ch.12

a patient has suffered a cerebral hemorrhage that has caused dysfunction of the pre central gyrus of his right cerebral cortex. As a result, a. he cannot voluntarily move his left arm or leg b. he feels no sensation on the left side of his body c. he feels no sensation on his right side

(a) he cannot voluntarily move his left arm or leg

The average weight of the adult brain is __________. 1-1.5 lbs 2-2.5 lbs 3-3.5 lbs over 5 lbs

3-3.5 lbs The average weight of the adult brain is 3-3.5 lbs.

Which part of the brain regulates thirst? temporal lobe pons cerebral cortex cerebellum hypothalamus

: hypothalamus Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus are activated when body fluid is too concentrated. This also stimulates the thirst receptors, which are also located in the hypothalamus.

what is a transient ischemic attack TIA and how is it different from a stroke?

A TIA is a temporary loss of blood supply to brain tissue, and it differs from a stroke in that the resulting impairment is fully reversible.

trevor was tackled while playing football. after hitting the ground, he was unable to move his lower limbs. What is a loss of motor function called? What level of his spinal cord do you think was injured ? Is this a permanent injury?

A loss of motor function is called paralysis. Lower limb paralysis could be caused by a spinal cord injury in the thoracic region (between T1 and L1). If the spinal cord is transected, the result is paraplegia. If the cord is only bruised, he may regain function in the limbs.

How do tracts and nerves differ? How do nuclei and ganglia differ?

A nerve is a bundle of axons in the PNS, whereas a tract is a bundle of axons in the CNS. A nucleus is a collection of neuron cell bodies in the CNS, whereas a ganglion is a collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS.

Which of the following statements about language is INCORRECT? Broca's and Wernicke's areas work together with the basal nuclei to form a single language implementation system. Patients who can speak but produce nonsensical statements have a lesion in Wernicke's area. Patients who understand language but have difficulty speaking have lesions affecting Broca's area. All the associated areas on the right side of the cerebral cortex are involved in language.

All the associated areas on the right side of the cerebral cortex are involved in language. This statement is true.

What is CSF? Where is it produced? What are its functions ?

CSF, formed by the choroid plexuses as a filtrate of blood plasma, is a watery "broth" similar in composition to plasma. It protects the brain and spinal cord from blows and other trauma, helps nourish the brain, and carries chemical signals from one part of the brain to another.

Which type of fiber allows the two cerebral hemispheres to talk to each other?

Commissural fibers (which form commissures) allow the cerebral hemispheres to "talk to each other."

What is the function of convolutions of the brain?

Convolutions increase surface area of the cortex, which allows more neurons to occupy the limited space within the skull.

When would you see delta waves in an EEg?

Delta waves are typically seen in deep sleep in normal adults.

Which two states of consciousness are between alertness and coma?

Drowsiness (or lethargy) and stupor are stages of consciousness between alertness and coma.

a number of brain structures are listed below. If an area is primarily gray matter, write a in the answer blank; if mostly white matter respond with b

Gray Matter cerebral cortex red nucleus medial and lateral nuclear groups cranial nerve nuclei cingulate and pre central gyri White matter corpus callous and corona radiate medial lemniscus spinothalamic tract fornix

Which of the following best describes the multimodal association cortex? It allows us to tie information that we receive to previous experience and knowledge and then helps us decide what action to take. It permits the perception of sound stimuli and stores them for future reference. It integrates sensory input to produce understanding of an object being felt. It regulates our heart and other involuntary muscles in response to environmental stimuli.

It allows us to tie information that we receive to previous experience and knowledge and then helps us decide what action to take.

Which of the following statements concerning epilepsy is INCORRECT? It involves abnormal discharges from a group of brain neurons. It affects < 5% of the population. It can have a genetic factor. Most cases are caused by brain injuries, such as blows to the head, stroke, or infections. It is associated with intellectual impairment.

It is associated with intellectual impairment. Epilepsy is not associated with intellectual impairments.

