Ch4: Human Digestion and Absorption

A circular muscle that can open and close and acts to regulate the flow of materials in one direction is referred to as ________.

a sphincter

The absorptive process that requires energy in the form of ATP is ________.

active absorption

Which of the following are components of saliva?

amylase, mucus, lipase

Current research doesn't support the use of dietary _______ in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.

fiber

Intestinal gas that is passed through the rectum is called _______.

flatulence

Ghrelin's role is to

increase appetite and food intake

Because of the hormones released during pregnancy, a pregnant women is at _______ risk for constipation

increased

Pancreatic lipase is responsible for breaking down _______ for digestion.

lipids

List the organs of digestive tract in order, from start to finish.

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Which layer of the wall of the intestinal tract has many tiny fingerlike structures that project into the GI and trap nutrients?

mucosa

Complications of inflammatory bowel disease include

protein-calorie malnutrition, nutritional deficiencies such as anemia and osteoporosis

Lingual lipase and salivary amylase are two components of the liquid called _______, which is produced by glands in the mouth.

saliva

The most frequent peristalsis takes place in this organ of GI tract.

small intestine

Which of the following statements is true regarding fiber in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome?

soluble fiber is more effective than insoluble fiber, fiber has not been shown to be important in treatment of IBS

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is often triggered by

specific foods

Chyme is formed in the _____ as food is mixed with digestive secretions.

stomach

The thickest and strongest muscles of the GI tract are found in this organ, allowing for more complete mixing of foods with gastric juices.

stomach

What's a collection of cells adapted to perform a specific function?

tissue

Digestive enzymes are very specific with regard to the

type of chemical reaction they catalyze, vitamin or mineral cofactors they require to function, pH of environment in which they function

Which of the following dietary components are absorbed by the cells lining the stomach?

water, 20% alcohol, few forms of fat

The salivary glands produce about ___ cup(s) of saliva each day. Saliva is a watery fluid that contains ________, ___________, and ___________.

4; mucus; digestive enzymes; antibacterial substances

Which of the following is NOT an appropriate recommendation for treatment of peptic ulcer disease? Multiple Choice

Consume pepper and other strong spices to help move foods through the GI tract.

Place the 5 sections of the colon in order in which a substance would pass through large intestine after it leaves small intestine.

1. Cecum 2. Ascending colon 3. Transverse colon 4. Descending colon 5. Sigmoid colon

Poll Question #3: Which of the following nutrients is transported via the lymphatic system? 1. Vitamin A 2. Vitamin D 3. Long Chain Fatty Acids 4. Vitamin K 5. All of the above

All of the above

The intrinsic factor is needed for the absorption of which B vitamin in the small intestine?

B-12

What would happen to the lining of the stomach if mucus were not produced?

Cells in the stomach would not be protected from gastric juices.

The leading cause of peptic ulcer disease is ________.

Helicobacter pylori infection

Which of the following is NOT true about inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?

IBD is caused by a reaction to proteins in foods.

Identify healthy bacteria that reside in the large intestine

Lactobacilli, Bifidobacteria

Poll Question #1: Which of the following is NOT considered a major organ in digestion: 1. Esophagus 2. Mouth 3. Liver 4. Small intestine 5. Large intestine

Liver

Poll Question #2: Which sphincter controls the flow of stomach contents into the small intestine? 1. Lower esophageal sphincter 2. Pyloric sphincter 3. Sphincter of Oddi 4. Ileocecal valve 5. Anal sphincter

Pyloric sphincter

Poll Question #4: Primary functions of the large intestine include all of the following Except: 1. Absorbing electrolytes 2. Reabsorbing bile 3. Housing microbiota 4. Expelling feces 5. All of these are functions of the large intestine

Reabsorbing bile

What percent of US population suffers from Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)?

about 10-15%

HCl destroys most harmful _______ and viruses in foods.

bacteria

In healthy individuals, what lives throughout the GI tract?

bacteria

The pancreatic juices are very _______ to maintain the acidic chyme arriving from the stomach.

basic, alkaline

Nutrients absorbed in the small intestine are delivered to which circulatory systems in the body?

cardiovascular (blood) system, lymphatic system

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease can

cause liver swelling, occur when liver cells store excess fat

Gallstones are composed of

cholesterol, bile pigments

The liquid contents of the stomach are a mixture of acid, enzymes, and partially digested food known as

chyme

Feces in the rectum are a powerful stimulation for _______________

defecation

A common GI tract problem in which the stool is loose and watery is _______

diarrhea

In developing countries, each year more children die from

diarrhea

Gallbladder secretes bile into duodenum and reabsorbs it in ileum. This recycling of bile by liver is part of _______ circulation.

enterohepatic

Identify risk factors for gallstone function.

female, consumption of high calorie, low-fiber diet, excess weight, rapid weight loss or prolonged fasting

Functions of the large intestine include ________.

housing bacterial flora that keep the GI tract healthy absorption of water and electrolytes, especially sodium and potassium the defecation of feces

In a _______ reaction water is used in the breaking apart of large molecules.

hydrolysis

The chemical reaction sucrose + H2O → fructose + glucose is an example of a ___________ reaction.

