Ch 9: Therapies: Ways of Helping

anticonvulsive drugs

As an alternative to lithium, some people with bipolar disorder achieve good results with______ commonly used in the treatment of epilepsy Divalproex (brand name Depakote) is one.

active

Beck's methods are _____ . He encourages clients to challenge beliefs that are not supported by evidence.

classical, operant, observational

Behavior therapists draw upon the principles of ____ & ____ conditioning as well as ___ learning

Manifest Content

In psychodynamic theory, the reported content of dreams.

Latent Content

In psychodynamic theory, the symbolized or underlying content of dreams.

ego analysis

Psychodynamically oriented therapists who focus on the conscious, coping behavior of the ego instead of the hypothesized, unconscious functioning of the id.

Empirically Supported Treatments (ESTs)

Psychologists, among other professional groups, have identified particular forms of therapy that have demonstrated therapeutic benefits in treating particular problems based on carefully controlled research

thoughts, behaviors

Psychotherapy influences clients' _______, feelings, & ______ . It can be aimed at any or all of these aspects of human psychology.

systematic

Psychotherapy is a _______ interaction between a client and a therapist. The therapist applies a theoretical viewpoint and an understanding of the client's cultural and social background in structuring the therapy process.

Eclectic Therapy

draw upon the principles and techniques of different approaches to therapy. For example, a therapist might draw upon the Freudian concept of transference and also employ behavioral methods such as gradual exposure.

Humanistic-existential therapies

focus on the quality of the client's subjective, conscious experience. "here and now." influenced by the teachings of existentialism

Antidepressants

group of drugs that help relieve depressive symptoms. used to treat a range of other psychological disorders, including bulimia, generalized anxiety, panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), social anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder

group therapy

group of unrelated people are treated together

family therapy

he client is the family, not any one individual in the family.

Family Therapist

helps the family change the system by which the family functions in order to enhance the growth of individual family members and of the family unit as a whole

scapegoat

it is not uncommon for the family to present an "identified patient"—that is, the family member who has the problem and is causing all the trouble. Yet family therapists usually assume that the identified patient is a ______ for other problems within and among family members

Fear-Reduction Methods

people seek the services of behavior therapists because of fears and phobias that interfere with their functioning. Behavior therapists use a variety of techniques to help people overcome these problems, including flooding, gradual exposure, systematic desensitization, counterconditioning, and modeling.

asian americans

place a strong value on avoiding public displays of emotions and talking openly about oneself and one's feelings. There is also a considerable stigma attached to admitting to emotional problems. may deny emotional problems and refuse to seek help for them especially recent immigrants, also may not understand or believe in Western approaches to psychotherapy

Biofeedback Training

therapists help clients become more aware of, and gain control over, various bodily functions, such as heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, body temperature, and brain wave patterns

Biomedical Therapies

three forms of ______ ____ for psychological disorder. One form, drug therapy, is used widely. Another, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), has much more limited use. The third, psychosurgery, is used rarely, if at all.

factors for lower participation

unawareness that therapy would help; lack of information about the availability of professional services or inability to pay for them; distrust of professionals, particularly European American professionals and (for women) male professionals; and language barriers.

Drug Therapy

used widely

Psychosurgery

virtually extinct surgical procedures used to alter deviant behavior

traditional

In a ______ psychoanalysis, the client is made comfortable and asked to talk about any topic that comes to mind. No thought is to be censored.

therapeutic alliance

The close working relationship between a client and therapist

Albert Ellis

The developer of rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT), psychologist

Gestalt

"organized form" or "pattern." giving the conflicting parts of the personality an integrated form or shape. aimed to have his clients become aware of inner conflict, accept the reality of conflict rather than deny it or keep it repressed, and make productive choices despite misgivings and fears. People in conflict frequently find it difficult to make choices, and Perls sought to encourage

Antianxiety Drugs

(also called minor tranquilizers) belong to the chemical class known as benzodiazepines. This class of drugs includes diazepam (Valium), chlordiazepoxide (Librium), oxazepam (Serax), and alprazolam (Xanax). induce feelings of calmness. In the body, they depress (slow) the activity of the central nervous system (CNS), slowing such bodily processes as heart rate and breathing rate as well as relieving feelings of nervous arousal.

aversive conditioning

A behavior therapy technique in which stimuli associated with undesired responses become aversive by pairing noxious stimuli with them.

The Token Economy

A controlled environment in which people are reinforced for desired behaviors with tokens (such as poker chips) that may be exchanged for later privileges.

Couple Therapy

A form of therapy that focuses on helping distressed couples resolve their conflicts and improve their communication skills. called marital therapy when the couple is a marital unit—helps correct power imbalances in the relationship so that partners can explore alternative ways of relating to each other that respect each other's needs.

Cognitive Therapy

A form of therapy that focuses on how clients' cognitions (expectations, attitudes, beliefs, etc.) lead to distress and may be modified to relieve distress and promote adaptive behavior.

meta-analysis

A method for statistically combining and averaging the results of individual research studies.

Psychotherapy

A systematic interaction between a therapist and a client that brings psychological principles to bear on influencing the client's thoughts, feelings, or behavior in order to help that client overcome abnormal behavior or adjust to problems in living.

Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

Albert Ellis's form of therapy that encourages clients to challenge and correct irrational expectations and maladaptive behaviors.

hierarchy

An arrangement of stimuli according to the amount of fear they evoke.

rapid smoking

An aversive conditioning method for quitting smoking in which the smoker inhales every six seconds, thus rendering once-desirable cigarette smoke aversive.

Unconditional positive regard, empathetic understanding, genuineness

An effective client-centered therapist has several qualities:

100,000

An estimated _____ Americans undergo ECT each year to help relieve severe depression

interpretation

An explanation of a client's underlying feelings and conflicts according to psychoanalytic theory. showing how they may suggest deep-seated feelings and conflicts. A gradual process of self-discovery and self-insight ensues.

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors

Antidepressant drugs that work by blocking the action of an enzyme that breaks down noradrenaline and serotonin.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Antidepressant drugs that work by blocking the reuptake of serotonin by transmitting neurons.

Tricyclic antidepressants

Antidepressant drugs that work by preventing the reuptake of noradrenaline and serotonin by transmitting neurons.

operant conditioning

Behavior therapists use these principles of _______________ with a range of problem behaviors. They train parents to apply reinforcement programs in the home that aim at increasing desirable behavior in children. They also work with hospital staff to implement behavior change programs designed to foster adaptive behavior in hospitalized mental patients.

Systematic Desensitization

Behavior therapy method for reducing fears by associating a hierarchy of images of fear-evoking stimuli with deep muscle relaxation gradual process in which the client learns to handle increasingly disturbing stimuli while anxiety to each one is being counterconditioned.

Client-centered therapy

Carl Rogers's method of psychotherapy, which emphasizes the creation of a warm, therapeutic atmosphere that frees clients to engage in self exploration and self-expression.

nondirective

Client-centered therapy is ________. The client takes the lead, stating and exploring problems

Aaron Beck

Cognitive therapy was developed by the psychiatrist

Antipsychotic drugs

Drugs that help relieve psychotic symptoms. (also called major tranquilizers or neuroleptics). These drugs control the more flagrant symptoms of schizophrenia, such as delusions, hallucinations, and agitated or disturbed behavior thought to act by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain

Psychotropic drugs

Drugs used to control symptoms associated with mental disorders such as anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia.

last

ECT treatment is a _____ resort to be used only when other treatment options have been tried but failed

active, directive

Ellis's REBT methods are _____ and _____.

Dream Analysis

Freud often asked clients to jot down their dreams upon waking so that they could discuss them in therapy. Freud considered dreams the "royal road to the unconscious." He believed that the content of dreams is determined by unconscious processes as well as by the events of the day.

psychoanalysis

Freud's method of psychotherapy. first psychodynamic theory

Gestalt theory

Fritz Perls's form of psychotherapy, which attempts to integrate conflicting parts of the personality through directive methods designed to help clients perceive their whole selves.

nonspecific factors

General factors in therapy that apply to different forms of therapy, such as the instillation of hope. include therapist warmth, concern, and attention and the instillation of hope or expectancies of positive outcomes.

directive

Gestalt therapy is highly ________. The therapist leads the client through planned experiences.

psychoanalysis

It seeks to help people develop insight (self-awareness) into the dynamic struggles occurring within the psyche between these mental states—conflicts that, in Freud's view, were at the root of psychological problems such as anxiety and depression. Once these conflicts are brought into consciousness and worked through during the course of therapy, clients will be free of psychological symptoms and can pursue more adaptive behaviors.

native americans

Many forms of psychological disorders involve the disruption of their traditional culture caused by European colonization Loss of cultural identity and social disorganization have set the stage for such problems as alcoholism, substance abuse, and depression. have also been denied full access to key institutions in Western culture

behavior therapy

Members of ____ ____ groups might be jointly desensitized to anxiety-evoking stimuli or might practice social skills together.

less

People from ethnic minority groups are ____ likely than European Americans to seek therapy.

Lithium

People with bipolar disorder may have to use ____ indefinitely at least 30% to 40% of those treated with the drug either fail to respond to it or cannot tolerate it because of side effects. The most common side effects are hand tremors, memory impairment, and excessive thirst and urination. The most common reason people discontinue is because of problems with memory. Most common drug for bipolar disorder

personality

Perls believed that the content of dreams represents disowned parts of the _____. He would often ask clients to role-play elements of their dreams

Free Association

Psychoanalysts ask their clients to wander "freely" from topic to topic, but they do not believe that the process occurring within the client is fully free.

psychological

Psychotherapy is based on _______ theory and research in areas such as personality, learning, motivation, emotion, and abnormal behavior.

adjusting, learn

Psychotherapy is often used with people who have psychological disorders. Other people seek help in ______ to other types of problems such as shyness, weight problems, or loss of a spouse. Still other clients want to use psychotherapy in order to _____ more about themselves and to reach their full potential as individuals, parents, or creative artists.

counterconditioned

Referring to counterconditioning, the therapeutic method by which a response that is incompatible with anxiety—such as relaxation—is made to appear under conditions that usually elicit anxiety.

transference

Responding to one person (such as a spouse or the psychoanalyst) in a way that is similar to the way one responded to another person (such as a parent) in childhood.