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the cerebral cortex? It is arranged in six layers. It is composed of white matter. It accounts for 40% of the brain mass. Its convoluted surface triples its surface area.

It is composed of white matter. The cerebral cortex is composed of gray matter.

During which sleep stage are most skeletal muscles actively inhibited?

Most skeletal muscles are actively inhibited during REM sleep.

Mike, who is left handed, decided to wear his favorite t-shirt to his anatomy class. on his t-shirt were the words "only left-handed people are in their right minds." what does this statement mean?

Motor functions on the left side of the body are controlled by the right hemisphere of the brain because motor tracts from the right hemisphere cross over (in the medulla oblongata) to the left side of the spinal cord to go to the left side of the body.

Mrs. Lee a neurology patient, seldom smiles, has a shuffling stooped gait, and often spill her coffee. what degenerative brain disorder might she have?

Mrs. Lee might have Parkinson's disease.

Deep brain stimulation via implanted electrodes has been used to treat some of the symptoms of __________. anterograde amnesia Alzheimer's disease Parkinson's disease aphasia

Parkinson's disease Deep brain stimulation via implanted electrodes has not been used to treat aphasia.

Choose the true statement regarding second-order neurons. Second-order neuron cell bodies reside in the thalamus. Second-order neurons conduct impulses to the spinal cord or brain stem, where they synapse. Second-order neuron cell bodies reside in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Second-order neuron cell bodies reside in a ganglion.

Second-order neuron cell bodies reside in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.

Identify the stage of sleep described by using choices from the key.

Stage 4: the stage when blood pressure and heart rate reach their lowest levels REM: indicated by movement of the eyes under the lids; dreaming occurs Stage 3: when sleepwalking may occur Stage 1: when the sleeper is very easily awakened: EEG shows alpha waves

Choose the correct term from the key to respond to the statements describing various brain areas.

Striatum: basal nuclei involved in fine control of motor activities medulla: region where there is a gross crossover of fibers of descending pyramidal tracts hypothalamus: control of temperature, autonomic nervous system reflexes, hunger, and water balance Midbrain: houses the substantial nigra and cerebral aqueduct corpora quadrigemina: relay stations for visual and auditory stimuli input, found in the midbrain Medulla: houses vital centers for control of the heart, respiration, and blood pressure thalamus: brain area through which all the sensory input is relayed to get to the cerebral cortex cerebellum: brain area most concerned with equilibrium, body posture, and coordination of motor activity

when taylor begins to feel drowsy while driving, she open her window, turns up the volume of the car stereo and sips ice-cold water. How do these actions keep her awake?

Taylor is increasing the amount of sensory stimuli she receives, which will be relayed to the reticular activating system, which, in turn, will increase activation of the cerebral cortex.

What ventricle is surrounded by the diencephalon?

The 3rd ventricle is surrounded by the diencephalon

A brain surgeon is about to make an incision. Name all the tissue layers that she cuts through from the skin to the brain.

The brain surgeon cuts through (1) the skin of the scalp, (2) the periosteum, (3) skull bone, (4) dura mater, (5) arachnoid mater, and (6) pia mater to reach the brain.

Name the components of the basal nuclei.

The caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus together form the basal nuclei.

what anatomical landmark of the cerebral cortex separates primary motor areas from somatosensory areas?

The central sulcus separates primary motor areas from somatosensory areas.

Which two areas of the adult brain have an outside layer of gray matter in addition to central try matter and surrounding white matter?

The cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum have an outside layer of gray matter in addition to central gray matter and its surrounding white matter.

Which region of the brain stem is associated with the cerebral peduncles and the superior and inferior colliculi?

The cerebral peduncles and the colliculi are associated with the midbrain.

__________ is responsible for communication between cerebral areas and between the cerebral cortex and lower CNS centers. The hypothalamus The thalamus Broca's area The cerebral white matter

The cerebral white matter

The limbic system is sometimes called the emotional-visceral brain. Which part of the limbic system is responsible for the visceral connection?

The hypothalamus is part of the limbic system and also an autonomic (visceral) control center.

