Ch.3 Practice Quiz

a

A _____________ is the amount of energy required to increase one gram (g) of water by one degree Celsius. a)calorie b)kilocalorie c)milliliter d)spectrotometer

starch (or glycogen or cellulose); nucleic acid

A glucose molecule is to _____ as a nucleotide is to a ______.

c(Nucleotides are the monomers that make nucleic acids, just as glucose is the monosaccharide from which starch is constructed.)

A glucose molecule is to starch as __________. a)a steroid is to a lipid b)a protein is to an amino acid c)a nucleotide is to a nucleic acid d)a nucleic acid is to a polypeptide e)an amino acid is to a nucleic acid

a

A shortage of phosphorus in the soil would make it especially difficult for a plant to manufacture a)DNA. b)proteins. c)cellulose. d)fatty acids.

a(Phosphorous is one of the main elements found in DNA.)

A shortage of phosphorus in the soil would make it especially difficult for a plant to manufacture __________. a)DNA b)proteins c)fatty acids d)cellulose

e

A slice of pizza has 500 kcal. If we could burn the pizza and use all the heat to warm a 50-L container of cold water, what would be the approximate increase in the temperature of the water? (Note: A liter of cold water weighs about 1 kg.) a)100°C b)1°C c)5°C d)50°C e)10°C

monosaccharides; glucose and fructose

All carbohydrates consist of one or more _______, also called simple sugars. Name two examples of simple sugars.

b

Amino acids are monomers of a)lipids b)proteins c)nucleic acids d)carbohydrates

a

Based on the way nitrogenous bases pair, you would expect the percentage of __________ in a molecule of DNA to be equal to the percentage of _________ a)A ... T b)T ... C c)A ... G d)T ... G e)A ... C

relationship of structure to function: The specific structure of a polysaccharide (how the monosaccharide monomers are joined together) affects the function of that polysaccharide.

Both starch and cellulose consist of joined monosaccharide monomers, but the way that they are joined makes starch digestible by humans and cellulose not.

c

Carbohydrates are mostly __________, meaning that they __________ in water. a)hydrophilic; do not dissolve b)hydrophobic; dissolve c)hydrophilic; dissolve d)hydrophobic; do not dissolve

c(Carbon has the potential to form molecules that can be straight, branched, or ringed. Along with the ability to form double and triple bonds, this ability permits the formation of an almost infinite number of different molecules.)

Carbon atoms are the most versatile building blocks of the molecules used by living organisms because __________. a)carbon is used in all compounds found in living organisms b)carbon is the central atom of carbon dioxide, a necessary molecule for photosynthesis c)each carbon atom can form up to four covalent bonds with a wide variety of bond angles d)carbon can combine with hydrogen to form hydrocarbons e)carbon is the central atom in urea, a molecule used by many living organisms to transport wastes from the body

d

Changing one amino acid within a protein could change what about a protein? a)the overall shape of the protein b)the sequence of amino acids c)the function of the protein d)All of the listed responses are correct.

U

Complete this biologist pickup line: "Of all the nucleic acids, RNA is my favorite, because it's got _______ in it!"

two; four

DNA contains _______ polynucleotide strands, each composed of ________ kinds of nucleotides.

d

DNA is composed of four nucleotide bases called __________________. a)thymine, adenosine, guanine, and cytosine b)adenine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine c)cytosine, thymine, adenine, and guanosine d)adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine

Different arrangements of atoms affect molecular shapes and properties.

Explain how glucose and fructose can have the same formula (C6H12O6) but different properties.

if the change does not affect the shape of the protein in any way, then that change would not affect the function of the protein.

Explain how it could be possible to change an amino acid within a protein but not affect that protein's function.

c

Fats and steroids are classified as ___________. a)nucleic acids b)proteins c)lipids d)carbohydrates

a(Isomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures. Glucose and fructose are isomers, both having the formula C6H12O6.)

Glucose and fructose are _________, which __________. a)isomers; have the same molecular formula but different structures b)disaccharides; are two monosaccharides that are linked together c)carbohydrates; are glycerol molecules d)monosaccharides; are two disaccharides linked together

They convert glucose to the sweeter fructose. HFCS is cheaper and more easily blended with processed foods.

How and why do manufacturers produce HFCS?

Changing an amino acid may alter the shape of the protein, which changes its function.

How can changing an amino acid alter the function of a protein?

a

How can you tell the difference between an unsaturated fatty acid and a saturated fatty acid? a)Unsaturated fats have fewer than the maximum number of hydrogen bonds at each double bond whereas saturated fats have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. b)Unsaturated fats have a straight fatty acid tail whereas saturated fats have a kinked fatty acid tail. c)Butter is a type of unsaturated fat. d)Olive oil is a type of saturated fat.

b

How do prions work? a)Prions cause polypeptide chains to separate into smaller nonfunctional chains. b)Prions convert normally folded proteins into abnormal shapes. c)Prions cause changes in the amino acid sequence of polypeptides.

c(Nucleotides are the building blocks for both types of nucleic acids.)

