

A pregnant woman with a body mass index (BMI) of 22 asks the nurse how she should be gaining weight during pregnancy. What is the nurse's best response to explain how to achieve optimal weight gain during pregnancy? a pound a week throughout pregnancy. 2 to 5 lbs during the first trimester, then a pound each week until the end of pregnancy. a pound a week during the first two trimesters, then 2 lbs per week during the third trimester. a total of 25 to 35 lbs

2 to 5 lbs during the first trimester, then a pound each week until the end of pregnancy. A BMI of 22 represents a normal weight. Therefore, a total weight gain for pregnancy is about 25 to 35 lbs or about 2 to 5 lbs in the first trimester and about 1 lb per week during the second and third trimesters. One pound per week is not the correct guideline during pregnancy. One pound per week during the first two trimesters and two pounds per week thereafter is not the correct guideline for weight gain during pregnancy. A total weight gain of 25 to 35 pounds is correct, but the pattern needs to be explained to the woman.

The nurse measures the weight and height of a patient who is trying to conceive and documents that the patient is overweight. What would have been a possible body mass index (BMI) of this patient? 32.5 kg/m2 28.5 kg/m2 18.5 kg/m2 23.9 kg/m2

28.5 kg/m2 BMI in the prepregnant stage for overweight women is 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. The nurse said the patient is overweight because the patient's BMI was 28.5 kg/m2. BMI greater than 30 (32.5) kg/m2 is considered obese, not overweight. The patient is considered to have a normal weight if her BMI is 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2.

The nurse is providing dietary education to a patient who is 4 months pregnant. Which diet should the nurse suggest to the patient for proper neural development of the fetus? Nuts, beans and legumes, cocoa, meats, and whole grains Iodized salt, milk and milk products, yeast breads, and rolls Citrus fruits, broccoli, melons, strawberries, and tomatoes Asparagus, eggs, fortified cereals, and green leafy vegetables

Asparagus, eggs, fortified cereals, and green leafy vegetables A diet rich in vitamin B12 and folic acid is essential for proper neural development of the fetus during pregnancy. Asparagus, fortified cereals, and green leafy vegetables are rich sources of folic acid, and eggs are rich in vitamin B12. Therefore a diet containing these foods is most advisable for the patient to ensure proper neural development of the fetus. Nuts, beans and legumes, cocoa, meats, and whole grains are rich sources of magnesium. Iodized salt, milk and milk products, yeast breads, and rolls contain iodine. Citrus fruits, broccoli, melons, strawberries, and tomatoes are rich sources of vitamin C. Magnesium, iodine, and vitamin C do not affect the neural development of the fetus.

The nurse informs a patient who is in the second trimester of pregnancy about having an increased risk for miscarriage and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). What patient behavior would be the most likely reason for cautioning the patient? The patient consumes: At least 25 g of fiber in 24 hours. At least 250 mg of caffeine daily. A minimum of 30 mg of iron daily. A minimum of 70 g of protein daily

At least 250 mg of caffeine daily. Research suggests that women who consume more than 200 mg of caffeine daily may be at increased risk for miscarriage and IUGR. A daily fiber intake of 28 g is also recommended for pregnant woman. Decreased intake of fiber would cause constipation and increases the risk for diverticulosis during pregnancy. A daily iron intake of 30 mg is recommended for pregnant women to prevent the risk for anemia. A daily protein intake of 70 g is recommended for pregnant women for fetal development. Changes in iron, protein, or fiber intake do not lead to an increased risk for miscarriage or IUGR.

The nurse is developing a dietary teaching plan for a patient on a vegetarian diet. The nurse should provide the patient with which examples of protein-containing foods? Select all that apply. Dried beans Seeds Peanut butter Bagel Eggs

Dried beans, Seeds, Peanut butter and eggs Dried beans, seeds, peanut butter, and eggs provide protein . A bagel is an example of a whole grain food, not protein.