The hypothalamus oversees a branch of the peripheral nervous system. Which branch?

The hypothalamus oversees the autonomic nervous system.

What is the explanation for the cervical and lumbar enlargements of the spinal cord?

The nerves serving the limbs arise in the cervical and lumbar enlargements of the spinal cord.

three-year old jessica proudly shows you how she can wiggle her left big toe in the sand. where precisely are the pyramidal cells that allow her to perform this movement? Where are the cell bodies of the neurons that these pyramidal cells synapse with?

The pyramidal cells controlling left big toe movement are in the right primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe. They synapse with the cell bodies of ventral horn neurons in the spinal cord.

What are the pyramids of the medulla? What is the result of decussation of the pyramids?

The pyramids of the medulla are the corticospinal (pyramidal) tracts, the large voluntary motor tracts descending from the motor cortex. The result of decussation (crossing over) is that each side of the motor cortex controls the opposite side of the body.

In what ways are the cerebellum and the cerebrum similar? In what ways are they different?

There are many possible answers to this question—here are a few: Structurally, the cerebellum and cerebrum are similar in that they both have a thin outer cortex of gray matter, internal white matter, and deep gray matter nuclei. Also, both have body maps (homunculi) and large fiber tracts connecting them to the brain stem. Both receive sensory input and influence motor output. A major difference is that the cerebellum is almost entirely concerned with motor output, whereas the cerebrum has much broader responsibilities. Also, while a cerebral hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body, a cerebellar hemisphere controls the same side of the body.

Name three factors that can enhance transfer of information from STM to LTM

Transfer of memory from STM to LTM is enhanced by (1) rehearsal, (2) association (tying "new" information to "old" information), and (3) a heightened emotional state (for example, alert, motivated, surprised, or aroused).

Why is the thalamus called the gateway to the cerebral cortex?

Virtually all inputs ascending to the cerebral cortex synapse in the thalamus en route.

Fiber tracts that allow neurons within the same cerebral hemisphere to communicate are a. association fibers d. commissures c. projection fibers

a. association fibers

The primary motor cortex, broca"s area, and the premotor cortex are located in which lobe? a. frontal b. parietal c. temporal d. occipital

a. frontal

Reduced cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer's disease is associated with a shortage of which neurotransmitter? dopamine serotonin acetylcholine norepinephrine

acetylcholine Dopamine is not implicated in this process.

Which of the following is a progressive degenerative disease of the brain that ultimately results in dementia? Parkinson's disease Alzheimer's disease Huntington's disease mad cow disease

alzheimers disease

If you are having a conversation with a person, excuse yourself for five minutes, and come back, and the person no longer knows you, the person would be suffering from __________. retrograde amnesia anterograde amnesia epilepsy Huntington's disease

anterograde amnesia A person with retrograde amnesia will still know you after five minutes but will not be able to remember events from the distant past.

Which of the following meninges forms the loose, mid-layer brain covering? arachnoid mater dura mater casa mater pia mater

arachnoid mater

Of the three meningeal layers that surround the CNS, which one is located in the middle? dura mater dural sinuses arachnoid mater pia mater

arachnoid mater The arachnoid mater is the middle layer of the meninges.

Which of the following tracts convey vibration and other specific sensations that can be precisely localized? a. pyramidal tract b. medial lemniscus c. lateral spinothalamic tract d. reticulospinal tract

b. medial lemniscus

Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus? balance autonomic control regulation of sleep-wake cycles body temperature regulation food intake regulation

balance The center for balance is in the cerebellum.

Which type of brain waves are seen when a person is concentrating on solving a problem? theta waves delta waves alpha waves beta waves gamma waves

beta waves Beta waves are recorded when we are awake and alert.

Which of the following protects the brain from bloodborne metabolic wastes and most drugs? blood brain barrier dura mater pia mater cerebrospinal fluid

blood brain barrier

Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by a. arachnoid granulations b. dura mater c. choroid plexuses d. all of these

c. choroid plexuses

All of the following descriptions refer to dorsal column-medial lemniscal ascending pathways except one: a. they include the fasciculus gracilis and fascicles cuneatus b. they include a chain of three neurons c. their connection are diffuse and poorly localized; they are concerned with precise transmission of one or a few related types of sensory input.

c. their connection are diffuse and poorly localized; they are concerned with precise transmission of one or a few related types of sensory input.

