Ch:18 The Age of the City

Which two factors prompted cities to build mass transportation networks in the late nineteenth century?

the slowness of horsecars population increases

Why did urban leaders begin to arrange for the creation of city parks?

to create an antidote to urban congestion

Why did many black Americans move from rural to urban areas in the late 1800's?

to escape poverty and oppression

What was the primary goal of the American Protective Association?

to stop immigrants from entering the US

What was the main objective of political bosses?

to win votes for their organization by any means necessary

Attempts by educational reformers to extend educational opportunities to Native Americans were ____________.

unsuccessful because they were abusive and enforced brutal assimilation

Because immigrants to the United States in the late nineteenth century generally lacked education, they ____________.

worked largely in unskilled jobs

Prejudice directed at immigrants is known as ________________.

xenophobia

Which term best characterizes the middle-class response to late-nineteenth-century urban poverty?

Limited

In the late nineteenth century, which type of violence was committed at an extremely high rate in the American South?

Lynching

The new steel-frame construction of the late 19th century _____________.

Made cities more fireproof Allowed buildings to be built taller

The land-grant institutions were specifically meant to further knowledge in _____________.

agriculture and mechanics

What is one reason that new arrivals from southern and eastern Europe tended to settle in industrial cities?

because they lacked the capital to buy farmland

At the turn of the century, American artists _______

broke from Old World traditions and the academic style

The Columbian Exposition in Chicago helped inspire the _______________.

city beautiful movement

Boston's Back Bay project represented the __________.

creation of new landscapes

What solution did most reformers end up proposing in an attempt to improve the poor living conditions created by tenements?

destroy the tenements and not replace them

The federal government created the Public Health Service in 1912 to monitor ____________.

diseases associated with certain occupations

By 1900, the transportation systems of American cities included which of the following?

elevated railroads subways electric trolleys and cable cars Suspension bridges

Settling in ethnic communities helped immigrants adjust to life in the United States by ___________.

giving them access to information in their own languages.

Settling in ethnic communities helped immigrants adjust to life in the United States by ____________.

giving them access to information in their own languages.

The greatest contributor to disease in the poor urban neighborhoods of the late nineteenth century was ___________.

inadequate sanitation

In the early twentieth century, efforts to improve occupational safety _____________.

included a new federal regulatory agency.

Which Christian movement harmonized scientific discoveries with their religious beliefs?

liberal Protestantism

Once they immigrated to the US, many immigrants ______________

maintained close ties with their home countries

In the later part of the 19th century, urban growth made _____________ a necessity.

mass transit

Which aspect of poverty most alarmed the middle class of the late nineteenth century?

poor children in the cities

Tenement buildings in urban America were initially ________________.

praised as an improvement in housing for the poor.

During the late nineteenth century, college education for American women ___________.

produced a spirit of collective identity and access to communities outside the family.

What helped ensure the assimilation of late 19th century immigrants?

public institutions such as schools

Under the Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862, the tederal government granted _____________.

public land to states to establish colleges

What would most hinder an immigrant seeking advancement in the late 19th century?

racial prejudice

The political machines of the cities in the late nineteenth century owed their existence to the ____________

rapid growth of urban America and the influx of millions of immigrants

The theory of evolution initially encountered _________

resistance from educators, scientists, and theologians.

Violence in the West often occurred because many areas had ____________

rootless populations

After 1880, immigration to the United States from _________ rapidly increased.

southern and eastern Europe

In the late nineteenth century, poor residents of Eastern cities tended to live ___________.

Very close to one another

Who was the most prominent publicist of the theory of pragmatism?

William James

Literary realism was an attempt to _____________.

accurately portray American life

Which statement is true regarding the Tammany Hall political machine?

Its most famous boss, William M. Tweed, was sent to prison.

In the late 19th century, Americans ______________.

Left rural areas for growing Eastern and Midwestern cities.

In the 20th century, urban areas were defined as communities of more than ___________.

2,500

Members of the Ashcan school were among the first Americans to appreciate which artistic movements?

Abstraction Expressionism

Real estate developers created suburban communities that would _________________.

Appeal to city-dweller's nostalgia for the countryside.

After designing New York's ___________ Park, Olmsted and Vaux created parks for several other major cities.

Central

In 1882, the United States restricted immigration of ______________.

Chinese

True or False: The Protestant majority was more welcoming to Jews and Catholics than other immigrants to the United States.

False

Which statement best describes how late- nineteenth-century immigrants to the United States differed from immigrants to other countries?

Immigrants to other countries tended to come from only one or two other nations.

Which statement best describes how late-nineteenth-century immigrants to the United States differed from immigrants to other countries?

Immigrants to other countries tended to come from only one or two other nations.

Which factor most accounted for the increase in urban populations in the half century after the Civil War?

Immigration

Why did immigration restriction proposals make little progress in Congress at the time?

Immigration provided a cheap and plentiful labor supply to the rapidly growing economy.

Immigrants to U.S. cities tended to settle ________________.

In clusters or neighborhoods

Which statement best describes a cultural change that accompanied the rise of cities and industry by the late nineteenth century?

People began to see a distinction between "highbrow" and "lowbrow" culture.

Which environmental problem was NOT present in most late 19th century American cities?

Perpetual coal-smoke fogs

Which of these were the most crucial to the construction of the modern skyscraper?

Steel beams

Despite the differences in the various immigrant communities, virtually all groups had certain characteristics in common, including which of the following?

The immigrants settled in cities. Most of the immigrants were young. Ethnic ties had to compete with the desire for assimilation.

Which statement best describes where the wealthy tended to live in late-nineteenth-century urban areas?

They built homes in exclusive areas close to downtown.

Which statement best describes where the middle class tended to live in late-nineteenth- century urban areas?

They moved to the edges of the city to find less expensive land.

Which statement best identifies why the wealthy contributed to building public spaces in urban centers?

They wished to advance their own social status

True of False: A distinction between "highbrow" and "lowbrow" culture developed in the industrial era.

True