Ch16-Ch21 U.S. history survey
Although 1919 and 1920 were troubling years for Progressive-leaning Americans, in what way did the upheaval generate a positive result for their agenda?
Abuses from the Red Scare led to a heightened awareness of the need to protect civil liberties.
What was the main contention in Booker T. Washington's "Atlanta Compromise" speech?
African Americans should focus on economic self-help and individual advancement rather than the rights of citizenship.
Which of the following directly enabled the mass consumerism of the 1920s?
American consumers became more willing to buy products of all kinds with money they did not have.
Which of the following was a guiding principle of United States foreign policy in the early twentieth century?
American intervention in the affairs of other countries was justified on the grounds of maintaining or restoring freedom for their inhabitants.
How did the Spanish-American War contribute to an ideological shift in definitions of freedom and democracy within America's new empire?
An enhanced belief in racial superiority limited the constitutional rights and freedoms of people living in the newly acquired colonies.
How did the meaning of freedom change in the Progressive era?
As a result of the explosion in mass production and consumption, freedom came to mean having the ability to buy all kinds of products, like washing machines and record players.
How did the labor movement challenge the nineteenth-century meaning of American freedom?
As skilled workers lost control over the methods of production, Progressives believed that the key to increasing industrial freedom lay in empowering workers to participate in economic decision making via strong unions.
What did the Harding and Coolidge administrations have in common?
Both were fervently pro-business.
If Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner were correct in derogatorily referring to the era from 1870 to 1890 as the "Gilded Age," what evidence suggests that there were indeed accomplishments in national politics during this period?
Civil service reform and the regulation of interstate commerce achieved some measure of success.
What was paradoxical about the politics of the Gilded Age and the state of American democracy?
Despite the rampant political corruption of the Gilded Age, Americans saw their nation as a bastion of political democracy.
What was W. E. B. Du Bois's strategy for improving the conditions of African Americans and finally achieving equal rights?
Du Bois believed that educated and well-trained African Americans like himself must shoulder the burden of challenging inequality.
How did some policies of the federal government during the New Deal actually further racial discrimination?
Federal housing policy further entrenched segregation in the United States.
How did the women's movement in the 1890s both expand freedom and narrow its boundaries?
Feminists sought and won more opportunities for white women, while denying the same for Blacks and immigrants.
What is one enduring legacy from the Scopes trial of 1925?
Fundamentalists turned to private schools to spread their message.
How did Herbert Hoover respond to the Depression?
He advocated voluntary action by business and encouraged the work of local charitable organizations.
How was the policy of Americanization evident during World War I?
Immigrants were required to assimilate American values and demonstrate unwavering devotion to the United States.
Which of the following is NOT true about the boarding schools run by the Bureau of Indian Affairs?
Indian children could only return home on the death of a family member.
Although the Nineteenth Amendment was a cause for celebration, in what way was its ratification a limited victory?
It allowed the states to limit voting through poll taxes and literacy tests.
How did the Supreme Court's decision in Plessy v. Ferguson impact the lives of African Americans in the South?
It legitimized racial segregation in every aspect of southern life.
How did the concept of "liberty of contract" transform the principle of free labor?
It served as a justification for an unrestrained free market.
How was President Grant's Peace Policy detrimental to Native peoples?
It stripped them of their sovereignty by forcing Native nations and tribes onto reservations and invoking assimilation.
How did the economic ramifications of the Columbia River project reflect a transformation in American thought during the New Deal?
It symbolized a redefinition of "liberalism" to mean the intervention of the national government into the economy to provide its citizens with baseline economic security.
Why was the Haymarket affair detrimental to the burgeoning labor movement?
Labor organizations like the Knights of Labor became associated with violence and radicalism.
How did the global process of immigration affect American urban life in the Progressive era?
Many of the "new" immigrants settled in urban centers, creating ethnic neighborhoods with their own shops, theaters, and community centers, often continuing to speak their native language rather than English.
What was one effect of Roosevelt's federal conservation efforts?
Millions of acres of forest were set aside as wildlife preserves and Congress created new national parks.
In what significant ways did the Progressive era change the political process to expand democracy, giving the people a greater voice in government?
More government officials were elected by the people rather than by state legislatures.
Which of the following describes a way in which the second industrial revolution affected the lives of the majority of the working class?
Most workers experienced longer hours laboring in hazardous conditions.
What issue punctuated the differences between the Democratic and Republican Parties in the election of 1932?
Prohibition
Which of the following is NOT true about racial violence in the United States during and immediately following World War I?
Returning Black veterans were shielded from race-related violence.
What was the underlying principle behind Roosevelt's housing policy?
Roosevelt believed that home ownership was a fundamental right of all Americans.
The completion of the Panama Canal in 1914 was the largest construction project in American history up to that point. How did Theodore Roosevelt's vision for U.S. foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere facilitate this feat?
Roosevelt encouraged a Panamanian independence movement in Columbia and deployed an American gunboat to prevent the Colombian army from suppressing the rebellion.
Americans were sharply divided regarding involvement in World War I. Which of the following was NOT a reason for American neutrality at the beginning of the war?
Russian immigrants in America strongly supported the U.S. sending aid to Russia.
In what ways did Progressivism include anti-democratic ideas in labor?
Some leading Progressive labor groups, such as the AFL, represented only the interests of white, native-born males, leaving immigrant, migrant, agricultural, women, and Black workers unrepresented.
Why were sit-down strikes so effective?
Striking workers remained in the factory so they could not be easily replaced by strikebreakers.
What was the purpose of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)?
The ACLU defended the right of Americans to free speech and dissent.
In what way did the American Federation of Labor (AFL) differ from the Knights of Labor?
The AFL was composed of skilled workers only.
On what basis did the Supreme Court uphold restrictions on civil liberties?