The nurse tells a pregnant patient, "Avoid brushing your teeth immediately after eating." What clinical condition could be the possible reason for such instruction? Mild constipation Pyrosis Excessive vomiting Bleeding gums

Excessive vomiting Excessive vomiting during pregnancy may cause weight loss, dehydration, and electrolyte abnormalities. Tooth brushing immediately after eating may aggravate the gag reflex and initiate vomiting. Pyrosis, constipation, and spongy gums are not caused by teeth brushing after eating food. If the patient had pyrosis, the nurse would have suggested eating small, frequent meals throughout the day. The nurse would have suggested high-fiber foods with adequate fluid intake if the patient had constipation. If the patient had spongy gums, the patient would be instructed to brush more frequently and slowly with a toothbrush that has soft bristles.

The ultrasound scan of a pregnant woman in the second trimester shows an impairment in the development of the fetus's central nervous system. High intake of which food in the patient's diet might have caused this complication? Fish Pork Soft cheese Frozen dessert

Fish Impairment of the fetal nervous system is brought about by increased levels of mercury. Fish has a high mercury content, so if the patient ate a lot of fish during the first trimester, this may cause impairment in the central nervous system. Pork has a high protein content, so it does not alter the growth of the central nervous system. Soft cheese has a high content of bacteria that can cause a listeria infection in the patient, but it does not impair the development of the fetal nervous system. Frozen desserts have a high water content that helps in bowel movements and does not affect the growth of the nervous system in the fetus.

During the assessment of a pregnant patient, the nurse instructs the patient to eat eight to ten servings of vegetables and fruits, three servings of milk products, and incorporate low-fat meats daily. What is the most probable reason for giving such instruction? To prevent: Hypertension Hypercalcemia Hypouricemia Hypothyroidism

Hypertension Hypertension is caused by decreased levels of potassium and increased intake of sodium. To prevent the risk for hypertension, the nurse instructs the patient to consume 8 to 10 cups of vegetables and fruits, low fat meats, and dairy products. These foods are rich sources of potassium and also reduce the sodium content in the body. This helps prevent hypertension. Milk is a rich source of calcium and does not prevent hypercalcemia. These food choices do not enhance uric acid excretion and therefore do not prevent hypouricemia. Hypothyroidism is caused by the imbalance of thyroid hormones.

The nurse has advised a pregnant patient to eat a diet rich in vitamin C and zinc. What would be the reason for the nurse to advise the patient to follow this diet? The patient: Is a long-time smoker Has nausea and vomiting Is taking iron supplements Has a reduced metabolic rate

Is taking iron supplements Vitamin C helps in the absorption of iron; zinc absorption is reduced due to iron. Therefore any patient who is prescribed iron supplements should be advised to eat a diet rich in vitamin C and zinc. The patient who is a smoker needs a diet rich in vitamin C, but a diet rich in zinc is of no help to reduce the complications associated with smoking. Citrus fruits, which are rich in vitamin C, are helpful to prevent nausea and vomiting, but zinc-rich foods do not help control nausea. Zinc is a necessary source for various enzyme metabolic pathways, but not vitamin C. The patient with impaired metabolism need not be given vitamin C in the diet.

The nurse is assessing a 27-year-old pregnant patient on her first prenatal visit. The patient weighs 80 kg and is 1.6 m tall. What does the nurse infer from this observation? The patient: Has a desirable weight. Is thought to be obese. Is overweight for height. Is underweight for height

Is thought to be obese Body mass index (BMI) is calculated from the formula weight (kg)/(height)2. The patient with weight 80 kg and height 1.6 m has BMI 32 kg/m2, which indicates obesity. If the patient had a BMI of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2, then the patient would be overweight. If the patient had BMI less than 18.5, then the patient would be underweight. If the patient's BMI were 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2, the patient would be normal weight.

