Ch. 9 Prejudice

What is a way to diminish stereotypes?

"the-remember-the-titans-effect" that requires all people to come together creating unity with a lot of variety

Social dominance orientation

A motivation to have one's group dominate other social groups; structure of status and power that is categorized with strong acceptance of society hierarchy, correlated with right-wing authoritarianism. People like their own social groups to be high status and prefer being at the top.

authoritarian personality

A personality that is inclined to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of outgrips and those lower in status; prone to engage in prejudice and stereotyping.

Group serving bias

Bad things happen to out-groups because they have negative qualities; bad things happen to in-groups because of bad luck. When there is conflict or threat, a focus on differences can foster group-level attributions and increased hostility. Motivation and cognition & emotion and thinking are inseparable.

stigma consciousness

Belief that people will treat us in accord with stereotype expectations; gays and lesbians for example differ in how much they suppose others "interpret all my behaviors" in terms of their homosexuality. Perceived prejudice and discrimination enhance our feelings of social identity and prepare us to join a collective social action.

ethnocentric

Believing in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group to other groups that share certain tendencies: intolerance for weakness, a disciplinary attitude and submissive respect for group authorities. "obedience and respect for authority are the most important virtues children should learn"

What is an example of a group-serving bias?

Cheryl believes that women are unemployed because of discrimination, while men are unemployed because of low motivation.

Which countries still have tendency to have gender discrimination preferring boys over girls?

China, Taiwan, Singapore, India and South Korea.

Eagly's (1994) "women-are-wonderful" effect is an example of what?

a favorable stereotype; women are more likable and men are more competent. women are perceived as more understanding, kind and helpful

Distinctiveness

Differences from others in a group making you more noticeable and more of an object of attention to aid in categorization and organization we focus on the grouping qualities when learning about others. the extra attention we pay to distinctive people creates an illusion that they differ from others more than they really do causing you to potentially feel self-conscious

What can be concluded from gender attitudes from research in 19 different nations?

Gender attitudes frequently mix a BENEVOLENT SEXIM (women have a superior moral sensibility) with HOSTILE SEXISM (once man commits, she puts him on a tight leash)

Example of implicit bias leaking into behavior

In a Swedish study a measure of implicit bias against Arab-Muslim predicted the likelihood of 193 corporate employers not interviewing applicants with Muslim names

Do people see more prejudice in themselves or in other people?

In other people; 44% white Americans rate peers in high racial prejudice, but only 14% rate the self high in racial prejudice liked the "better-than-average" effect where individuals overestimate their own qualities and abilities, relative to others.

Example of realistic group conflict theory

In the United States, concerns about immigrants taking jobs are greatest among those with lowest incomes. While in Western Europe, economically frustrated people express relatively high levels of blatant prejudice toward ethnic minorities.

What is an example of stereotype?

Jay believing that all Muslims are violent extremists

What is an example of the just-world-phenomenon?

Jeremy's belief that earthquake victims are being punished by God for their own sins

What is an example of sub typing?

Madison's parents comment that the nice new family on the block, who are Black, represent "professional, middle-class, Blacks"

What is an example of stereotype and discrimination?

Mr. Watson's belief that Blacks are lazy is an example of stereotype, and his refusal to rent an apartment to a Black family is an example discrimination.

Basking in the reflected glory (BIRGing)

People will enjoy benefits of in-group members accomplishments, as long as those accomplishments do not promote negative upward social comparison to others in the group. This can threaten positive self-concept (what you know and believe about yourself). If you think of yourself as an outstanding psychology student, you will likely take more pleasure in a friend's excellence in mathematics.

Racial prejudice

Race minority that every race has. RP create prejudices through automatic reaction that have progressed positively since the 1940's but still are not perfect.

How does stereotype threat undermine performance?

STRESS; impairs brain activity associated with mathematical processing and increases activity in areas associated with emotion processing SELF-MONITORING; worrying about making mistakes disrupts focused attention; whites, concerned with looking racist, seek to be liked and seen as moral SUPPRESSING UNWANTED THOUGHTS/EMOTIONS; effort required to regulate one's thinking takes energy and disrupts working memory.

What is a negative factor in vivd cases?

Sometimes stereotypes are true, but sometimes our observations to unusual occurrences creates illusionary correlations; perceiving a relationship between variables, typically people, events, or behaviors even when no such relationship exists. sometimes these stereotypes lead us to see correlations that aren't there

When the group is our own, we are more likely to see diversity.....