How does DNA compare to RNA? a)The nitrogen-containing bases of DNA and RNA are all the same. b)DNA and RNA are both polypeptides. c)DNA and RNA consist of monomers called nucleotides. d)DNA and RNA contain the same sugars. e)A molecule of cellular DNA is single-stranded.

c

Humans and other animals cannot digest wood because they a)cannot digest any carbohydrates. b)cannot chew it fine enough. c)lack the enzyme needed to break down cellulose. d)get no nutrients from it.

a(Humans and other animals lack the enzyme cellulase, which breaks down the cellulose molecules in wood. Grazing animals are able to derive nutrition from cellulose because microorganisms inhabiting their digestive tracts break it down.)

Humans and other animals cannot digest wood because they __________. a)lack the enzyme needed to b)break down cellulose c)cannot digest any carbohydrates c)cannot chew it fine enough d)get no nutrients from it

d(Most animal fats are saturated, lacking double bonds. Evidence suggests that a diet high in saturated fats may contribute to human cardiovascular disease.)

Hydrogenated vegetable oils are more like animal fats than are other plant oils. Because they __________ than other plant oils, they can contribute to cardiovascular disease. a)are less soluble in water b)contain more double bonds c)contain more sodium d)contain fewer double bonds e)contain less hydrogen

CTTACG

If one DNA strand has the sequence GAATGC, what is the sequence of the other strand?

c(Adenine binds to thymine and cytosine binds to guanine. If your DNA is 35 percent adenine, there should be an equal amount of thymine. The total of adenine and thymine together is 70 percent. That means cytosine and guanine make up the remaining 30 percent. To know how much of each is present, you divide that 30 percent in half and get 15 percent.)

If your DNA is composed of 35 percent adenine, what percentage does cytosine account for? a)35 percent b)17.5 percent c)15 percent d)30 percent

e(A mutation in another gene on the same chromosome results in less production of the fully functional lactase enzyme.)

In people with lactose intolerance, the lactase gene is perfectly normal. Why do they still exhibit lactose intolerance? a)The chromosome that contains the lactase gene is defective. b)They lack bacteria in the gut that help break down lactose. c)They lack other enzymes necessary for breaking down lactose. d)The lactase protein is broken down as soon as it is made. e)The formation of the lactase protein from the lactase gene decreases.

c

Measurements show that the pH of a particular lake is 4.0. What is the hydrogen ion concentration of the lake? a)4.0 M b)104 M c)10-4 M d)10-10 M e)4%

b

Monomers are ______________. a)macromolecules b)small molecules c)large molecules made by d)stringing together smaller molecules

dehydration reaction; water

Monomers are joined together to form larger polymers through ______ . Such a reaction releases a molecule of ______.

c

Monosaccharides and disaccharides are types of ________________. a)proteins b)nucleic acids c)carbohydrates d)lipids

hydrophobic amino acids are most likely to be found within the interior of a protein, far from the watery environment.

Most proteins can easily dissolve in water. Where in the shape of a protein would you find hydrophobic amino acids?

DNA and RNA are polynucleotides; both have the same phosphate group along the backbone; and both use A, C, and G bases. But DNA uses T while RNA uses U as a base; the sugar differs between them; and DNA is usually double-stranded, while RNA is usually single-stranded.

Name three similarities between DNA and RNA. Name three differences.

c(Nucleic acids are polymers that are composed of nucleotides. Nucleotides are monomers that are linked through dehydration reactions to make nucleic acids. The different sequences of nucleotides compose unique genes, each of which codes for a protein.)

Nucleic acids are ___________ made from ___________, which are ____________. a)monomers; nucleotides; polymers b)polymers; genes; monomers c)polymers; nucleotides; monomers d)polymonomers; nucleotides; monomers

b

Nucleic acids are _____________. a)micromolecules that store information b)macromolecules that store information c)macromolecules that are composed of proteins d)proteins that store information

c(Saturated triglycerides are saturated with hydrogens, meaning that they contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms, no double bonds, and a straight shape.)

Nutritionally, saturated triglycerides are considered less healthy than unsaturated ones. What is one major difference between them? a)Saturated triglycerides have more double bonds than unsaturated triglycerides. b)Unsaturated fats are more common in animal fats, whereas saturated fats are more common in plant oils. c)Saturated triglycerides have more hydrogens than unsaturated triglycerides. d)Saturated triglycerides are liquid at room temperature. e)Saturated triglycerides are fats; unsaturated triglycerides are carbohydrates.

c

One characteristic shared by sucrose and maltose is that a)they are polysaccharides b)they contain fructose c)they are disaccharides d)they are monosaccharides e)they are indigestible by humans

isomers have different structures, or shapes, and the shape of a molecule usually helps determine the way it functions in the body.