The nurse is preparing a diet chart for a pregnant African-American patient who is a strict vegan. What does the nurse include in the diet chart of the patient? Select all that apply. Melon Yogurt Turnips Cooked ham Cooked peas

Melon, Turnips, Cooked peas While preparing the diet chart, the nurse should keep in mind the patient's eating habits, socioeconomic status, and environment. An African-American patient who is a vegan can incorporate all kinds of fruits and vegetables in the diet. Therefore the nurse includes melon and turnips in the diet chart. Because the patient is a vegan, her major protein source would be peas. Vegans and vegetarians do not include meat products into their diet. Yogurt is a great source of calcium and all other minerals. However, a strict vegan does not take milk products, so fortified soy milk is a preferred source of protein instead.

Why does the nurse advise a pregnant patient to eat salty foods, such as crackers, or suck on a lemon slice? To prevent: Nausea Scurvy Lethargy Hypotension

Nausea During pregnancy the patient may experience nausea and vomiting. The nurse can suggest the patient eat salty foods, such as crackers, or suck on a lemon slice because it prevents nausea by suppressing the chemoreceptor trigger zone. The patient may avoid lethargy by eating a nutritious diet with increased calories. Scurvy can be prevented by consuming foods rich in vitamin C. Eating crackers and sucking lemons may not provide sufficient amounts of vitamin C that are required to prevent scurvy. Eating salty foods and sucking lemons will not help prevent hypotension. Maintaining proper electrolyte balance helps to prevent hypotension.

The nurse reviews the medical reports of a pregnant patient and suspects the health care provider will instruct the patient not to add the artificial sweetener aspartame (NutraSweet) in her daily diet. What would be the possible reason for this instruction based on the patient's medical history? Phenylketonuria (PKU) Type 2 diabetes mellitus History of diverticulosis Physiologic anemia

Phenylketonuria (PKU Aspartame (NutraSweet) is an artificial sweetener commonly used in low- or no-calorie beverages and food products. It contains phenylalanine, which should be avoided by pregnant patients with phenylketonuria (PKU). These patients are unable to metabolize phenylalanine. Aspartame (NutraSweet) is not contraindicated in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, diverticulosis, or physiologic anemia. In fact, it is recommended for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who cannot resist eating sugar.

The nurse is assessing a patient who recently delivered a child. The laboratory reports of both the mother and the child show high amounts of lead in the blood. What clinical condition observed in the mother during pregnancy could be the reason for the abnormal levels of lead? Pica Anemia Malnutrition Preeclampsia

Pica Pica refers to the practice of consuming nonfood substances, such as clay and dirt. Consumption of soil and pulverized pottery causes high levels of lead in the mother and the child because of lead contamination of the soil. Anemia is usually caused by a lack of red blood cells (RBCs). An anemic patient may possibly be at risk for pica and may develop cravings for metallic items but will not show excessive amounts of lead in the body. Malnutrition in the mother leads to several severe risks like premature labor, miscarriage, or lack of nutrition in the child. Preeclampsia is the condition for high blood pressure and excess of protein in the urine of a pregnant woman. Preeclampsia may be caused by an imbalanced diet, but it does not show unusually high levels of lead in the body.

The nurse instructs a pregnant patient to stay away from Brie, Camembert, and the soft Mexican cheeses. What would be the possible clinical reason for giving such advice to the patient? Possibility of listeriosis developing Physiologic anemia Sigmoid diverticulosis Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Possibility of listeriosis developing Brie, Camembert, and the soft Mexican cheeses are made with unpasteurized milk. Listeriosis is a disease caused by the infection of the bacteria Listeria, which is present in unpasteurized milk. This disease increases the risk for miscarriage, premature birth, and stillbirth in pregnant patients. Thus the nurse instructs the patient to stay away from those products that cause listeriosis. Brie, Camembert, and the soft Mexican cheeses are not associated with physiologic anemia, diverticulosis, and PKU. Pregnant patients with physiologic anemia are instructed to eat iron-rich foods. Pregnant patients are advised to eat fiber-rich food to prevent diverticulosis flare-ups. Pregnant patients with PKU should not use the artificial sweetener aspartame.

