Ch. 9 Quiz

D

A concept map is best described as which of the following? A. Specific assumption or prediction that can be tested to determine its accuracy B. The process of individuals deciding if an item is a member of a category by comparing it to established category elements C. Category that groups objects, events, and characteristics on the basis of common properties D. Visual representations of concept's connections and hierarchical organization

B

All of the following statements about brainstorming are true, except which one? A. Generating as many new ideas as possible is a good creativity strategy. B. During a brainstorming session, participants are encouraged to criticize and evaluate other ideas. C. Brainstorming can foster team-building skills in the classroom. D. For many individuals, working alone can generate more and better ideas than working in groups.

C

All of the following statements describe ways to encourage critical thinking in the classroom, except which one? A. Asking students to consider not only what happened, but asking how and why B. Acknowledging that sometimes there is more than one good answer to a question C. Criticizing students who answer questions incorrectly D. Encouraging students to evaluate statements made by others

B

Corinna is intimidated by her physics partner. Jamal easily transfers scientific principles to new situations, while for Corinna it is a tedious and taxing process. Which of the following best captures Jamal's learning? A. High-road transfer B. Low-road transfer C. Forward-reaching transfer D. Backward-reaching transfer

A

Heuristics are best described as strategies that A. suggest a solution to a problem but do not guarantee it. B. guarantee a solution to a problem. C. encourage open-mindedness. D. promote critical thinking.

D

Miss Wallace is discussing the issue of classroom management when one of the students, a girl named Rhonda, raises a concern about school violence, saying that she is sometimes afraid to come to school because she has heard other kids talking about bringing weapons to school. While Miss Wallace understands this is a delicate topic, she seeks to calm Rhonda by asking students to discuss ways both students and teachers might help to reduce school violence. Inadvertently, what kind of learning scenario has the class become engaged in? A. Fixation B. Mental set C. Subgoaling D. Problem-based learning

A

Mr. Matthews plans his lesson on amphibians for the next day. He plans on first identifying the key features of amphibians, answering all student questions on key terms, providing examples of amphibians that might be common to students, and then asking students to offer examples. Which of the following is Mr. Matthews trying to encourage among his students? A. Concept formation B. Hypothesis testing C. Convergent thinking D. Divergent thinking

B

Prototype matching is best described as which of the following? A. Specific assumption or prediction that can be tested to determine its accuracy B. The process of individuals deciding if an item is a member of a category by comparing it to established category elements C. Category that groups objects, events, and characteristics on the basis of common properties D. Visual representations of a concept's connections and hierarchical organization

A

Shenaz is trying to solve an economics problem. She recalls that a few months ago, she had learned a similar concept in math and the algorithm she had used then was closely similar to the one she uses to solve the current problem. She learns that the algorithm can be successfully used to solve the problem. This is an example of: A. high-road transfer. B. confirmation bias. C. overconfidence bias. D. low-road transfer.

A

Sophia and Mark try to solve a math problem. Sophia tells Mark that there is only one method to solve the math problem. Mark disagrees and says that there are multiple ways to solve it. Sophia selects specific Internet group discussions and blogs that highlight the importance of the formula. She uses these websites to prove and support her point, but she completely disregards Mark's claim. This is an example of: A. confirmation bias. B. reporting bias. C. hindsight bias. D. recall bias.

A

Specific assumptions or predictions that can be tested in order to determine their accuracy are best labeled which of the following? A. Hypothesis testing B. Concept maps C. Prototype matching D. Concepts

C

Teachers that successfully guide students' efforts at thinking do all of the following, except which one? A. Elicit students' points of view B. Nurture students' intellectual curiosity C. Seek the correct answer to validate students' learning D. Value and encourage students' questions

D

The creative process is often described as a five-step sequence. Which of the following statements best defines the second step, incubation? A. Students become immersed in a problem issue. B. Students experience the "Aha!" moment when all pieces of the puzzle come together. C. Students decide whether the idea is valuable and worth pursuing. D. Students churn ideas around in their head.

