Ch.3 The Reformation in Europe

Geneva

Swiss city-state which became a Calvinist theocracy in the 1500s; today a major city in Switzerland

John Calvin

Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets (predestination and the irresistibly of grace and justification by faith) founded Calvinism which becomes Presbyterianism (1509-1564) and contributes to the Protestant Reformation

Ulrich Zwingli

Swiss theologian/ priest in the city of Zurich whose sermons and religious reforms began the Reformation in Switzerland (1484-1531). He was killed in battle in a war between Catholics and Protestants in Switzerland.

Mary I (Bloody Mary)

The Catholic daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine who succeeded Edward VI and was queen 1553-1558 AD. She married Philip II of Spain and executed hundred of Protestants when they refused to convert. back to the Catholic faith where she got the nickname Bloody Mary.

Peasants Revolt

a series of uprisings by German peasants against their landowners. over 130,000 peasants were killed

Theocracy

a system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god.

Salvation

acceptance into heaven

King James Bible

an English translation of the Bible published in 1611 commissioned by King James I

The Praise of Folly

an essay written by Erasmus that uses satire to point out corrupt practices of the Church.

Heresy

an opinion different from accepted belief; the denial of an idea that is generally held sacred

Johann Tetzl

priest who offered indulgences to any Christian who contributed money to the construction of St. Peter's Basilica

Frederick III of Saxony

prince of Saxony who didn't know Luther or desire to break with church, but wanted to protect Luther since he was in Frederick's territory, so he fake kidnapped Luther and brought him to safety from the Catholic Church at one of his strongholds

Pope

the bishop of Rome, head of the Roman Catholic Church

Justification

the process of being justified, or deemed worthy of salvation, by God

Annul

to declare void or invalid, particularly in the case of a marriage, law or contract;to eliminate the existence of

Desiderius Erasmus

(1466-1536) Dutch Christian humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe. Believed the problems in the Catholic Church could be fixed; did not support the idea of a Reformation. Wrote Praise of Folly.

Henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

Ignatius Loyola

(1491-1556) Spanish churchman and founder of the Jesuits (1534); this order of Roman Catholic priests proved an effective force for reviving Catholicism during the Catholic Reformation.

Teresa of Avila

(1515-1582) Spanish Carmelite nun and one of the principal saints of the Roman Catholic Church; she reformed the Carmelite order. Her fervor for the Catholic Church proved inspiring for many people during the Reformation period.

Elizabeth I

(1533-1603) Queen of England and Ireland between 1558 and 1603. She was the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn who returned England back to Protestant. She led England into the Age of Exploration and becoming a world power and is considered one of their greatest monarchs.

Edward VI

(1547-1553) King Henry VIII's only son,who took England in a more Protestant direction during his short reign. Sickly, and became King at 9 years old and died at 15. Since he wasn't capable of governing his country the Protestant church was soon brought in through his advisors Cromwell and Cranmer.

Charles V

1500-1558. Holy Roman emperor (1519-1558) and king of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556). He summoned the Diet of Worms (1521) and the Council of Trent (1545-1563) trying to keep Europe religiously united. He sought to stop Protestantism and increase the power of Catholicism. He allied with the Pope to stamp out heresy and maintain religious unity in Europe.

Printing Press

15th century invention which revolutionized the ability to print information which in turn affected the speed of the spread of information itself.

Martin Luther

16th century German monk and professor who is considered to be the person who started the Protestant Reformation; he began by criticizing Church practices (mainly indulgences) and ultimately broke with the Catholic Church to form his own new religious faith

Catherine of Aragon

1st wife of Henry VIII. Mother of Mary I. Henry's desire for a divorce from her precipitated England's break with Rome.

Peace of Augsburg

A 1555 treaty between Charles V and the German Protestant princes that granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in Germany declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler.

Counter-Reformation

A 16th century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation Also known as the Catholic Reformation.

Humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements.

Inquisition

A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy - especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s.

Anabaptists

A member of a radical protestant movement of the 16th-century Reformation that viewed baptism solely as an external witness to a believer's conscious profession of faith, rejected infant baptism, and believed in the separation of church from state, in the shunning of nonbelievers, and in simplicity of life. They were persecuted by Catholics as well as other Protestants.