Destruction of the ventral horn cells of the spinal cord results in loss of a. integrating impulses b. sensory impulses c. voluntary motor impulses d. all of these

c. voluntary motor impulses

Which of the following are located in the lateral horns of the spinal cord gray matter? cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons interneurons that receive input from visceral sensory neurons cell bodies of somatic motor neurons interneurons that receive input from somatic sensory neurons

cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons

Which of the following is NOT one of the major regions of the brain stem? midbrain medulla oblongata pons cerebellum

cerebellum

What structure produces cerebrospinal fluid? choroid plexus dura mater the pituitary gland mammillary body

choroid plexus The choroid plexuses are suspended from the roof of each ventricle and produce cerebrospinal fluid.

Which of the following is a function of the pons? provides motor signals to the red nucleus is a nucleus for the abducens nerve contains nuclei that relay information from the cerebrum to cerebellum controls vomiting and coughing acts to regulate body temperature

contains nuclei that relay information from the cerebrum to cerebellum The pons is a "bridge" carrying info to or from the cerebellum.

Which of the following is NOT one of the basal nuclei? putamen caudate nucleus corpus callosum globus pallidum

corpus callosum The corpus callosum is the largest commissure in the cerebral cortex, is composed of white matter, and is not one of the basal nuclei.

The innermost layer of the meninges, delicate an adjacent to the brain tissue, is the a. dura mater b. corpus callous c. arachnoid mater d. pia mater

d. pia mater

A professor unexpectedly blew a loud horn in his anatomy and physiology class. The students looked up, started. The reflexive movements of their eyes were mediated by the a. cerebral cortex b. inferior olives c. raphe nuclei d. superior colliculi e. nucleus gracilis

d. superior colliculi

What is the main role of the olfactory cortex? spatial discrimination sight sound interpretation detection of odors

detection of odors

Anencephaly is a result of incomplete formation of the vertebral arches and can be caused by inadequate folic acid in the maternal diet. True False

false

The CNS starts differentiating from the neural tube in the developing embryo after week __________. two three four six

four The CNS starts differentiating from the neural tube in the developing embryo after week four.

Acting as an excitotoxin, the main culprit in the damage caused by a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) is __________. serotonin acetylcholine glutamate low levels of calcium

glutamate High levels of calcium in neurons in response to the release of excess glutamate lead to increased brain damage in a patient suffering from a CVA.

Which of the following regulates body temperature, food intake, and endocrine functions? hypothalamus epithalamus pineal body thalamus

hypothalamus

Which of the following is the autonomic control center? medulla oblongata pons diencephalon midbrain hypothalamus

hypothalamus The hypothalamus is the control center for the autonomic nervous system.

Working memory __________. stores memories immediately and permanently in the long-term memory is limited to seven or eight chunks of information stores only 5% of sensory input has limitless capacity

is limited to seven or eight chunks of information Working memory, also known as short-term memory, is limited to seven or eight chunks of information.

__________ is a division of labor in which each cerebral hemisphere has unique abilities NOT shared by its partner. Hemispherication Cortical association Lateralization Hemispherical association

lateralization

Which of the following regions acts as an autonomic reflex center of the brain? cerebellum pons midbrain medulla oblongata

medulla oblongata

The midbrain develops from which secondary brain vesicle? mesencephalon telencephalon metencephalon diencephalon

mesencephalon The midbrain develops from the mesencephalon.

Where are the cell bodies of the first, second, and third order sensory neurons in the spinothalamic pathway located?

n the spinothalamic pathway, the cell bodies of first-order sensory neurons are outside the spinal cord in a ganglion, cell bodies of second-order sensory neurons are in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, and cell bodies of third-order sensory neurons are in the thalamus. (See also Figure 12.32b.)