While assessing a pregnant Hispanic patient, the nurse finds that 600 mg of calcium supplements are prescribed for the patient. What observed patient pattern would be the probable reason for including calcium supplements? Consumes dried figs regularly Is lactose intolerant Reports leg cramps frequently Consumes cornbread every day

Reports leg cramps frequentl A Hispanic patient tends to not take in a lot of milk. In this culture, milk is used more as an additive in coffee. Because of this, the patient may have a calcium deficiency and develop leg cramps. When this happens, calcium supplements should be given to the patient. Cornbread and dried figs are rich sources of calcium. Therefore patients would not need calcium supplements if they include these foods in their diet.

A pregnant woman reports that she is still playing tennis at 32 weeks of gestation. The nurse should be most concerned regarding what this woman consumes during and after tennis matches. Which is the most important? Several glasses of fluid Extra protein sources, such as peanut butter Salty foods to replace lost sodium Easily digested sources of carbohydrate

Several glasses of fluid If no medical or obstetric problems contraindicate physical activity, pregnant women should get 30 minutes of moderate physical exercise daily. Liberal amounts of fluid should be consumed before, during, and after exercise, because dehydration can trigger premature labor. Also, the woman's calorie intake should be sufficient to meet the increased needs of pregnancy and the demands of exercise. All pregnant women should consume the necessary amount of protein in their diet, regardless of level of activity. Many pregnant women of this gestation tend to retain fluid. This may contribute to hypertension and swelling. An adequate fluid intake prior to and after exercise should be sufficient. The woman's calorie and carbohydrate intake should be sufficient to meet the increased needs of pregnancy and the demands of exercise.

The nurse advises a pregnant patient to take iron supplements. The nurse also instructs the patient to incorporate whole grains, bran, vegetables, and nuts in the diet, as well as drink adequate amounts of fluids. What is the most likely rationale? Iron supplements can cause: Severe constipation. Pyrosis and peptic ulcers. Nausea and vomiting. Black or dark green stools.

Severe constipation Whole grains, bran, vegetables, and nuts are rich sources of fiber. Adequate fluid intake helps make the stools bulkier and improves bowel elimination. Iron supplements cause constipation, so this diet would be helpful in preventing constipation in the patient. Iron supplements do not cause pyrosis (heartburn), nor do they cause peptic ulcers. Iron supplements can cause nausea and vomiting, but they have no effect on bowel elimination. Citrus foods, such as lemons, help in preventing nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Iron supplements cause black or dark green stools, but a high-fiber diet would not prevent this complication.

The nurse is assessing the diet chart of a pregnant patient. The nurse notices that the patient prefers risotto or pasta as her grain source; spinach, eggplant, and berries as her vegetable and fruit supplements; and soy milk, almonds, and pistachios as dairy and protein sources. What patient dietary pattern should the nurse interpret upon reviewing the diet chart of this patient? Lacto vegetarian Strict vegetarian Lactose intolerant Lacto ovo vegetaria

Strict vegetarian Risotto and pasta are a good source of carbohydrates. Because the patient prefers soy milk instead of normal milk and almonds and pistachios for protein instead of meat and eggs, it means that the patient is a strict vegetarian. Lacto vegetarian patients include milk in their diets. Lacto ovo vegetarian patients incorporate eggs and dairy products in their diet. Patients who are lactose intolerant use soy milk and do not eliminate meat and meat products from their diet.

