CH2

Epidemiologists often rely on ______ people to obtain health data. Multiple select question. a. surveys of b. physical examinations of c. clinical trials of

a.b

Report of personal experience

anecdote

When a friend tells you she is taking a vitamin B complex supplement and she feels more energetic as a result, she is sharing an__________ , or a report of a personal experience.

anecdote

A government health agency promotes its campaign to increase calcium consumption among pre-teen girls. a. .com b. .edu c. .gov d. org

c

In a ____ study, epidemiologists collect and analyze various kinds of information about a large group of people over time. Multiple choice question. experimental case-controlled bias cohort

cohort

A factor that may not be studied but may affect a research outcome is called a ______ variable. Multiple choice question. confounding ordinal categorical

confounding

A valid experiment requires both a treatment and _________ group.

control

A nationally recognized health association that is for people with diabetes provides information about choosing healthful foods for diabetes management. a. .com b. .edu c. .gov d. org

d

information

data

The study of dietary and disease patterns among various populations is known as

epidemiology

systematic testing of hypothesis

experiement

A(n) _________is a systematic way of testing a hypothesis.

experiment

The second step in the scientific method is developing a(n) ______

hypothesis

What is the first step in the scientific method? Multiple choice question. collection of information reviewing literature from previous studies designing a research procedure observation of a natural phenomenon

observation of a natural phenomenon

Cohort studies can be retrospective or

prospective

What type of study has very few confounding variables? Multiple choice question. observational study test tube studies scientific method random controlled study

test tube studies

A cohort study is a type of observational epidemiological study. True false question.TrueFalse

true

Medical researchers must be cautious when applying the results of in vivo animal research to people because of the physiological differences between humans and other animals. True false question.TrueFalse

true

A group of scientists would like to determine lifestyle factors that are associated with the development of asthma among American children. Based on this information, the researchers should design a(n) ________ study. Multiple Choice double-blind conventional epidemiological in vivo

epidemiological

Studies that can illustrate differences in dietary patterns among populations and can lead to additional experiments that may be able to test the cause of the disease process are called ______. Multiple choice question. double-blind experimental case-control epidemiological

epidemiological

A scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact is called a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. observation analysis evaluation experiment

experiment

A process that tests a hypothesis in order to generate a conclusion, which can be reported and then confirmed or refuted by additional studies, is called the _______ method.

scientific

A ______ is a personal endorsement of a product. Multiple choice question. testimonial review claim reference

testimonial

Studying the different dietary practices and disease occurrences among populations, nutrition scientists may learn much about the influence of diet on health. True false question.TrueFalse

true

a __________ is a factor such as a person's age, weight, or environment that can change and influence an outcome.

variable

Experimental epidemiological studies utilize Multiple select question. a. a placebo group. b. a control group. c. a treatment group. d. a testimonial group.

b,c

Scientists expect researchers to avoid relying on their personal attitudes and _______ when selecting participants for research and collecting and analyzing data.

bias

Some funding sources of scientific research can have certain expectations or _____ about research outcomes, and as a result, are likely to finance studies of scientists whose research supports their interests. Multiple choice question. objectivity non-bias bias

bias

Studies that can illustrate differences in dietary patterns among populations and can lead to additional experiments that may be able to test the cause of the disease process are called ______. Multiple choice question. experimental epidemiological double-blind case-control

epidemiological

A researcher that studies the frequency of diabetes in Pacific Islanders, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic African-American adults is conducting _____ research. Multiple choice question. epidemiology qualitative experimental

epidemiology

A researcher that studies the frequency of diabetes in Pacific Islanders, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic African-American adults is conducting _____ research. Multiple choice question. qualitative experimental epidemiology

epidemiology

Over a 2-year period, a team of scientists records the eating behaviors and physical activity patterns of a group of healthy 8-year-old children to determine whether these factors are associated with weight gain. This study is an example of a(n) ________ study. Multiple Choicecase-control in vitro prospective retrospective

prospective

Pellagra was especially widespread in the United States in the early 1900s in which area of the country? Multiple choice question. northeastern US western US southern US

southern US

Choose the descriptions that accurately define the scientific method? Multiple select question. a. Testing a hypothesis in order to draw an evidence-based conclusion b. A procedure designed to discover reproducible results c. A complicated design difficult to comprehend d. Educated guess about the relationship between a variable and an outcome e. Conventional wisdom

a,b,d

The type of research conducted when an investigator measures the frequency of diabetes in different populations is termed _________ studies.