Christian Humanism

A movement that developed in northern Europe during the renaissance combining classical learning with the goal of reforming the catholic church. They believed that if people read the fundamental teachings of the Bible themselves they would become more sincerely religious.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Council of Trent

A series of meetings between Catholic Bishops and Cardinals that set several Catholic doctrines. Strengthened traditional Catholic practices and ideas in the face of rebellion by Luther and other protestants

Protestant

A term applied to a Christian who belonged to non-Catholic churches. 16th century series of religious actions which led to establishment of the Protestant churches. Led by Martin Luther

Indulgence

A way to remove sin by paying the Catholic church money. Payments took the place of acts or deeds. This practice began to be seen as a corrupt way for the church to raise money.

Jesuits

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism. Religious order devoted to teaching, converting, and defending the Catholic faith.

William Tyndale

An English professor who believed that everyone should be able to interpret the Bible. He was the first to translate the Bible to English which led for his arrest. However, he escaped and continued to translate the Bible. He was eventually executed.

Diet of Worms

Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw.

humanities

Branches of knowledge concerned with human beings and their culture: philosophy, literature, and the fine arts, as distinguished from the sciences

Predestination

Calvinist belief that God long ago determined who would gain salvation

Church of England

Church created in England as a result of a political dispute between Henry VIII and the Pope, Pope would not let Henry divorce his wife

Roman Catholic Church

Church established in western Europe during the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages with its head being the bishop of Rome or pope.

Ghettos

City neighborhoods in which European Jews were forced to live

Cause of the Reformation

Corruption of the Catholic Church during the Renaissance: Sale of church offices (simony); nepotism (sale to family members of church offices) sale of indulgences, Decline of morality among the clergy, Printing Press, popularity of Martin Luther, popularity of Humanism

Act of Supremacy

Declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534.

Vernacular

Everyday language of ordinary people. During the Reformation Bibles began to be translated into the peoples everyday language.

Excommunication

Exclusion from Catholic Church as penalty for refusing to obey church laws. During this time, the punishment often came with the penalty of death

Anglican Church

Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife. Became the official church of England

Johannes Gutenburg

German printer; in 1448 he invented a printing press that used movable type. The first book printed is called the "Gutenberg Bible."

Anne Boleyn

Henry VIII mistress during the time of the English Reformation, she gave birth to Elizabeth, future queen of England. One of the reasons Henry VIII wanted to get his marriage to Catherine annulled is so that he could marry her.

Pope Paul III

Italian pope who excommunicated Henry VIII, instituted the order of the Jesuits, appointed many reform-minded cardinals, and initiated the Council of Trent.

Holy Roman Empire

Loose federation of mostly German and Italian states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806.

Justification by Faith

Martin Luther's doctrine that a person can be saved only by faith in God, and not by good works

95 Theses

Martin Luther's ideas that he posted on the church door at Wittenburg which questioned the Roman Catholic Church, especially criticizing the practice of selling indulgences. This act began the Reformation.

Calvinism

Protestant sect founded by John Calvin. Emphasized a strong moral code and believed in predestination (the idea that God decided whether or not a person would be saved as soon as they were born). Calvinists supported constitutional representative government and the separation of church and state.

Saint Peter's Basilica

The largest Christian church building in the world, located in the Vatican. The residence of the pope adjoins it and many ceremonies and speeches connected with the pope's administration take place there. Raphael and Michelangelo contributed to its design and decoration. The Roman Catholic Church was raising money to build it by selling indulgences which led to the Protestant Reformation.

The Index

The list of books prohibited by the Catholic Church (obviously Luther's and Calvin's works are included in the Index). The goal was to protect the faith and morals of Catholics by preventing people from being contaminated. It was created during the Counter-Reformation as a way of stopping the spread of Protestantism.

Lutheranism

The religious doctrine that Martin Luther developed; it differed from Catholicism in the doctrine of salvation, which Luther believed could be achieved by faith alone, not by good works; Lutheranism was the first Protestant faith. Also believed that anyone could interpret the Bible.

sacraments

There are seven sacraments in the Church: Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, Penance, Anointing of the Sick, Matrimony, and Holy Orders. The purpose of the sacraments is to make people holy, to build up the body of Christ, and finally, to give worship to God; but being signs, they also have a teaching function.

Institutes of the Christian Religion

Written by John Calvin, it contained four books which codified Protestant theology. Among these beliefs were the ultimate authority of the word of God, the depravity of man, and his belief that the Bible is the only source of Revelation.

Antisemitism

hostility to or prejudice against Jews.

Effects of the printing press

people questioned the church because now they could read scripture. People became literate and exploration was made possible (printing of maps). Propoganda becomes possible and books are cheaper and easier to find. Also laws became easier to follow and well known through the country. Caused ideas to spread more rapidly.