The nurse assessing a pregnant patient finds that the patient has signs of a high basal metabolic rate. What dietary constituent in the patient's diet would have caused the high metabolic rate? Shellfish Table salt Whole grain Leafy vegetables

Table salt Iodine stimulates the activity of the thyroid gland, which is responsible for maintaining the basal metabolic rate. Increased thyroid activity would increase the rate of metabolism. Table salt is the primary source for iodine content, which causes a high metabolic rate. Shellfish is a rich source of zinc mineral that acts as a component in various enzyme systems. Whole grain contains iron, zinc, and magnesium, but not iodine. Therefore it does not cause a high metabolic rate. Leafy vegetables are a rich source of iron and are responsible for the formation of maternal hemoglobin, but they do not affect the body's metabolic rate.

The nurse observes that a patient has a decreased vitamin D level during a prenatal visit. Which associated risk should the nurse suspect to observe in the patient? Goiter Tetany Ketonuria Macrosomia

Tetany Vitamin D plays a key role in the absorption and metabolism of calcium. A severe deficiency of vitamin D leads to tetany, neonatal hypocalcemia, and hypoplasia of tooth enamel. Thus the patient is most likely to have the risk for tetany. Goiter, ketonuria, and macrosomia are not related to vitamin D deficiency. Goiters occur because of an iodine deficiency. Ketonuria is the presence of ketones in urine and happens in patients with diabetes mellitus. Macrosomia is a risk that can happen with obese women during pregnancy.

The nurse notices that the hemoglobin levels of an infant who is breastfed have reduced drastically since birth. What is the probable reason for the infant to have anemia? The infant's mother is still taking folic acid and B vitamins. The infant's mother is consuming large amounts of caffeine. The infant's mother continues to take oral iron supplements. The infant's mother drinks large amounts of water and juices.

The infant's mother is consuming large amounts of caffeine. Caffeine intake leads to reduced absorption of iron into the milk. In turn this reduces the concentration of iron in the milk, which may cause anemia in the newborn. Iron supplements are usually prescribed to prevent anemia in the mother. Iron does not cause anemia in the newborn. Folate supplements help prevent spina bifida (SB) in the newborn. Folate does not cause anemia in the newborn. Excess fluids help maintain the blood volume in the mother and enhance the formation of milk. Excess fluids do not cause anemia in the newborn.

A 22-year-old woman pregnant with a single fetus has a preconception body mass index (BMI) of 24. When she was seen in the clinic at 14 weeks of gestation, she had gained 1.8 kg (4 lbs) since conception. How should the nurse interpret this? This weight gain indicates possible gestational hypertension. This weight gain indicates that the woman's infant is at risk for intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). This weight gain cannot be evaluated until the woman has been observed for several more weeks. The woman's weight gain is appropriate for this stage of pregnancy

The woman's weight gain is appropriate for this stage of pregnancy. This woman's BMI is within the normal range. During the first trimester, the average total weight gain is only 1 to 2.5 kg. The desirable weight gain during pregnancy varies among women. The primary factor to consider in making a weight gain recommendation is the appropriateness of the prepregnancy weight for the woman's height. A commonly used method of evaluating the appropriateness of weight for height is the BMI. This woman has gained the appropriate amount of weight for her size at this point in her pregnancy. Weight gain should take place throughout the pregnancy. The optimal rate of weight gain depends on the stage of the pregnancy.

The nurse is teaching a patient with anemia when and how to take the prescribed iron supplements. The nurse provides a list of beverages for the patient to stay away from while taking the iron supplement. What is the rationale for this? They can affect the process of hematopoiesis. They increase red blood cell (RBC) destruction. They can decrease iron supplement absorption. They can increase the plasma levels of caffeine

They can decrease iron supplement absorption Anemia is caused by decreased hemoglobin levels in the blood, which, in turn, is caused by decreased iron intake. Iron supplements are usually given to treat iron deficiency anemia. Tea, coffee, and milk decrease iron absorption, which reduces the efficiency of iron supplements. Therefore the nurse teaches the anemic patient to stop drinking tea, coffee, and milk with the iron supplement. Tea, coffee, and milk do not affect the plasma levels of caffeine, the hematopoiesis process, or cause RBC destruction.