Sorority sisters perceive members of any other sorority as less diverse than the members of their own group; Many Anglo Americans lump "latinos" together. Mexican Americans, cuban Americans and puerto ricans among others see important differences. The greater familiarity with a social group, the more we see the diversity.

stereotype threat example (3)

Steven Spencer, Claude Steele, and Diane Quinn (1999) gave equally capable men and women a difficult math test. When participants were led to believe there were gender differences on a test, women scored lower than men. When the threat of confirming the stereotype was removed (gender differences were not expected) women did just as well as women. When people are reminded of a negative stereotype about themselves, it can adversely affect performance. Also if you tell a student they are at risk of failure, the stereotype may erode performance causing them to misidentify with school and seek self-esteem elsewhere. Also, white males preform better at golf when framed as test of "sports intelligence" and African American males performed better when framed a test of "natural athletic ability"

Your new roomate introduces himself as having Irish and Tahitian background, how are you most likely to introduce your roomate?

Tahitian; because it is the most extraneous and unusual choice that stands out to us.

Status and Inferiority in prejudice

This in high status devalue those of low status. Unequal status breeds prejudice. Prejudices help justify economic and social superiority of those who have wealth and power.

Discrimination

Unjustified negative behavior (action) toward a stereotyped group or it's members consciously (explicit discrimination)

What is gender bias like in Western countries today?

Women blatant gender prejudice is dying but subtle bias continues to live on

What is the tendency for people to be racially prejudice?

White folks focus on the progress (how far we have come) while African Americans focus on future (how much further we have to go)

Stereotype

a belief about the personal attributes of a group of people and are sometimes overgeneralized, inaccurate, and resistant to new information (and sometimes accurate) that we rely on too much. But they do allow us to make basic generalizations about a group; not likely to be true w/ every person in the group that is based on personal experience and influenced by culture.

What are examples of distinctiveness

a black in a otherwise white group, a man in a n otherwise female group, or a woman in an otherwise male group seems more prominent and influential and to have exaggerated good and bad qualities; greater-than-average of the group

Ingroup

a group of people who share a sense of belonging or a feeling of common identity. The circle that includes "us" the in-group excludes "them" the outgroup.

implicit attitudes and self-fulfilling prophecy (are WE who we think THEY are?)

a positive or negative prediction, strongly held belief, or delusion—declared as truth when it is actually false—may sufficiently influence people so that their reactions ultimately fulfill the once-false prophecy. Effects in behavioral confirmation effect, in which behavior, influenced by expectations, causes those expectations to come true.

Prejudice

a preconceived negative judgement of a group and its individual members; is an attitude, affect (feelings) behavior tendency (inclination to act), and cognition (beliefs).

stereotype threat

a self-confirming apprehension that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. unlike self-fulfilling prophecies that hammer one's reputation into one's self-concept, stereotype threat situations have immediate effects. the media can also provoke stereotype threat.

Women benefit when what is increased?

ability and cognitive control working memory capacity

subgrouping

accommodating individuals who deviate from one's stereotype by forming a new stereotype about this subset (larger) of the group that tends to lead to modest change in the stereotype as the stereotype becomes more differentiated and is acknowledged as a PART of the overall group

Sub-typing

accommodating individuals who deviate from one's stereotype by thinking of them as "exceptions to the rule" and helps maintain the stereotype that police officers are unfriendly and dangerous. EXCEPTIONS to group

What are the ABC's attitude?

affect (feelings), behavior tendency (inclination to act) and cognition (beliefs)

racism

an individual's prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given race or institutional practices that subordinate (lower) people of a given race

sexism

an individual's prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given sex or institutional practices that subordinate (lower) people of a given sex.

out-group (attitude, perceptions and attribution for negative behavior)

attitude: denigration perceptions: homogeneity (we are alike) attribution of neg behavior: to dispositions

In-group (attitude, perceptions and attribution for negative behavior)

attitude: favoritism perceptions: heterogeneity (we differ) attribution of neg behavior: to situations

Greenwald and his colleagues (2003) asked both Black and White participants to press a "shoot" button when the target appeared to be holding a gun rather than a harmless object like a flash light. Results showed that participants mistakenly shot at targets more who were black. What do these results show?

automatic/implicit prejudice exists.

How do we differentiate people?

based on reality and we see issues because sometimes we create the reality around us.

