ch.5 mgmt

weak negative

hindrance stressors have a __ __ relationship with job performance -they result in strains and negative emotions that reduce the overall level of physical, cognitive, and emotional energy that people could otherwise bring to their job duties

strong negative

hindrance stressors have a ___ ___ relationship with organizational commitment -hindrance stressors evoke strains which are generally dissatisfying to people and satisfaction has a strong impact on the degree to which people feel committed to their organization

benign job demands

job demands that tend to not be appraised as stressful

challenge stressors

stressful demands that people ten to perceive as opportunities for learning, growth and achievement -although these can be exhausting, they often trigger positive emotions such as pride and enthusiasm **part of the transactional theory of stress

hindrance stressors

stressful demands that people tend to perceive as hindering their progress toward personal accomplishments or goal attainment -most often trigger negative emotions such as anxiety and anger **part of the transactional theory of stress

physiological strains

that result from stressors occur in at least 4 systems of the human bodt 1. stressors can reduce the effectiveness of the bodys immune system, which makes it more difficult for the body to ward off or fight infection 2. can harm the bodys cardiovascular system, cause the heart to race, increased blood pressure, and create coronary heart disease 3. can cause problems in the bodies musculeoskeletal systems 4.gastrointestinal system problems

60-90

the % of all doctor visits which related to stress

stressors

the demands that cause people to experience stress are called

time pressure

**a type of work challenge stressors -this refers to having a strong sense that the amount of time you have to do a task is not enough -although most people appraise these situations as rather stressful, they also tend to appraise them as more challenging then hindering

work complexity

**a type of work challenge stressors this refers to the degree to which the requirements of the work, in terms of knowledge, skills, and abilities, tax or exceed the capabilities of the person who is responsible for performing the work ex. giving people jobs that require skills and knowledge they may not yet possess

work responsibility

**a type of work challenge stressors this refers to the nature of the obligations that a person has toward others -ex. air traffic controller has alot of responsibility one wrong direction can result in a mid air collision

role conflict

**a type of work hindrance stress -this refers to conflicting expectations that other people may have on us ex. call operator: people holding these jobs are expected to communicate w/ as many people as possible over a given time period. the expectation is that the operator will spend as little time as possible with the people on the other end of the call, but at the same time expected to be responsive to the questions and concerns raised by those they speak with. b/c the effectiveness of this job may require a great deal of time call center operators are put in a position which they simply cannot meet both expectations

role overload

**a type of work hindrance stress this occurs when the # of demanding roles a person holds is so high that the person simply cannot perform all or some of the roles effectively -this is a source of stress that is becoming very prevalent in many industries, more so than role conflict or role ambiguity

role ambiguity

**a type of work hindrance stress this refers to a lack of info about what needs to be done in a role as well as unpredictability regarding the consequences of performance in that role -ex. an employee is given very few instructions or guidelines about a project and isnt sure how much money may be spent, how long it should take, or what exactly the finished project should look like

daily hassles

**a type of work hindrance stress this refers to the relatively minor day-2-day demands that get in the way of accomplishing the things we really want to accomplish ex. having to deal with unnecessary paperwork, office equipment malfunctions, annoying interactions with abrasive coworkers, and useless communications

positive life events

**this is a nonwork challenge stressor examples of this are marriage, the addition of a new family member, graduating from school but each activity is associated with more positive than negative emotions

personal development

**this is a nonwork challenge stressor these activities include participation in formal education programs, music lessons, sports related training, hobby related self education, participation in local gov, or volunteer work

negative life events

**this is a nonwork hindrance stressor many of the most stressful event dont occur at work, these hinder the ability to achieve life goals and are associated with negative emotions these are possible examples of this: death of spouse or family member, a divorce, or marital separation, jail term, or personal illness

work-family conflict

**this is a nonwork hindrance stressor this is a special form of role conflict in which the demands of a work role hinder the fulfillment of the demands of a family role (or vice versa) work to family: employees have to deal with lots of hindrances at work and may have trouble switching off their frustrations and as a consequence become irritable with their family family to work: may occur if a salesperson is experiencing the stress of a marital conflict comes to work harboring emotional pain and negative feelings, which makes it difficult to interact with customers effectively

financial uncertainty

**this is a nonwork hindrance stressor this type of stressor refers to conditions that create uncertainties with regard to the loss of livelihood, savings, or the ability to pay expenses -this is highly relevant during recessions or economic downturns

