CH 9: Sleep and Biological Rhythms

If acetylcholine activity is high, then: A. the animal is likely feeling drowsy or beginning to sleep. B. there is a decrease in EEG-measured cortical arousal. C. brain waves are likely desynchronized. D. brain waves are likely highly synchronized.

Brain waves are likely desynchronized.

Deep sleep is characterized by ___________ waves. A. alpha B. delta C. theta D. beta

Delta

As Darius is sleeping, his dog begins to bark. As a result, his brain emits several sudden sharp waveforms known as: A. alpha wave activity. B. sleep spindles. C. hypnic jerks. D. K complexes

K complexes

All else being equal, which individual spends the MOST time in REM? A. DeJuan, a teenager B. Marcus, an adult C. Tori, a child D. Kami, an infant

Kami, an infant

Darnelle is totally blind and suffers from non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder. Her circadian rhythm is longer than 24 hours, resulting in recurrent periods of daytime sleepiness and nighttime insomnia. To synchronize her circadian rhythm, her doctor prescribes a low evening dose of the hormone: A. ghrelin. B. prolactin. C. oxytocin. D. melatonin

Melatonin

As the night progresses and the individual continues to sleep, they experience: A. more Stage 4 sleep. B. more Stage 3 sleep. C. more REM sleep. D. less Stage 2 sleep.

More REM sleep

The response of the pupil and retina to the ambient level of light is controlled by: A cones, but not rods. B. rods, but not cones. C. both rods and cones. D. neither rods nor cones.

Neither rods nor cones.

In the flip-flop circuit that controls sleep and arousal, the ___________ neurons are the stabilizing force, pushing the circuit toward arousal. A. noradrenergic B. cholinergic C. orexinergic D. serotonergic

Orexinergic

Sleep deprivation studies suggest that sleep is important for the: A. performance of mental tasks. B. rest and recuperation of the body. C. performance of exercise. D. ability to perform physically stressful duties.

Performance of mental tasks.

If you were sleeping and experienced stimulation to your dorsolateral ______________ cortex, it is more likely that you would report lucid dreaming, which is realizing that you are dreaming and not actually awake. A. prefrontal B. parietal C. occipital D. temporal

Prefrontal

The nature of dreams, such as disorganization, scrambled events, and no clear passing of time, suggests that the ___________ cortex has a ________ activity level during REM sleep. A. extrastriate; low B. prefrontal; high C. extrastriate; high D. prefrontal; low

Prefrontal; low

Compared to slow-wave sleep, REM sleep strongly facilitates: A. remembering the events that took place over the course of the day. B. the consolidation of declarative memory. C. the consolidation of nondeclarative memory. D. the ability to perform a physical task.

The consolidation of nondeclarative memory.

Animals that are seasonal breeders will experience anti-gonadal function during ____________ due to ____________ melatonin levels. A. summer; decreased B. winter; decreased C. summer; increased D. winter; increased

Winter; increased

When a dolphin was sleep deprived in the left hemisphere, ________________________ when the animal was allowed to sleep. A. both hemispheres experienced an increase in slow-wave sleep B. both hemispheres experienced an increase in REM sleep C. the right hemisphere experienced an increase in slow-wave sleep D. the left hemisphere experienced an increase in slow-wave sleep

The left hemisphere experienced an increase in slow-wave sleep

Which statement is true regarding REM sleep? A. When woken up in this stage, people are often groggy and confused. B. The person experiences vague sensations or feelings. C. The person experiences dreams. D When in this stage, people are often able to toss and turn on the bed, freely moving.

The person experiences dreams

Hamster A has a 24-hour rhythm. Hamster A has its SCN removed and replaced with the SCN of Hamster B, which has an endogenous rhythm of 20 hours. What is the resultant rhythm of Hamster A? A. 22 hours B. 26 hours C. 24 hours D. 20 hours

20 hours

If you stay awake for 3 days and then fall asleep, you will likely not sleep for the 24 hours of sleep that you missed. Instead, you might sleep 12 hours on the first night. Of the different stages of sleep, you are MOST likely to make up hours from stage: A. 3 B. REM C. 1 D. 2

3

John is sleeping when his mother calls his name. He does not respond. She calls his name louder, telling him it is time to get up and get ready for school. Even when she gets close to the bed, says his name, and puts her hand on his shoulder, he does not arouse. It is likely that he is in the ____________ stage of sleep. A. 2 nd B. 1 st C. REM D. 3 rd

3rd

Caffeine binds to adenosine receptors and blocks them. The end result is feeling awake because adenosine is unable to activate its receptors to promote sleepiness. Caffeine is: A. a direct agonist. B. an indirect antagonist. C. a direct antagonist. D. an indirect antagonist.