C

Vidya's college football team wins the city's football league championship. Even though Vidya did not predict at the beginning of the league season that her college team would win, she tells her friends that she always knew her college team would win the championship. This is an example of: A. reporting bias. B. confirmation bias. C. hindsight bias. D. recall bias.

B

Visual presentations of a concept's links and hierarchical organization refer to which of the following? A. Hypothesis testing B. Concept maps C. Prototype matching D. Concepts

B

When a student demonstrates problem-solving, which of the following steps should come first? A. Evaluate solutions B. Find and frame the problem C. Rethink and redefine the problem(s) D. Develop problem-solving strategies

C

When students engage in a decision-making process about whether an item belongs to a category, they are engaging in which of the following? A. Hypothesis testing B. Concept maps C. Prototype matching D. Concepts

B

Which of the following best describes "algorithms"? A. Setting intermittent goals B. Utilizing strategies guaranteed to provide a solution C. Proceeding with identifying a goal, evaluating the status of the problem, and determining the next step D. Applying a former strategy without considering the unique context

C

A concept is best described as which of the following? A. Specific assumption or prediction that can be tested to determine its accuracy B. The process of individuals deciding if an item is a member of a category by comparing it to established category elements C. Category that groups objects, events, and characteristics on the basis of common properties D. Visual representations of a concept's connections and hierarchical organization

B

A teacher who fosters critical thinking in students would most likely ask them to do which of the following? A. Recite and define B. Infer and create C. Describe and state D. Repeat and list

B

Alanis is sitting down after school to examine the research project she has been assigned in her high-school history class. She has learned in class about steps needed to ensure a healthy economy. Now she must analyze the specific reasons behind the Great Depression in American history. Which type of thinking has her teacher asked her to engage in? A. Inductive reasoning B. Deductive reasoning C. Utilizing representativeness heuristics D. Utilizing availability heuristics

A

Alanis is sitting down after school to examine the research project she has been assigned in her high-school history class. She must first research the reasons behind the Great Depression in American history. Then, she must develop assertions concerning the best way to nurture a nation's economy. Which type of thinking has her teacher asked her to engage in? A. Inductive reasoning B. Deductive reasoning C. Utilizing representativeness heuristics D. Utilizing availability heuristics

D

All of the following are common obstacles to solving problems, except which one? A. Failing to look at the situation from a new perspective B. Lacking motivation to persist at finding a solution C. Attempting to confirm an idea instead of refuting it D. Trying a new method for resolving the situation

D

Ann Marie tells her mother that she wants to bring her "Pokemon" toys to the cabin for the summer. Her mother knows that this entails carting endless "alienlike" toy animals that are in both stuffed-animal and action-figure-like forms. She sighs for she knows this will significantly crowd the car during the trip. In this example, "Pokemon" is a good example of what? A. Hypothesis testing B. A concept map C. Prototype matching D. A concept

A

Applying prior experiences to new learning and problem-solving situations is best referred to as which of the following? A. Transfer B. Near transfer C. Far transfer D. Forward-reaching transfer

A

As Milton proofreads his essay, he comes across the word "receive" and he is not sure he spelled it correctly. Although he is unsure how to solve the problem of spelling at first, he soon remembers the "I before E except after C" rule. Which of the following terms refers to Milton's strategy? A. Using algorithms B. Using means-ends analysis C. Using problem-based learning D. Using critical thinking

D

As Mr. Donahue finishes the day's topic, he realizes many of his students have quizzical looks that reflect confusion. After a question-and-answer period, Mr. Donahue is still not satisfied his class fully understands the lesson. He then proceeds to ask students to reflect on their lesson from the first semester that related to the topic at hand. After carefully explaining the connection between the two subject matters, he notices students begin to smile and show evident relief for finally grasping the new concept. What type of transfer has Mr. Donahue led students to engage in? A. High-road transfer B. Low-road transfer C. Forward-reaching transfer D. Backward-reaching transfer