The Court ruled that Congress could prohibit speech it considered dangerous.
Roosevelt believed the New Deal should represent and support all people, but often that vision fell short. Which of the following is NOT an example of the way different groups experienced the New Deal?
The New Deal did nothing to improve economic conditions on reservations or grant Native Americans the right to govern their own affairs.
What was the Popular Front's vision of American society?
The Popular Front believed that the country's strength lay in diversity, tolerance, and the rejection of ethnic prejudice and class privilege.
What impact did Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive Party have on the presidential election of 1912?
The Progressive Party split the Republican Party vote, allowing Woodrow Wilson to win the presidency.
How did the Second New Deal differ from the first?
The Second New Deal focused on economic security rather than recovery.
Which of the following is NOT an example of the ways in which resurging nativism in the late nineteenth century was reflected in U.S. immigration and naturalization policy?
The Supreme Court denied citizenship to children of Chinese immigrants born on American soil.
Which of the following is NOT representative of American foreign policy in the 1920s?
The United States became an active participant in the League of Nations.
For the American labor movement, what was a lesson drawn from the failure of the Homestead steelworks strike?
The actions of large, powerful corporations were beyond the control of unions and public opinion.
What impact did women reformers have on shifting American government toward activism?
The efforts of middle-class women to improve the conditions of the poor and their conviction that the state had an obligation to protect women and children led to new laws like ones for stronger building and sanitation codes in Chicago, shorter working hours, and mothers' pensions.
Why was the city so central to Progressive America?
The growth in urban areas highlighted the social, political, and economic inequalities within American society.
Although effective in stirring up patriotism and public support for the war, how was the Committee on Public Information (CPI) and the propaganda campaign detrimental to the ideals of freedom and democracy?
The mobilization of public opinion was moved from the private sector to federal control in order to flood the country with prowar propaganda.
How was the Sacco and Vanzetti case illustrative of the challenges to American freedom and liberty in the decade following World War I?
The outcome of the case underlined the extent to which nativism had become a lens through which Americans viewed the boundaries of freedom.
Which of the following statements regarding the campaign for woman suffrage is correct?
The suffrage movement shifted toward a national campaign for a constitutional amendment because state-level campaigns were difficult to conduct, expensive, and usually not successful.
How did adherents to Social Darwinism view efforts to uplift Americans at the bottom of the social order during the Gilded Age?
They argued that regulation and reform were counter to the laws of nature.
How did southern states enact laws disenfranchising African American men without triggering a federal backlash?
They enacted voter qualification laws that were applicable to all races but were more detrimental to African American men.
How did the Progressive presidents foster the rise of the nation-state?
They pushed for more direct legislation, new administrative agencies, and government at the federal level to solve national problems.
In what way was the 1886 dedication of the Statue of Liberty a reminder of an unfulfilled pledge?
True liberty and freedom had yet to be extended to all Americans.
In what way did white women experience an expansion of personal freedom in the 1920s?
Unmarried women in particular expanded the boundaries of "acceptable" behavior in public.
What was the underlying tenet of Woodrow Wilson's moral imperialism?
Wilson used military intervention in foreign countries to spread the nation's "moral righteousness" to others.
In what way did the policies and ideals of Woodrow Wilson help shape the twentieth century?
Wilson's combination of idealism and power politics established a model for American foreign policy for the rest of the century.
What accounts for Wilson's initial success in keeping the United States out of the war after the sinking of the Lusitania in May 1915?
Wilson's preparedness program seemed to have resulted in concessions from Germany without the necessity for direct American military involvement.
How did the struggle for workers' rights lay the foundation for the rise of civil liberties as a central component of freedom in the twentieth century?
Workers fought for the right to strike and spread their message for reform in public places.
What caused the Great Depression?
a combination of adverse economic factors that had been building over the 1920s
What best describes the Harlem Renaissance?
a new spirit of racial pride and protest voiced by Black writers, poets, and artists
Who was Huey Long?
a politician who used dictatorial power to control politics in Louisiana and win the support of the "common man"
Which of the following resulted from the Triangle Shirtwaist Company incident in New York City?
accelerated efforts to regulate industry
Which of the following principles was among the Fourteen Points, Wilson's statement of American war aims and vision for a postwar world
creation of a "general association of nations"
Through what industry did John D. Rockefeller make his fortune?
oil refining
Who were the "Redeemers"?
powerful white southerners who sought to restore the social and political order of the South to its pre-Reconstruction condition
What ended the Great Depression?
the United States' entry into World War II
Which of the following was NOT a major driving force behind American expansionism in the 1890s?
the demand for sugar in the United States
What major development facilitated the second industrial revolution?
the expansion of America's rail network
What is largely responsible for the transformation of much of the American West?
the intervention of the federal government in the economic and political affairs of the West
What is largely responsible for moving civil liberties to the forefront of New Deal discussions of freedom?
the methods used by powerful employers to prevent unionization
Which of the following was NOT a feature of the Populist movement?
the rejection of modern technologies like the telegraph
Which of the following was NOT a contributing factor to the success of the labor movement in the 1930s?
the rejection of socialists and communists by the labor movement during the 1920s
What contributed to the initial success of the Knights of Labor?
their inclusive membership and endorsement of a broad set of labor programs
What was the purpose of the Platt Amendment?
to ensure that the United States would maintain authority over Cuban affairs in the aftermath of the Spanish-American War
What was the rationale behind the passage of the Johnson-Reed Act in 1924?
to limit immigration largely to people coming from northern and western Europe
What was the federal government's goal in enacting the Espionage and Sedition Acts of 1917 and 1918?
to suppress freedom of speech, particularly dissent toward the U.S. government
What was the purpose of the National Recovery Administration?
to work with business leaders to establish codes for industry and eliminate cutthroat competition