Phallic symbols

Signs that represent the penis.

cognitive-behavioral

The leading contemporary approach to couple therapy is based on __________ principles

wish fullfillment

The satisfaction of an underlying wish, desire, or impulse in the form of a dream or mental fantasy.

Prefrontal lobotomy

The severing or destruction of part of the frontal lobe of the brain.

resistance

The tendency to block the free expression of impulses and primitive ideas—a reflection of the defense mechanism of repression.

dialogue, responsibility, empty chair

There are a number of Gestalt exercises and games, including the following

controlled, measurable

They insist that their methods be tested through ____ research and outcomes assessed in terms of _____ behavior.

1 in10

Today, about _____ people in the U.S. age 12 or older presently are using antidepressants, which is nearly four times as many people who used these drugs in the late 1980s

cognitive-behavioral therapy

With Beck and Ellis, we see the convergence of behavioral and cognitive forms of therapy today that is generally classified under the umbrella term of

Behavior Therapist

___ work with clients to help them overcome phobias, self-defeating behavior patterns such as overeating and smoking, and troubling emotional problems such as anxiety and depression. help clients acquire adaptive behavior patterns such as the social skills required to initiate and maintain social relationships or say no to insistent salespeople.

body langauge

____ ___ also provides insight into conflicting feelings. Clients might be instructed to attend to the ways in which they furrow their eyebrows and tense their facial muscles when they touch upon certain concerns.

therapists

____ need to develop a better understanding of and sensitivity to differences in the cultural heritage, language, and values of their clients (Hansen et al., 2006; Sue, 2003; Wong et al., 2003). They also need to adapt their therapeutic approach to the cultural and social realities of clients from diverse backgrounds (Awad & Ladhani, 2007; Hwang, 2006). That is, they need to develop multicultural competence and adjust their approach to therapy to the cultural and social realities faced by clients from diverse backgrounds. Therapists also need to become aware of their own cultural biases in order to avoid stereotyping clients from other cultural groups

client-centered therapist

allows the client to provide the direction of therapy and exemplifies the therapeutic qualities of unconditional positive regard, empathic understanding, and genuineness. Thus, the therapist creates an atmosphere in which the client feels free to explore his or her genuine feelings.

behavior therapy

also called behavior modification—is a form of therapy that applies principles of learning to help people make desired behavioral changes.

increase

antidepressants _____ the availability of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, especially serotonin and norepinephrine, which are chemical messengers that carry signals in the brain

third

antidepressants bring complete symptom relief in only about a _____ or fewer of depressed patients and that their effects overall provide little if any therapeutic benefit over placebos in treating mild to moderate depression

african americans

are often reluctant to seek psychological help because of cultural assumptions that people should manage their own problems and because of cultural mistrust of the mental health system.

Flooding

based on the learning principle of extinction In this method, a person is exposed for prolonged intervals to a fear-evoking but harmless stimulus until the fear is extinguished.

Social Skills Training

behavior therapists help people alleviate social anxiety and build social skills through a program in which participants rehearse social behaviors in a group setting and receive feedback and encouragement from the therapist and other group members. The behaviors of interest might be date-seeking skills, conversational skills, or conflict resolution skills.

present

behavior therapists remain very much in the ____ —the here and now

psychiatrists

biomedical therapy is administered by medical doctors, such as

Electroconvulsive Therapy

can help relieve severe depression, even in many patients who have been unresponsive to other treatments series of 6 to 12 treatments spread over several weeks

Feminist Psychotherapy

challenges the validity of stereotypical gender-role stereotypes and the tradition of male dominance Feminist therapy developed as a response to male dominance of health professions and institutions. It suggested that the mental health establishment often worked to maintain inequality between men and women by trying to help women "adjust" to traditional gender roles when they wished to challenge these roles in their own lives. note that many women experience depression and other psychological problems as a result of being treated as second-class citizens, and they argue that society, rather than the individual woman, must change if these psychological problems are to be alleviated.

Latino and Latina Americans

potential conflicts between the traditional value of interdependency in the family and the typical European American belief in independence and self-reliance Therapists also need to recognize the importance of social and family ties in Hispanic cultures, as well as the value placed on respect and dignity

ego

psychoanalysis could shed the light of ____ on the inner workings of the unconscious mind, the stage on which these unconscious conflicts are played out.

Modeling

relies on observational learning. In this method clients observe, and then imitate, people who approach and cope with objects or situations the clients fear.

behavior therapist

seek to develop warm, therapeutic relationships with clients, but they believe that the effectiveness of their techniques derives from specific, learning-based procedures rather than the therapeutic relationship

psychotherapy

statistical averaging method called meta-analysis have strongly suggested that it is in fact effective.

electric therapist

tend to be older and more experienced than other therapists

Gradual Exposure

the person is first exposed to minimally fearful stimuli and then gradually works upward in a hierarchy (ordered series) of progressively more fearful stimuli. used to treat many different types of fears, from fear of heights to fear of social interactions