B

Billy struggles over his homework assignment from nutrition class. The teacher has asked him to sketch out a visual network that represents the basic food groups and food types of each group that are separated by those he has tried versus those he has not. What type of homework assignment has the teacher assigned? A. Hypothesis testing B. Concept mapping C. Prototype matching D. Concept formation

A

Corinna is intimidated by her physics partner. Jamal easily transfers scientific principles to new situations, while for Corinna it is a tedious and taxing process. Which of the following best captures the problem she is experiencing? A. High-road transfer B. Low-road transfer C. Forward-reaching transfer D. Backward-reaching transfer

B

Deductive reasoning is best described as which of the following? A. Drawing general conclusions based on specific observations B. Making specific predictions based on general conclusions C. Identifying a similarity between two related ideas D. Engaging in reflective self-evaluation

D

Don wants to get an early start on his social studies semester project. The teacher has assigned the students to choose and research a societal issue of concern to them. Students must develop a specific concern and hypotheses addressing the reasons behind the problem, and search for scientific research to support their assertions. What type of project is Don working on? A. Fixation B. Mental set C. Subgoaling D. Problem-based learning

B

Finding appropriate strategies to reaching one's goal is best referred to as which of the following? A. Convergent thinking B. Problem solving C. Fixating D. Critical thinking

A

Hypothesis testing is best described as which of the following? A. Specific assumption or prediction that can be tested to determine its accuracy B. The process of individuals deciding if an item is a member of a category by comparing it to established category elements C. Category that groups objects, events, and characteristics on the basis of common properties D. Visual representations of a concept's connections and hierarchical organization

A

If Natalie engages easily in low-road transfer, which of the following is true? A. Natalie effortlessly transfers learning to new situations. B. Natalie transfers learning to new situations, but must engage conscious effort to do so. C. Natalie considers how a newly acquired skill will transfer to potential new situations. D. Natalie reflects on a past occurrence to help her solve a current problem.

D

If Natalie engages in backward-reaching transfer, which of the following is true? A. Natalie effortlessly transfers learning to new situations. B. Natalie transfers learning to new situations, but must engage conscious effort to do so. C. Natalie considers how a newly acquired skill will transfer to potential new situations. D. Natalie reflects on a past occurrence to help her solve a current problem.

C

If Natalie engages in forward-reaching transfer, which of the following is true? A. Natalie effortlessly transfers learning to new situations. B. Natalie transfers learning to new situations, but must engage conscious effort to do so. C. Natalie considers how a newly acquired skill will transfer to potential new situations. D. Natalie reflects on a past occurrence to help her solve a current problem.

B

If Natalie engages in high-road transfer, which of the following is true? A. Natalie effortlessly transfers learning to new situations. B. Natalie transfers learning to new situations, but must engage conscious effort to do so. C. Natalie considers how a newly acquired skill will transfer to potential new situations. D. Natalie reflects on a past occurrence to help her solve a current problem.

C

If a teacher assigned a "means-end analysis," what would the objectives of the activity include? A. Setting intermittent goals B. Utilizing strategies guaranteed to provide a solution C. Proceeding with identifying a goal, evaluating the status of the problem, and determining the next step D. Applying a former strategy without considering the unique context

B

Implementing critical thinking in the classroom can be difficult for teachers because of which of the following? A. Most teachers don't practice critical thinking. B. Many students come into class with a history of passive and rote learning. C. Debates and controversial discussions lead to loss of control in the classroom. D. State standards do not support conflicting views of subject area topics.

A

In which of the following situations would a person most likely make the best decision? A. Maggie spends months studying college information before deciding where to enroll. B. Terri learns that her boyfriend was accepted into an out-of-state college, so she immediately decides to move there, too. C. Elizabeth is enraged that her parents won't let her go to the concert and she storms out of the house. D. Ron's football team wins the state championship and plans to celebrate at the after-game party.