What is the error with the just-world theory?

because our attention focuses on the person and not the situation.

Video example of racial profiling

bike chained to stop sign and three different types of people "tried to steal the bike" onlookers views a white man, black man and pretty girl. Nobody cared about the white man trying to steal bike; people got mad and noticed when the black man tried to steal the bike; and the pretty girl was helped by people because she was pretty.

How can you ease in-group bias?

competition brings more ideas and information that can create and combat between groups by inclusion (creating conflict of some degree) and cure animosity (making people work together)

What happens when you slow down the thought process of a police officer?

danger for police will increase because the cop will begin to hesitate

What is true of individuals high in social dominance?

desire to be high in SD leads people to embrace prejudice and support political positions that justify prejudice and support policies that maintain hierarchies, such as tax cuts for well-off. They also prefer professions such as politics, business that increase status and avoid jobs like social work. They also express negative attitudes toward minority people who who's strong racial identities.

What do we learn from profiling?

first impressions matter; and beliefs have a major influence on how we will act.

Just-world theory

general belief that good things happen to good people, and bad things happen to bad people; when bad things happen to people unlike us we justify their misfortune via victim blaming ex: she was raped because she made stupid decisions)

terror management theory

idea that people shield themselves from the threat of their own death by challenging their world views. When people are already feeling vulnerable about their mortality, prejudice helps bolster a threatened belief system. Thinking about death can also heighten communal feelings, such as in-group identification, togetherness and altruism.

How do we fight prejudice?

increase opportunity for equality at a young age, because we learn what is around us.

personal identity and pride and social identity and pride lead to......

increased self-esteem.

Vivid cases

instances available in memory that are used as shortcuts to judging groups. Given limited experience with a particular social group, we recall examples normally negative stereotypes that and generalize them. this can prime the stereotype and lead us to minimize contact with that particular group causing us to overestimate (availability heuristic)

What happens when we avoid acting on automatic responses by using controlled processing?

it can be bad and cognitively taxing and difficult for anxious people

What is the relationship between religion and prejudice?

it is paradoxical, it makes prejudice and it unmakes prejudice; it is a tricky relationship

Self-presentation concerns

less experience with interactions could be problematic when presenting yourself; the best way to do this is learn positive associations to neutral stimuli

What does conformity do in gender prejudice?

maintains it

What is a negative result of high status individuals?

minority groups receive more unequal distributions and exhibit less trust and cooperation. Societies with greatest income differences tend to exhibit less communal health and more anxiety, obesity, homicides, teen births, drug us, prisons and police.

What is the relationship between stereotypes and performance?

negative stereotypes disrupt performance, and positive stereotypes seem to facilitate performance.

Are stereotypes (beliefs) prejudices (attitudes)

no, stereotypes may support prejudice, but one might believe without prejudice men and women are "different yet equal"

Norms are....... & Stereotypes are........

norms = prescriptive & stereotypes = descriptive

Self-concept

our sense of who we are containing personal identity (personal attributes and attitudes) but also social identity given to us by our group.

What does the phrase "they are all alike, but we are diverse" reflect?

out-group homogeneity effect

What does subtle racism lead people to do unconsciously?

overcompensate; the majority race will act too nice or interact very differently as desire to not act prejudice or been seen as prejudice that causes potential patronizing to the minority

What types of things are people prejudice about that they believe others "choose" to be this way?

overweight, poor, lazy, particular religion, under control of oppressive government.

What are data results differing men an women?

people perceive woman as more agreeable and likable and men as more outgoing and competent. the two sexes are more similar than stereotypes than both genders realize.

Out group homogeneity effect

perception of out-group members as more similar to one another than are in-group members. "they are alike; we are diverse." We generally like people we perceive as similar to us and dislike those we perceive as different so the result is in-group bias.

Individual achievement and self-serving bias lead to.....

personal identity and pride

self-fulfilling prophecy

positive feedback between belief and behavior

Optimistic and Realistic outlooks for prejudice

prejudices are better explained that resolved because prejudices results from many interrelated factors; there is no simple remedy. Despite natural tendencies decrease reliance on stereotypes they get more information about a person stereotypes and prejudices habits start to wash away when they fail to be predictive; prejudices decrease when people must interact "remember the titans effect" in-group/out-group biases may be unavoidable; prejudices shift as group-compositions shift, but never really go away. improve recognition by education not by excuse.