hydrolysis

These nutrients would be picked up into the lymphatic system.

large protein molecules

Bile is formed in the ___________ and stored in the ___________.

liver; gallbladder

Most digestive enzymes are synthesized by the ________.

pancreas and small intestine

A coordinated muscular contraction that propels food along the GI tract is called ________.

peristalsis

The contraction of muscles in the esophagus is called

peristalsis

Fermentation has traditionally been used to _______.

preserve foods

Common causes of food intolerances include

sensitivities to food components (such as gluten), toxic containments such as mold or bacteria, deficiencies in digestive enzymes (such as lactase)

The primary function of the pyloric sphincter is to control the flow of food contents from the _______ into the small intestine.

stomach

Heartburn is caused by ________.

the backflow of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus

Water-soluble nutrients enter into the body by way of ________.

the blood

Lymph ________.

transports fat-soluble particles from the intestinal tract to the general circulation

Large intestine absorbs about _______ % of the water.

10

Which of the following nutrients is NOT absorbed via facilitated diffusion? 1. Fructose 2. Glucose

2. Glucose

Meal composition affects how long meal takes to move from stomach to the small intestines. Which of the following types of meals would move most SLOWLY out of the stomach ? 1.Low fat meal 2.High fat meal

2. High fat meal

The metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins yields

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Short chain fermentable carbohydrates that have been shown to reduce IBS symptoms are known as _______.

FODMAPs

Poll Question #6: True or false. Following a FODMAP diet is the recommendation for IBD patients.

False

_______ are living microorganisms, such as lactobacilli found in yogurt, that when consumed in sufficient amounts, colonize the large intestine and provide health benefits.

Probiotics

What is needed to help active absorption?

a carrier protein, energy (ATP)

The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are part of digestive system but are considered to be _______ structures.

accessory

Identify causes of hemorrhoids

added stress to veins of rectum and anus, pregnancy and obesity, straining during bowel movements

Nutritional status has _______ effect on organ function.

an

__________ increases the available surface area of fats for digestion and later absorption.

bile

Secretions from the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are all delivered into the small intestine via the

bile duct and pancreatic duct

The smallest functional unit of the human body is the ________.

cell

In the small intestine, the chyme moves slowly through the circular folds allowing the chyme to

come into close contact with the villi, be completely mixed with digestive juices

Tendons and cartilage are made of _______ tissue.

connective

Nutrition therapy for mild cases of constipation includes

consuming more fiber and fluids daily

In healthy individuals, the largest influence on gut microbial composition is

diet

Protein molecules produced in the salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, and intestine that speed up digestion by catalyzing chemical reactions are called

digestive enzymes

Which of the following are of organ systems (systems of the body)?

digestive system, endocrine system, nervous system, cardiovascular system, lymphatic and immune systems, urinary system, skeletal system, muscular system, reproductive system, respiratory system, integumentary system

Science _______ a gluten-free diet as a good way to lose weight and increase energy.

does not support

When swallowing a bite of food, the _______ closes over trachea to allow the bolus to enter the esophagus.

epiglottis

Poll Question #5: True or false. Stress is the most common cause of peptic ulcers.

false

Identify the nutrients that are absorbed via passive diffusion.

fats, water, some minerals

The main functions of the large intestine include

form and expel feces, house gut microbiota, absorb water and electrolytes

The chief cells of the stomach secrete

gastric lipase

This GI regulatory hormone is released by the stomach and duodenum and triggers the stomach to release HCl and pepsinogen.

gastrin

Which nutrients are absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine via active absorption?

glucose, amino acids

The amino acid that is present in many foods that stimulate the umami taste sensation is _______.

glutamate

The protein _______ found in wheat and related grains triggers an autoimmune response in individuals with celiac disease.

gluten

This disorder of digestive system characterized by a burning sensation or sour taste in the back of the mouth, especially after a large or fatty meal.

heartburn

A sensible idea for preventing constipation is to ________.

include more whole grain breads, beans, and apples in the diet

Beneficial bacteria reside in the _______ intestine.

large

The large intestine is described as large compared to small intestine because it's _______.

larger in diameter than the small intestine

In pinocytosis, absorptive cells engulf

liquids or compounds

People with ulcers should refrain from the use of NSAIDS because they reduce the ______ secreted by the stomach

mucus

Ulcers of the stomach most often occur in which age group?

older adults

Each enzyme acts on _______ type(s) of chemical process.

only one

Which of the following nutrients are absorbed in the cardiovascular system?

short- and medium-chain fatty acids, water-soluble nutrients, proteins, carbohydrates, B- vitamins, vitamin c

Villi are found mainly in the ________.

small intestine

Unpleasant odor associated with flatulence is mainly attributed to

sulfur

Absorption is _______.

the uptake of nutrients from the GI tract into either the blood or the lymph

The functions of the epithelial cells are to absorb nutrients, secrete important substances, excrete _______, and protect underlying tissues.

waste

Fluids involved in processes of digestion and absorption may contain

water, mucus, acid, hormones

Examples of probiotic foods include

yogurt, mismo