A

Inductive reasoning is best described as which of the following? A. Drawing general conclusions based on specific observations B. Making specific predictions based on general conclusions C. Identifying a similarity between two related ideas D. Engaging in reflective self-evaluation

B

Mr. Lee is having trouble helping one of his students master a new math skill. The student, Patrick, is consistently applying the skill learned last week to this new mathematical problem. Mr. Lee understands that Patrick is confident in using this strategy because he mastered it so thoroughly on homework assignments. However, to correctly master the current problem, Patrick must understand which strategy is appropriate to apply in each situation. Which of the following most specifically describes the problem Patrick is experiencing? A. Fixation B. Mental set C. Subgoaling D. Problem-based learning

D

Mr. Lui has just finished his lesson on "catharsis" in his fourth-period English literature class. He assigns students homework that entails students researching other examples of "catharsis" in contemporary motion pictures. What strategy of promoting concept formation has Mr. Lui utilized in his homework assignment? A. Encouraging students to form concept maps B. Asking students to hypothesize about a concept's criteria C. Illustrating key features or elements that help to lay down the boundaries of the concept D. Checking for students' understanding of a concept by asking them to apply the concept to other contexts

A

Mrs. Diaz has introduced the problem of school vandalism in a faculty meeting. She understands there are multiple ways to address this problem and asks faculty to consider different possibilities in order to have a discussion at the next meeting. However, one teacher, Ms. Villeroy, vehemently protests, stating that there is no need for creative guesswork. The only way to effectively address this problem is to expel students. From what type of thinking has Ms. Villeroy responded to Mrs. Diaz's request? A. Convergent thinking B. Divergent thinking C. Inductive reasoning D. Deductive reasoning

B

Mrs. Diaz has introduced the problem of school vandalism in a faculty meeting. She understands there are multiple ways to address this problem and asks faculty to consider different possibilities in order to have a discussion at the next meeting. What thinking task has Mrs. Diaz set before the faculty? A. Convergent thinking B. Divergent thinking C. Inductive reasoning D. Deductive reasoning

A

Ms. Jackson begins her elementary class by showing the students an array of circles, squares, rectangles, and triangles. She asks students to name the different items they see. She then asks students to come up with a name for the group of items that is representative of them all. As students offer possibilities, she goes through each item asking the class if the item belongs to the suggested category. What has Ms. Jackson asked the class to do? A. Hypothesis testing B. Concept mapping C. Prototype matching D. Illustrate key features

C

Ms. Jackson gives each table of students a box of items that includes dolls, crayons, pencils, rulers, erasers, books, and glue. She then asks students to work together in order to select out those items that belong to the category of toys. What has Ms. Jackson asked her students to do? A. Hypothesis testing B. Concept mapping C. Prototype matching D. Illustrate key features

C

Ms. Shawnasee has gone to meet one of her old education professors to ask for help in aiding her students' transfer of learning. Which of the following pieces of advice would the professor be most likely to offer? A. "Streamline your lesson and background coverage to provide for maximal time for students to reflect on how to use concepts." B. "Transfer of learning is not something that can be taught, students naturally figure these opportunities for transfer by trial-and-error." C. "Ask students to reflect on their goals in life, then initiate a discussion of how academic concepts will help them to achieve their personal goals." D. All of these

A

Ms. Shawnasee has gone to meet one of her old education professors to ask for help in aiding her students' transfer of learning. Which of the following pieces of advice would the professor be most likely to offer? A. "When teaching a new concept, ask students to offer personal experiences where the concept might come in handy." B. "Streamline your lesson and background coverage to provide for maximal time for students to reflect on how to use concepts." C. "Transfer of learning is not something that can be taught; students naturally figure these opportunities for transfer by trial-and-error." D. All of these

C

Regina easily grasps the concept of supply and demand. As she contemplates the merits of the economic law, she begins to consider the possibilities this strategy would have for her future dream to open a restaurant with Thai cuisine. Which type of transfer is Regina engaging in? A. High-road transfer B. Low-road transfer C. Forward-reaching transfer D. Backward-reaching transfer