What is modern prejudice?

prejudices because of something someone is doing; what is familiar, similar and comfortable

prejudgements.....

prejudices involve preconceived judgement that guide attention and memories; are self-perpetuating (people act in accord with what they feel is appropriate for the role); expectations of others leading to confirmation bias, self-fulfilling prophecy.

What are things people are prejudice of in which we cannot control?

race, gender and sexual orientation

What are two institutional practices that discriminate, even when there is no prejudicial intent (negative attitude)

racism and sexism

Prejudice and religion

religiosity positively correlated with ethnocentrism and authoritarianism; Worldwide 8/10 people identify with religious group (32% christian; 23% muslim; 15% hindu 7% buddhist) and 75% are Christian in the US specifically.

Security systems model (Hart 2014)

security governed by 3 systems: close relationships, self-esteem and agency and cultural connectedness (meaning/purpose) and says that a threat to one system can be compensated by the others ex> self-esteem threat is minimized by activating close relationships

According to Myers, many disadvantaged youths find pride and identity in gang affiliations as a way of what?

seeking self-esteem

Subtle racism

small acts of racism that occur without awareness. some researchers call subtle prejudice "modern racism" or "cultural racism"

Group achievement and in-group bias lead to......

social identity and pride

implicit attitudes

something that is going to pop up. using stereotypes and embodied cognition to prepare to deal with groups based on characteristics implicitly processed.

What is the role of Stereotypes in our cognitive sources?

stereotypes are energy-saving schemes for making speedy judgments and predicting how others will think and act and is automatic; these stereotypes are not always be inaccurate using stereotypes when we are pressed for time, preoccupied, tired, emotionally aroused and too young to understand diversity.

Kevin has just met Fred, a White American teenage boy. Kevin assumes that Fred would not be a good basketball player because "white men can't jump" what is this an example of?

stereotyping

what are two conclusions from research on gender stereotypes?

strong gender stereotypes exist and members of the stereotyped group accept the stereotypes.

Realistic group conflict theory

suggests that prejudices arise when groups compete for scarce resources that is an evolutionary source of hate that states that maximum competition will exist between species with identical needs.

Self source of prejudice Social Identify

the "we" aspect of our self-concept, who you are that comes from group membership. Inclusion in groups adds positive information into one's self-concept and belongingness increases self-esteem, but we are uncomfortable in groups that you don't understand.

Patronizing

the majority treating the minority with excessive kindness that betrays the feeling of superiority.

Profiling

the recording and analysis of a person's psychological and behavioral characteristics, so as to assess or predict their capabilities in a certain sphere or to assist in identifying a particular subgroup of people.

own-race bias

the tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race (also called cross race effect.) in children and older adults

A consistent finding is no matter how religious commitment is assessed.....

the very devout (deep religious feeling and commitment) are less prejudice

What is the role of norms and conformity with prejudice and religion?

there aren't a lot of rules in religion, but those who are most conforming to social norms were most prejudiced; and those who are less conforming mirrored less of the surrounding prejudice

What are critics of automatic (implicit) prejudice?

they may indicate cultural assumptions, perhaps without prejudice which involves negative feelings and action tendencies.

What is an example of a prejudice person?

this person may DISLIKE those different from the self and BEHAVE in a discriminatory manner, BELIEVING them ignorant and dangerous.

Uncertainty-identity theory (Hogg 2007/2013)

threat with no clear way to respond that activates social identity; the self categorized into a social role deemed appropriate via social worms.

How are beliefs (prejudices) perpetuated?

through ignorance which is why most of the time they are innacurate

How do social institutions like government, school and media support prejudice?

through overt policies and unintentional inertia

Social Identity Theory

we categorize ourselves into groups; we identify groups with certain in-groups and gain self-esteem and we compare groups with other groups (out-groups) with a favorable bias toward our own group. As humans we naturally divide into in and out group

What is a result of social identification? (social identity)

we conform to our group norms and sacrifice ourselves for the team, family and nation. the more important our social identity and the more strongly attached we feel to a group, the more we react prejudicially to threats from another group.

Dual attitude system

we have different explicit (conscious) and implicit (automatic) attitudes toward the same target.

how does the media play a roll in vivid cases?

we influence the news and media; then the news and media present that information in another way to understand groups.

implicit cognition

what you know without knowing what you know by measuring people's speed of associations automatically.

When does a person's open mindedness out the window?

when one feels threatened

How can we do away with bias based on previous research?

when participants are primed with a sense of belonging and bias disappears.