epidemiology

A(n) _______ is a report of personal experiences. Multiple choice question. hypothesis peer review variable anecdote

anecdote

Zack takes 500 mg of vitamin C daily. He advises his friends to take vitamin C supplements because, he claims, the vitamin protects him from cold viruses. His claim about the usefulness of the vitamin is an ________. Multiple Choice anecdote introspection in vivo report in vitro assumption

anecdote

tradition

conventional wisdom

Actress Lotta Talent appears in commercials endorsing the herbal supplement Hoodia for weight loss. Lotta Talent describes her own weight-loss successes with the supplement. Her endorsement is an example of a(n) ________. Multiple Choice testimonial purport factoid anecdote

testimonial

Which of the following occurs after completion of an experiment? Multiple select question. a. Scientists seek to publish the results in daily newspapers. b. Scientists summarize the findings. c. Scientists figure out if the findings support or disprove the hypothesis. d. Scientists seek to publish the results in scientific journals.

b,c,d

A website that is authored or sponsored by one person tends to provide ____ information. Multiple choice question. biased unbiased

biased

The science of nutrition is ______. Multiple choice question. set and will not change for many years moving toward promoting a paleolithic eating pattern constantly evolving

constantly evolving

A group of people that serve as subjects in an experiment but do not receive a treatment is called a(n) ______ group. Multiple choice question. control treatment variable experimental

control

A limitation of observational studies is that nutrition scientists can only look for a ______ between variables and health outcomes. Multiple choice question. cause and effect movement away correlation

correlation

When two variables have a relationship they are said to be in __________ with each other but you cannot say there is a cause and effect relationship.

correlation

Diets that lack proper nutrition can lead to the development of nutrient_______ diseases.

deficient

A physician named Joseph Goldberger discovered that the disease pellagra was related to Multiple choice question. bacteria. carcinogens. diet. hygiene.

diet

Which of the following websites is most likely a source of biased and unreliable nutrition information? Multiple Choicestanford.ed uchoosemyplate.gov eatright.org dietsnomore4u.com

dietsnomore4u.com

The study of dietary and disease patterns among various populations is referred to as ______. Multiple choice question. a double-blind study epidemiology a controlled study

epidemiology

Nutrition scientists conduct _____ epidemiological studies to obtain information about health conditions that may result from specific dietary practices. Multiple choice question. en vivo independent experimental

experimental

Choose an example of a nutrient deficiency disease. Multiple choice question. lack of niacin leading to pellagra prescribing niacin to lower blood lipids high-fat diet contributing to heart disease high blood pressure resulting from sodium sensitivity

lack of niacin leading to pellagra

The first step in the scientific method is to Multiple Choice review current scientific literature. formulate a hypothesis. design a research study. make observations that generate questions.

make observations that generate questions.

Prior to publishing the results of an experiment, ______. Multiple choice question. the results and analysis are peer-reviewed by other subject-matter experts the study sponsors have a chance to weigh in on the findings the results and analysis are synchronized with other experiments the media are invited to critically analyze the findings

the results and analysis are peer-reviewed by other subject-matter experts

Prior to publishing the results of an experiment, ______. Multiple choice question. the results and analysis are synchronized with other experiments the media are invited to critically analyze the findings the results and analysis are peer-reviewed by other subject-matter experts the study sponsors have a chance to weigh in on the findings

the results and analysis are peer-reviewed by other subject-matter experts

In vivo animal studies must be interpreted carefully because Multiple choice question. there are physiological differences between humans and other animals. components removed from a living thing may not function the same way they do when they are in the entire life form.

there are physiological differences between humans and other animals.

Researchers from Cornell University have written a manuscript about the impact of soy consumption on breast cancer risk. Which of the following people is best qualified to be a peer reviewer of the manuscript before it is published? Multiple choice question. An expert on soy isoflavones who works for the company that sponsored the research study A researcher from the University of Illinois who specializes in soy research, but did not collaborate on the study An editor of ScienceDaily.com who regularly reviews scientific journal articles to report the findings to the public A researcher from the University of Texas who specializes in breast cancer and who analyzed tumor biopsies for the study

A researcher from the University of Illinois who specializes in soy research, but did not collaborate on the study

National standards for height, weight, and blood pressure are established using data from _________ research findings (use abbreviation to answer this question).