D

Renaldo refuses any suggestion that girls are just as good as boys at athletics. Even as some of the girls in class offer examples of famous female athletes, he refuses to listen or acknowledge their evidence. What type of thinking is Renaldo engaging in? A. Hindsight bias B. Overconfidence bias C. Confirmation bias D. Belief perseverance

C

Renaldo refuses any suggestion that girls are just as good at athletics. Instead, he avoids those who oppose his beliefs and surrounds himself with those, like his friends and older brother, who share his beliefs. Which of the following best describes Renaldo's thinking? A. Hindsight bias B. Overconfidence bias C. Confirmation bias D. Belief perseverance

C

Researchers argue that No Child Left Behind legislation has resulted in which of the following? A. Passage of rigorous standards that foster students' creative and critical thinking B. Too much attention on performance based assessment and real-world problem solving C. Too much attention on memorization and standardized testing D. Passage of holistic standards that enhance students' internal motivation and self-confidence

B

Rhianna's class has been assigned a project that involves concept mapping of their favorite holidays and the activities they enjoy during those holidays. Which of the following best depicts the final outcome of this exercise? A. Rhianna must develop a list of possible holidays she enjoys. B. Rhianna must come up with a visual display that presents holidays and their respective activities. C. Rhianna must come to class with a list of titles for the concept of "my favorite holidays." D. Rhianna must write a detailed essay on why Christmas is her favorite holiday.

C

The faculty at Westwood Middle School discusses concerns they have about students' ability to engage in effective problem solving. Which of the following suggestions by faculty is not likely to be an effective strategy? A. Mr. O'Donnell encourages other teachers to have students focus research papers on real-life problems. B. Mr. Lee shares that in his class he puts students into groups and has them engage in problem-solving tasks while he monitors students' understanding and progress. C. Ms. Hilliard states that the high use of computers in the classroom distracts students from engaging in independent problem solving and that problem-solving activities should not be based around educational technology. D. Mrs. Ryan suggests involving parents in problem-solving activities in the home that involve the student.

A

When a student applies new skills or strategies to rethink how he or she can approach a new situation, this student has accomplished which of the following? A. Forward-reaching transfer B. Backward-reaching transfer C. Near transfer D. Far transfer

B

When a student applies previously learned skills or strategies to solve a current problem, this student has accomplished which of the following? A. Forward-reaching transfer B. Backward-reaching transfer C. Near transfer D. Far transfer

A

Which of the following best relates to "subgoaling"? A. Setting intermittent goals B. Utilizing strategies guaranteed to provide a solution C. Proceeding with identifying a goal, evaluating the status of the problem, and determining the next step D. Applying a former strategy without considering the unique context

C

Which of the following best represents "critical thinking"? A. Manipulating and transforming information in memory B. Reasoning from the specific to the general C. Thinking reflectively and productively, and evaluating the evidence D. Reasoning from the general to the specific

E

Which of the following cognitive changes occur during adolescence that allow improved critical thinking? A. Increased speed, automaticity, and capacity of information processing B. More knowledge in a variety of domains C. Increased ability to construct new combinations of knowledge D. A greater range of strategies, such as planning and considering alternatives E. All of the above

A

Which of the following five steps in the creative process covers the longest span of time and involves the hardest work? A. Elaboration B. Evaluation C. Insight D. Incubation

B

Which of the following is an effective approach to helping students to transfer learning? A. Focus on contextualizing learning strategies in the appropriate content area. B. Teach for depth of understanding. C. Do not root concepts in applications so that students are forced to transfer learning to solve the problem. D. Focus on basics of content area so more time is devoted to talking about how to use the strategy.

A

Which of the following is not an effective approach to helping students to transfer learning? A. Focus on contextualizing learning strategies in the appropriate content area. B. Root concepts in applications. C. Teach for depth of understanding. D. Teach strategies that are sure to generalize.