One isomer of methamphetamine is the addictive illegal drug known as "crank." Another isomer is a medicine for sinus congestion. How can you explain the differing effects of the two isomers?

fatty acid; glycerol; triglyceride

One molecule of dietary fat is made by joining three molecules of to one molecule of . What is the formal name of the resulting molecule?

Pathways that transform energy and matter: The energy within a molecule of glucose can be transformed to promote cellular work, and the matter within glucose can be used to build large molecules such as starch.

Plants use glucose as both a source of energy for cells and as a building block of their bodies.

Hydrolysis

Polymers are broken down into monomers through the chemical reaction called . Such a reaction consumes a molecule of .

b

Proteins _____________. a)provide structural support b)All of the listed answers are correct. c)contract, which provides movement d)help in transporting substances e)function in enzyme production

c

Starch is a _________, which is a type of _________. a)disaccharide; nucleic acid b)polysaccharide; protein c)polysaccharide; carbohydrate d)monosaccharide; carbohydrate

sucrose; disaccharide

Table sugar, formally called _______, is an example of a _______, or double sugar.

d

The bond that joins amino acids is __________, resulting in a ___________. a)an ionic bond; polysaccharide b)an ionic bond; polypeptide c)a hydrogen bond; polysaccharide d)a peptide bond; polypeptide

more

The higher the caloric content of a food, the _______ heat is given off when burned. more less

a

Unsaturated fats can be converted to saturated fats through __________, which also can create ___________. a)hydrogenation; trans fats b)saturation; polysaturated fats c)hydrosaturation; trans fats d)hydrogenation; polyunsaturated fats

c

We can be sure that a mole of table sugar and a mole of vitamin C are equal in their a)number of atoms. b)mass in daltons c)number of molecules. d)volume. e)mass in grams.

d

What are the building blocks of proteins? a)Nucleotides b)Acid tails c)Monosaccharides d)Amino acids

amino acids

What are the monomers of all proteins?

e(Temperature and pH affect how a polypeptide of a particular amino acid sequence will fold into a three-dimensional protein.)

What determines the specific shape of a protein? a)whether the protein is saturated or unsaturated b)the sequence of monosaccharides c)the amino acid sequence d)the physical environment e)the amino acid sequence and the physical environment

d(Both can be very long, although many small proteins are biologically active.)

What do nucleic acids and proteins have in common? a)They are hydrophobic. b)Their structures contain sugars. c)They are both made of amino acids. d)They are large polymers. e)They each consist of four basic kinds of subunits.

e

What is the hydroxide ion concentration of the lake described in question 5? a)10-14 M b)10-7 M c)10 M d)10-4 M e)10-10 M

side chain

What is the one part of an amino acid that varies?

structurally, a gene is a long stretch of DNA. Functionally, a gene contains the information needed to produce a protein

What is the structure of a gene? What is the function of a gene?

c(Enzymes are proteins assembled through many dehydration reactions.)

What is true of all enzymes? a)They are assembled from nucleic acids. b)They only act in the digestive systems of animals. c)They are assembled by dehydration reactions. d)They both speed up and slow down chemical reactions. e)They lead to the synthesis of large molecules from smaller molecules.

a(All steroids have a carbon skeleton with four fused rings.)

What is true of all steroids? a)They have a structure based on four carbon rings. b)They are built from monosaccharides. c)They are fats. d)They are polymers. e)They are hormones.

c

What process synthesizes monomers together? a)Reduction b)Hydrolysis c)Dehydration reaction d)Oxidation

cholesterol

What steroid acts as the molecular building block of the human steroid hormones?

C6H12O6+C6H12O6→C12H22O11+H2OC6H12O6+C6H12O6→C12H22O11+H2O

When two molecules of glucose (C6H12O6C6H12O6) are joined together by a dehydration reaction, what are the formulas of the two products? (HINT: No atoms are gained or lost.)

true

When you are sleeping, you do not burn any calories. True False

c

Which food would you expect to contain lots of polysaccharides? a)apple b)grapes c)potato d)tea

b

Which of the following food items provides the most energy (Kcal/g)? a)protein b)carbohydrate c)fat d)amino acids

b(Both RNA and DNA store genetic information; however, the structure of DNA is a double helix whereas RNA is a single helix. DNA and RNA both have nucleotides as their monomers; however, instead of including the base thymine, RNA has uracil. Lastly, RNA has ribose sugar whereas DNA has deoxyribose sugar.)