The diet chart of a patient includes 4 mg of folic acid sources daily along with a prescription for folic supplements. What could be the reason for supplementing folic acid in the patient? To treat physiologic anemia To prevent fetal neural tube defect To supplement nutrients in a first-time pregnant patient To meet nutritional demands during breastfeeding

To prevent fetal neural tube defect Folic acid is required for pregnant women and for women who intend to conceive. Folic acid helps in the uterine-placental-fetal development to increase the maternal blood volume and develop the mammary glands. A neural tube defect is an opening in the spinal cord or brain observed during early pregnancy (3-4 weeks) and is caused by the deficiency of folic acid. Therefore the patient is prescribed a high dose of folic acid. Physiologic anemia is a condition that happens in pregnant women because of expanding blood volume. The normal dose of folic acid is provided to all pregnant patients and is not related to the number of pregnancies. Folic acid is needed for mammary gland development, which happens during pregnancy. Therefore a diet high in folate is not necessary when breastfeeding.

As the nurse reviews the dietary assessment of a pregnant patient, the nurse finds that the patient strictly follows a Mexican eating style. What foods should the nurse include while preparing 'My Plate' for the patient? Tortillas, jicama, avocadoes, custard, and chorizo Brown rice, okra, blackberries, soy milk, and tofu Hominy, turnips, peaches, soy cheese, and seeds Hush puppies, sweet potatoes, buttermilk, and pork

Tortillas, jicama, avocadoes, custard, and chorizo The food habits vary according to the culture of the people. Therefore while preparing MyPlate, the nurse should include the foods that are preferred by the patient. Tortillas, jicama, avocadoes, custard, and chorizo are popular food items that people following a Mexican eating style prefer to eat. Brown rice, okra, blackberries, soy milk, and tofu are preferred by people following a vegetarian eating style. Hominy, turnips, peaches, soy cheese, and seeds, as well as hush puppies, sweet potatoes, buttermilk, and pork, are all foods that are common in the African-American or Southern-style diet.

The nurse is preparing a diet chart for a Hispanic pregnant patient who is a vegetarian. The patient complains of leg cramps. What does the nurse ensure to include in the patient's diet? Melon fruit Turnip greens Whole or 2% milk Canned sardines

Turnip greens Leg cramps during pregnancy result from an imbalance in the calcium levels in the body. Thus the nurse would include a food rich in calcium in the diet. Because the patient is a vegetarian, this can be accomplished by incorporating turnip greens in the diet. Turnip greens are turnip leaves that are rich in calcium. Even though sardines have high calcium content, the patient is a vegetarian and this is considered a meat source. Milk is the richest source of calcium. Hispanic people do not consume milk directly but use it as an additive in coffee. Having too much coffee also affects the pregnant patient's health adversely, so it should not be included. Melon fruit is rich in vitamin A but is not a good source of calcium; therefore the nurse should not suggest it to increase calcium in the patient's diet.

The nurse is assessing a pregnant patient with an iron deficiency. On reviewing the patient's prescription, the nurse finds that the patient has been prescribed iron and folate supplements. Which foods should the nurse instruct the patient to include in the diet chart to prevent the adverse effects of iron and folate supplements? Cheeses Citrus fruits Whole grains Enriched breads

Whole grains Iron and folate supplements decrease the absorption of zinc. Therefore a pregnant woman who has been prescribed iron and folate supplements should be encouraged to consume good sources of zinc on a daily basis. Liver, shellfish, meats, and whole grains are rich sources of zinc, so the nurse includes whole grains in the diet. Cheese contains high amount of calories and fat, so it should be consumed less during pregnancy and is not necessarily included in the diet. Citrus fruits are high in vitamin C and folate. Enriched breads have high iron content. Therefore these do not help in preventing the adverse effects of zinc and folate supplements.