People with __________ lapse abruptly into REM sleep from the awake state. insomnia narcolepsy sleep apnea epilepsy

narcolepsy

All of the structures of the CNS originate from the __________. . hindbrain telencephalon cerebellum neural tube

neural tube

Transection (cross sectioning) of the spinal cord at T3 results in __________. quadriplegia paraplegia spinal shock paresthesias

paraplegia

Which of the following is NOT a part of the diencephalon? perithalamus thalamus hypothalamus epithalamus

parithalamus

Which of the following conditions results from viral destruction of ventral horn motor neurons? amyotrophic lateral sclerosis meningitis paraplegia poliomyelitis

poliomyelitis

All the following are functions of the amygdaloid body EXCEPT __________. recognition of fear assessment of danger memory resolving mental conflict

resolving mental conflict The amygdaloid body plays a role in memory.

Which of the following is a function of the basal nuclei? processing of sensory information determining whether a person is left- or right-handed connecting corresponding areas of the cerebral cortex to enable them to function as a coordinated whole regulation of body temperature starting, stopping, and monitoring arm swinging and gait

starting, stopping, and monitoring arm swinging and gait Starting, stopping, and monitoring arm swinging and gait are functions of the basal nuclei.

Which part of the brain produces dopamine? pontine nuclei reticular formation pineal gland substantia nigra red nucleus

substantia nigra The substantia nigra gets its name from its high content of melanin, which is a precursor of dopamine.

Which of the following coordinate head and eye movements when we visually follow a moving object? inferior colliculi pneumotaxic center red nucleus substantia nigra superior colliculi

superior colliculi The superior colliculi are visual reflex centers that coordinate head and eye movements when we visually follow a moving object.

Which of the following areas is NOT involved in speech processing? lateral prefrontal cortex Wernicke's area Broca's area superior colliculi

superior colliculi The superior colliculi function in visual reflexes.

The visceral sensory area of the cerebral cortex is involved in the conscious perception of all the following EXCEPT __________. upset stomach the feeling that your lungs will burst when you hold your breath taste full bladder

taste The visceral sensory area of the cerebral cortex processes the conscious sensation of an upset stomach.

In which of the following areas do sorting and editing of sensory impulses take place? basal nuclei thalamic nuclei hypothalamus postcentral cortex prefrontal cortex

thalamic nuclei Within the thalamus a sorting-out and information editing process occurs. Virtually all inputs ascending to the cerebral cortex funnel through the thalamic nuclei.

The sensory hallucinations experienced by epileptic patients are known as __________. a petit mal seizure the aura an absence seizure a tonic-clonic seizure

the aura The aura is the sensory hallucinations experienced by epileptic patients that precede a seizure.

Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic regions of a cerebral hemisphere? the diencephalon the superficial cortex of gray matter the basal nuclei the internal white matter

the diencephalon

Which part of the cerebellum is involved in planning (rather than executing) movement? the intermediate parts of each hemisphere the anterior lobe the lateral part of each hemisphere the posterior lobe

the lateral part of each hemisphere The lateral part of each hemisphere of the cerebellum is involved in planning (rather that executing) movement.

Which of the following landmarks separates the cerebral hemispheres? the transverse cerebral fissure the central sulcus the longitudinal fissure septum pellucidum

the longitudinal fissure The central sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobes.

In which part of the cerebral cortex do sensations, emotions, and thoughts come together to form our personality? the primary sensory cortex the motor cortex the premotor cortex the multimodal association areas

the multimodal association areas It is now thought that the multimodal areas of the cerebral cortex are where sensations, emotions, and thoughts come together to form our personality.

Choose the true statement regarding pyramidal cells. They are found within the cerebral sulci. They integrate sensory input to produce an understanding of an object being felt. They allow us to control our skeletal muscles. They provide control of our involuntary muscles.

they allow us to control our skeletal muscles

Cerebral palsy may be caused by a temporary lack of oxygen during birth. True False

true

Spatial discrimination is the ability to identify the specific region of the body being stimulated. True False

true