NHANES

Which of the following statements is true? Multiple Choice Scientific studies to investigate the same question can have different findings. When interpreting results of their studies, researchers generally seek to include some bias into their analyses. Control groups are not as important to nutrition-based research studies as they are to other types of research. A single-blind experiment is one in which neither the investigator nor the subjects know which treatment group each participant is a part of in the study.

Scientific studies to investigate the same question can have different findings.

Which of the following observations is an example of an inverse correlation? Multiple Choice As a population's dietary intake of beta-carotene increases, the population's tissue levels of vitamin A increase. Women who smoke 5 or more cigarettes each day during pregnancy are more likely to give birth to underweight babies than women who smoke fewer than 5 cigarettes a day during pregnancy. When a population increases its daily consumption of whole-grain products, the population's frequency of daily bowel movements increases. Children who consume 3 cups of vitamin D-fortified milk daily develop stronger bones than children who drink fewer than 3 cups of vitamin D-fortified milk each day.

Women who smoke 5 or more cigarettes each day during pregnancy are more likely to give birth to underweight babies than women who smoke fewer than 5 cigarettes a day during pregnancy.Correct

Why do nutrition recommendations change? Multiple choice question. Scientists form biased opinions. Scientists cannot make up their minds. Scientists are influenced by manufacturers who wish to sell their products. Scientists change their recommendations in light of new research findings.

Scientists change their recommendations in light of new research findings.

Which of the following statements is true? Multiple Choice Registered dietitian nutritionists are not required to update their knowledge of nutrition and dietetics regularly.P seudoscience is the scientific study of the causation and treatment of chronic diseases. The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution often protects people who spread nutrition misinformation. In the United States, only registered dietitian nutritionists can provide nutrition information.

The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution often protects people who spread nutrition misinformation.

A commercial website contains ads for gluten-free food products and supplements that are targeted for people who have intestinal problems. a. .com b. .edu c. .gov d. org

a

Which of the following statements is true? Multiple Choice Since 1995, nutrition information has undergone few updates, because scientists have discovered all of the nutrients and determined their functions. A scientist's professional affiliations and sources of financial support may influence his or her research findings. The results of one study are usually enough to convince the majority of nutrition scientists to adopt new ideas about nutrition-related topics. Dietary recommendations are generally based on the findings of one well-respected team of nutrition researchers.

A scientist's professional affiliations and sources of financial support may influence his or her research findings.

If an experiment fails to control for variables that are not being tested by using a control group, the findings of the experiment will be ______. Multiple select question. a. inaccurate b. questionable c. publishable

a,b

Observational epidemiological research includes Multiple select question. a. case-control studies. b. cohort studies. c. treatment groups.

a,b

A control group is important for which of the following reasons? Multiple select question. a. It enables scientists to control the influence of control variables unrelated to the study. b. It is important to the validity and accuracy of an experiment. c. It allows scientists to determine if a treatment had an effect. d. It provides members with the treatment being tested.

a,b,c

Which of the following are suggestions to help consumers make healthful and logical nutrition decisions? Multiple select question. a. Avoid practitioners who prescribe unnecessary megadoses of nutrients. b. Read product labels carefully. c. Apply healthy nutrition practices to confirm or disprove claims. d. Examine the scientific credentials of the individual or company making a claim. e. Avoid products supported by more than one clinical research study.

a,b,c,d

List the events prior to the publishing of experimental results in scientific journals. Multiple select question. a. subject-matter experts ensure objective research findings are published b. the lay-public ensures objective research findings are announced c. critical review by other subject-matter experts

a,c

Who are the subjects in a case-control study? Multiple select question. a. Person(s) without the disease or condition under investigation b. Healthy people assigned to a specific treatment c. Person(s) with the disease or condition under investigation d. Healthy people assigned to receive a placebo

a,c

What are some important questions to ask when evaluating the legitimacy of nutrition information? Multiple select question. a. Does the author have reliable credentials? b. Is the nutrition blog popular, with many subscribers? c. What motivates the authors? d. Where does the information originate?

a,c,d

A nationally accredited university publishes highlights of a recent study about the effects of vegetable intake on risk of heart disease. a. .com b. .edu c. .gov d. org

b