A patient who is 6 months pregnant is diagnosed with diverticulosis. Which diet should the nurse recommend to the patient? Whole grains, bran, vegetables, and fruits Citrus fruits and dark green leafy vegetables Shellfish, liver, meats, whole grains, and milk Iodized salt, seafood, milk products, and rolls

Whole grains, bran, vegetables, and fruit Diverticulosis is a condition in which the patient develops muscular outpouchings in the colon. Intake of fibrous food reduces the risk for diverticulosis in a pregnant patient. Therefore the nurse should recommend that the patient incorporate the diet containing whole grains, bran, vegetables, and fruits. The intake of citrus fruits and dark green leafy vegetables is recommended for vitamin C deficiency. Shellfish, liver, meats, whole grains, and milk are recommended foods for a zinc deficiency. A diet containing iodized salt, seafood, milk products, and rolls is rich in iodine

The primary health care provider (PHP) prescribes high-dose iron supplements to a pregnant patient with severe anemia during the first trimester. Which other supplements should the nurse expect the PHP to prescribe with iron supplements? Zinc Calcium Vitamin A Magnesium

Zinc When large amounts of iron supplements are consumed, the absorption of zinc is reduced, which means the serum zinc levels are reduced. Zinc deficiency may result in malformations of the central nervous system in infants. Therefore women with anemia who receive high-dose iron supplements also need supplements of zinc. Iron does not interfere with the absorption of calcium, vitamin A, or magnesium. Thus these supplements may not be prescribed to the patient.

With regard to nutritional needs during lactation, a maternity nurse should be aware that: the mother's intake of vitamin C, zinc, and protein now can be lower than during pregnancy. caffeine consumed by the mother accumulates in the infant, who therefore may be unusually active and wakeful. critical iron and folic acid levels must be maintained. lactating women can go back to their prepregnant calorie intake.

caffeine consumed by the mother accumulates in the infant, who therefore may be unusually active and wakeful. A lactating woman needs to avoid consuming too much caffeine . Vitamin C, zinc, and protein levels need to be moderately higher during lactation than during pregnancy. The recommendations for iron and folic acid are somewhat lower during lactation. Lactating women should consume about 500 kcal more than their prepregnancy intake, at least 1800 kcal daily overall.

When counseling a woman about getting enough iron in her diet, the maternity nurse should tell her that: milk, coffee, and tea aid iron absorption if consumed at the same time as iron. iron absorption is inhibited by a diet rich in vitamin C. iron supplements are permissible for children in small doses. constipation is common with iron supplements

constipation is common with iron supplements Constipation is common with iron supplements . Milk, coffee, and tea inhibit iron absorption when consumed at the same time as iron. Vitamin C promotes iron absorption. Children who ingest iron can get very sick and even die.

A pregnant woman experiencing nausea and vomiting should: drink a glass of water with a fat-free carbohydrate before getting out of bed in the morning. eat small, frequent meals (every 2 to 3 hours). increase her intake of high-fat foods to keep the stomach full and coated. limit fluid intake throughout the day.

eat small, frequent meals (every 2 to 3 hours) A pregnant woman experiencing nausea and vomiting should eat small, frequent meals. She should avoid consuming fluids early in the day or when nauseated. She should reduce her intake of fried foods and other fatty foods and should avoid consuming fluids early in the morning or when nauseated but should compensate by drinking fluids at other times.

With regard to protein in the diet of pregnant women, nurses should be aware that: many protein-rich foods are also good sources of calcium, iron, and B vitamins. many women need to increase their protein intake during pregnancy. as with carbohydrates and fat, no specific recommendations exist for the amount of protein in the diet. high-protein supplements can be used without risk by women on macrobiotic diets.

many protein-rich foods are also good sources of calcium, iron, and B vitamins Good protein sources such as meat, milk, eggs, and cheese have a lot of calcium and iron. Most women already eat a high-protein diet and do not need to increase their intake. Protein is sufficiently important that specific servings of meat and dairy are recommended. High-protein supplements are not recommended because they have been associated with an increased incidence of preterm births.