Which of the following is a commonality between DNA and RNA? a)They have the same 5-carbon sugar. b)None of the listed responses is correct. c)They have the same nucleotide bases. d)They have the same helical structure.

d(Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on Earth. It forms cable-like fibrils in the tough walls that enclose plant cells and is a major component of wood and other structural components of plants. Cellulose is a glucose polymer.)

Which of the following is a false statement about cellulose? a)It forms cable-like fibers in the tough walls that enclose plant cells. b)It is the most abundant organic molecule on Earth. c)It is composed of glucose monomers. d)It is stored in the liver and muscle cells.

d(Cholesterol is associated with cardiovascular disease; however, cholesterol is necessary for proper cell function and hormone production. Cholesterol is found in your cell membranes and forms the base for hormones such as testosterone and estrogen. Steroids are lipids that have a different structure and function than fats.)

Which of the following is a false statement about cholesterol? a)Cholesterol is a type of lipid. b)Cholesterol is the base steroid for producing testosterone and estrogen. c)Cholesterol is a key component of your cell membranes. d)Cholesterol does not have any benefits and is associated with cardiovascular disease.

d

Which of the following is a hydrophobic material? a)pasta b)table salt c)sugar d)wax e)paper

c

Which of the following is a true statement about fats? a)Fats are detrimental and have no benefits for your health. b)All fats are beneficial and essential to your health. c)Some fats provide benefits and are essential to health.

e(Compounds containing carbon are said to be organic.)

Which of the following is an example of an organic molecule? a)Ne b)H2O c)O2 d)NaCl e)CH4

Cellulose is a carbohydrate.

Which of the following is not made of protein: hair, muscle, cellulose, or enzymes?

b(Fats provide long-term energy storage. Carbohydrates provide dietary energy but typically this is short term. For instance, individuals that are preparing for high-endurance exercise will eat a high-carb meal such as pasta beforehand.)

Which of the following provides long-term energy storage? a)Protein b)Fats c)Carbohydrates d)Cellulose

b

Which of the following statements about saturated fats is true? a)Saturated fats contain one or more double bonds along the tails. b)Saturated fats contain the maximum number of hydrogens along the tails. c)Saturated fats make up the majority of most plant oils. d)Saturated fats are typically healthier for you than unsaturated fats.

e(Dehydration reactions link monomers together into polymers, and hydrolysis breaks the polymers down into monomers.)

Which of the following statements best summarizes the relationship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis? a)Dehydration reactions and hydrolysis reactions assemble polymers from monomers. b)Dehydration reactions eliminate water from membranes; hydrolysis reactions add water to membranes. c)Dehydration reactions and hydrolysis reactions break down polymers into monomers. d)Hydrolysis reactions create polymers, and dehydration reactions create monomers. e)Dehydration reactions assemble polymers; hydrolysis reactions break polymers apart.

a

Which of the following statements is true? a)Omega-3 fats are unsaturated fats. b)Most plant oils are high in saturated fat. c)Fish oils are high in saturated fat. d)Trans fats are in chocolate.

d(Carbohydrate is the category of molecules that includes polysaccharides, monosaccharides, and disaccharides.)

Which of the following terms includes all the others in the list? a)disaccharide b)polysaccharide c)monosaccharide d)carbohydrate

b

Which of the following terms includes all the others in the list? a)polysaccharide b)carbohydrate c)monosaccharide d)disaccharide

a(Cellulose contains bonds that cannot be broken by human digestive enzymes.)

Which one of the following components of a tossed salad will pass through the human digestive tract with the least digestion? a)cellulose (in the lettuce) b)starch (in the croutons) c)oil (in the dressing) d)sugar (in the dressing) e)protein (in the bacon bits)

a

Why do vinegar and oil separate in salad dressing? a)The oil in salad dressing is hydrophobic whereas the vinegar is hydrophilic. b)Both the oil and vinegar are hydrophobic, so they do not mix with each other. c)The oil in salad dressing is hydrophilic whereas the vinegar is hydrophobic. d)Oil and vinegar only separate because they have not had enough time to mix properly.

a(The ability to drink milk from herd animals would increase the options for acquiring necessary nutrients.)

Why might Northern Europeans have evolved lactose tolerance? a)to increase options for nutrient intake in an environment with a short growing season b)to save metabolic energy c)to compensate for the reduced sun exposure d)to increase the ability to eat and digest meat e)to survive droughts

information flow: Nucleic acids are information storage molecules, and the information of genes is stored as a precise nucleotide sequence.

Your genetic legacy is contained within the sequence of nucleotides on your chromosomes.

c

__________ is indigestible by animals because they lack __________, which is a __________ a)Cellulose; a certain gene; protein b)Starch; an enzyme to break it down; protein c)Cellulose; an enzyme to break it down; protein d)A triglyceride; an enzyme to break it down; protein