A direct antagonist

The textbook describes six different neurotransmitters involving in regulating arousal and the sleep-wake cycle. Levels of only one of these chemicals—namely, _____ —are high rather than low during REM sleep. A. acetylcholine B. norepinephrine C. serotonin D. adenosine

Acetylcholine

Falling levels of glycogen trigger an increase in ____________, which helps to promote sleep. A. anandamide B. adenosine C. acetylcholine D. aspartate

Adenosine

During periods of wakefulness, brain waves oscillate between _____________ and _____________ waves. A. delta; beta B. alpha; beta C. alpha; delta D. theta; delta

Alpha; beta

Research suggests that eye movements during REM sleep: A. are random occurrences. B. are the same from person to person. C. are necessary to experience the visual hallucinations involved in dreaming. D. are in response to the visual images that are being experienced.

Are in response to the visual images that are being experienced

____________, a symptom of narcolepsy, occurs when a fully conscious person appears to be paralyzed. A. Cataplexy B. Insomnia C. Sleep apnea D. A sleep attack

Cataplexy

During sleep, a(n) ______________ is used to measure brain activity. A. electro-oculogram B. oximeter probe C. electroencephalogram D. electromyogram

Electroencephalogram

A hamster, when put in endless darkness, will display activity reflecting a 23-hour day. This hamster is displaying is a(n) _____ rhythm A. external B. entrained C. endogenous D. internal

Endogenous

To encourage mental activity in a stress-free way, Horne and Minard (1985) treated their participants to a fun day out, with visits to museums, amusement parks, galleries, and shopping malls. That night, participants: A. slept longer than usual. B. showed little or no REM sleep. C. experienced insomnia. D. experienced more slow-wave sleep.

Experienced more slow-wave sleep.

In times of increased brain activity ________ from _________ is converted into fuel for neurons. A. glycogen; oligodendrocytes B. glycogen; astrocytes C. glucose; astrocytes D. glucose; microglia

Glycogen; astrocytes

The ___________ level of activity in the ___________ cortex during REM sleep is reflective of visual hallucinations that occur during dreaming. A. low; extrastriate B. high; extrastriate C. low; striate D. high; striate

High; extrastriate

As Jenelle is falling asleep, she has a sensation of walking along a path. Suddenly, her right leg steps into a hole and her foot jerks in bed, seemingly simulating the experienced fall in her sleeping state. These muscle contractions are called: A. sleep spindles. B. alpha waves. C. K complexes. D. hypnic jerks.

Hypnic jerks

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is found in the: A. pons. B. thalamus. C. hypothalamus. D. medulla.

Hypothalamus

Which sleep disorder or disturbance is seen more often in adults than children? A. bedwetting B. insomnia C. night terrors D. sleepwalking

Insomnia

REM sleep behavior disorder is the opposite of narcolepsy in that: A. REM sleep behavior disorder involves bouts of insomnia. B. instead of muscle paralysis during waking hours, those with REM sleep behavior disorder lack muscle paralysis during sleep. C. REM sleep behavior disorder is not linked to degenerative disorders. D. people have "awake attacks" rather than sleep attacks.

Instead of muscle paralysis during waking hours, those with REM sleep behavior disorder lack muscle paralysis during sleep.

John has periods during the night where he stops breathing, causing carbon dioxide levels in his blood to rise. Once the levels get too high, he wakes up, gasping for breath. John suffers from: A. insomnia. B. narcolepsy. C. night terrors. D. sleep apnea.

Sleep apnea

Doris works a stressful job, has difficulty falling asleep, and often wakes up early. After several weeks, she agrees to participate in a sleep study to determine whether she has insomnia. It is likely that the results of her sleep study show Doris: A. spends as much time sleeping as people who do not complain of insomnia. B. is lacking in the substances that promote and maintain sleep. C. spends less time sleeping as people who do not complain of insomnia. D. has an excess of arousal-producing neurochemicals.

Spends as much time sleeping as people who do not complain of insomnia.

Which of these animals demonstrates REM sleep? A. frogs B. snakes C. squirrels D. insects

Squirrels

Joey, as a research participant, has to study a list of paired words. He is then allowed to take a nap before testing. If he experiences ____________ sleep, he does better on the test. A. stage 2 B. stage 3 C. stage 1 D. REM

Stage 3

An inherited neurological disorder called fatal familial insomnia results in damage to portions of the: A. medulla. B. reticular formation. C. pons. D. thalamus.

Thalamus

If norepinephrine levels are high, then: A. the animal is awake. B. there is a decrease in EEG-measured cortical arousal. C. the animal is dreaming. D. the animal is likely feeling drowsy or beginning to sleep.

The animal is awake

The difference between primary and secondary insomnia is: A. the likelihood of being affected at a given time of year (seasonal). B. the length of time the insomnia has lasted. C. the cause of the difficulty falling asleep. D. the age of onset.

The cause of the difficulty falling asleep.