family time demands

**this is a type of nonwork challenge stressors this refers to the time that a person commits to participate in an array of family activities and responsibilities ex. traveling, attending social events and organized activities, hosting parties, and planning and making home improvements

instrumental support

**type of social support this refers to the help people receive that can be used to address the stressful demand directly ex. if someone is experiences work overload a coworker may agree to take on some of the work or offer suggestions to get it done effectively

flex time

a type of supportive practice 56% of organizations use this -gives employees flexible time schedules in order to cope with demands away from work so they dont worry about them at work

secondary appraisal

according to the transactional theory of stress after people appraise a stressful demand, they as themselves "what can i do?" to deal with the situation this refers to __ __ -how people cope with the stressors they face

moderate positive

challenge stressors have a __ ___ relationship with organizational commitment

weak positive

challenge stressors have a ___ ___ relationship with job performance

higher levels

employees who experience higher levels of challenge stressors also have __ ___ of job performance and organizational commitment

psychological strains

result from stressors including depression, anxiety, anger, hostility, reduced self confidence, irritability, inability to think clearly, forgetfulness, lack of creativity, memory loss and loss of sense of humor

presenteeism

the phenomenon of people whos jobs are filled with challenge stressors experience strains that can result in illness but because they tend to be more satisfied, committed and engaged in their jobs they come to work anyway

work hindrance stressors

these are examples of _____________ role conflict, role ambiguity, role overload, and daily hassles

family time demands, personal development, positive life events

these are the 3 types of nonwork challenge stressors

financial uncertainty, negative life events, work-family conflict

these are the 3 types of nonwork hindrance stressors

strains

these are the negative consequences that occur when demand tax or exceed a persons capacity or resources

behavioral strains

these are unhealthy behaviors such as grinding ones teeth at night, being overly critical and bossy, excessive smoking, compulsive gum chewing, overuse of alcohol, and compulsive eating

choice of coping strategies

these influence _____________: 1.if you believe that strategy gives you control over the stressor 2.the nature the the stressful demand itself 3. whether you think you can successfully execute the coping strategy

Type A

these people have a strong sense of urgency and tend to be impatient, hard driving, competitive, controlling, aggressive, and even hostile

burnout

this can be defined as the emotional, mental, and physical exhaustion that results from having to cope with stressful demands on an ongoing basis

sabbatical

this gives employees the opportunity to take time off from work to engage in an alternative activity -long term (ex. 6mths) -encourage to work for nonprofit organizations or schools

behavioral coping

this involves the set of physical activities that are used to deal with a stressful situation ex. a person who is confronted with a lot of time pressure at work may cope by working faster or and employee who has several daily hassles may cope by avoiding work- staying home, come in late, or leave early

stress

this is defined as a psychological response to demands that possess certain stakes for the person and that tax or exceed the persons capacity or resources

problem focused coping

this refers to behaviors and cognition's intended to manage the stressful situation itself -focus on meeting the demand rather than trying to avoid it.

coping

this refers to the behaviors and thoughts that people use to manage both the stressful demands they face and the emotions associated with those stressful demands 2 methods of this: behavioral and cognitive 2 focuses: problem or emotion

social support

this refers to the help that people receive when theyre confronted with stressful demands 2 types: instrumental or emotional

emotional support

this refers to the support to help the people in addressing the emotional distress that accompanies stressful demands

cognitive coping

this refers to the thoughts that are involved in trying to deal with a stressful situation ex. the person who is confronted with an increase in time pressure might cope by thinking about different ways of accomplishing the work more efficiently

emotion-focused coping

this refers to the ways in which people manage their own emotional reactions to stressful demands ex. a employee using avoidance and distancing behaviors to reduce the emotional distress caused by the stressful situation

transactional theory of stress

this theory explains how stressors are perceived and appraised, as well as how people respond to those perceptions or appraisals

job sharing

two people share the responsibilities of a single job

hindrance, challenge, work, nonwork

what are the 4 main types of stressors? **part of the transactional theory of stress

primary appraisal

when people first encounter stressors the process of ___ ___ is triggered -this occurs as people evaluate the significance and the meaning of the stressor they're confronting -its where people 1st consider whether the demand causes them to feel stressed, and if it does, they consider the implications of the stressor in terms of their personal goals and overall well-being