B

Which of the following is not the best way to promote concept formation? A. Clarify terms in the definition. B. Refrain from providing many examples of concepts as they may result in student frustration. C. Define the concept. D. Illustrate key features or characteristics.

A

Which of the following is the best example of an "algorithm"? A. The "I before E except after C" rule B. A list of subgoals created to help students achieve their larger goal C. Inappropriate use of a strategy because it was effective in the past D. The complete process of defining the problem, establishing current status of progress, and estimating the steps needed to resolve the problem

C

Which of the following is the best example of problem-based learning? A. Having students research a popular artist from the Renaissance period B. Having students draw up a proposal for a research project C. Having students propose remedies for world hunger D. Having students do a science experiment

D

Which of the following most accurately describes "hindsight bias"? A. A rule of thumb that suggests a solution to a problem, but does not provide the answer B. A prediction about the probability of an event based on the frequency of the event's past occurrences C. Making faulty decisions based on how well something matches a prototype D. Tendency to incorrectly state, after the fact, that we correctly predicted the outcome

B

Which of the following situations best describes the conditions under which far transfer takes place? A. Transfer occurs between two situations that are very similar to one another. B. Transfer occurs between two situations that are very different from one another. C. Previous learning automatically transfers from an old situation to a new situation. D. Conscious effort must be invested for connections to be made between situations.

A

Which of the following situations best describes the conditions under which near transfer takes place? A. Transfer occurs between two situations that are very similar to one another. B. Transfer occurs between two situations that are very different from one another. C. Previous learning automatically transfers from an old situation to a new situation. D. Conscious effort must be invested for connections to be made between situations.

B

Which of the following statements about creativity is true? A. Creative students are generally creative across all subject areas and domains. B. Although most creative students are highly intelligent, in other respects, many highly intelligent students are not very creative. C. The design of schools and classrooms does not impact the creativity of students. D. Convergent questions help stimulate creative thinking in students.

A

Which of the following strategies would best help students become better problem solvers? A. Asking students to solve a real-world problem B. Asking students to write an essay about their biggest problem C. Showing students how to solve problems D. Telling students about other people's problems

C

Which of the following students has demonstrated transfer of learning? A. Damian performs well on the final exam. B. Shanice finishes her science assignment and then begins her social studies project. C. Terrance takes on a defensive stance to the teacher's request for compliance to classroom rules because it has gotten him off the hook in other contexts. D. Milo has always performed well in mathematics and now is doing well in his geometry class.

C

Which of the following teacher behaviors encourages critical thinking? A. Encourage students to "get along" and avoid controversy during discussions. B. Promote simple, passive learning. C. Avoid stating one's own views about controversial topics to students. D. Model how to argue through emotions rather than through reason.

C

Which of the following teacher behaviors fosters creative thinking in students? A. Motivate students with prizes such as gold stars, play money, or toys. B. Tell students exactly what to do and how to do it. C. Take students on field trips, including science and art museums. D. Ask questions and develop activities that guarantee students' success.

D

Which of the following terms best describes an activity that requires or encourages critical thinking? A. Recite the three main ideas from Macbeth. B. Define the word "parameter." C. Describe the notion of a "mid-life crisis." D. Analyze the causal factors behind the fall of Rome.

D

Which of the following types of questions would best encourage critical thinking? A. How many apples are in the Samuel's basket? B. What color are Samuel's apples? C. Where did Samuel put the apples when he got home? D. Why does Samuel like red apples better than yellow apples?

A

Why does the use of concepts aid remembering? A. Concept serves as a retrieval cue. B. Concepts present sufficient detail to accurately understand the content area. C. Concepts utilize convergent versus divergent thinking. D. Concepts present a visual representation of hierarchical organization.

C

______ refers to thinking in which an individual evaluates alternatives and makes choices among them. A. Thinking B. Critical thinking C. Decision making D. Creative thinking