CH6- Communicating the Vision

Pencil

-*Graphite* (lead) pencil is an effective way to render shadows and textured and add depth to floor plans and elevations

AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT

-AutoCAD is more premier version, AUTOCAD LT (which has some rendering features) are the leaders in the CAD market for the architectural and design community

Wood

-used less often for preliminary studies than for financial presentations -balsa is light and porous and can be cut with a simple hand tool -basswood, also a light-colored wood, sands better than balsa

AccuRender

-used to develop photo-realistic renderings from AutoCAD drawings

Computer-aided and design (CAD)

provide various types of drawings, sometimes referred to as digital drawings

The Role of Technology and Design

-CAD is only one aspect of computerization -CAD is based on the same fundamentals discussed earlier in this chapter -user must input the data -CAD can provide accuracy, speed, and convenience -CAD is widely used in firms that prepare orthographic documents -the ability to render perspective drawings with relative ease and flexibility is another reason that CAD has become so popular -changes in choice of color, pattern, materials, or lighting conditions can be accomplished with a few commands, in contrast to the time spent producing several hand renderings -*Building information modeling* (BIM) refers to advancement in recent years over more traditional digital drawing in the architecture and design industry/ is an emerging approach to the design, analysis, and documentation of buildings -BIM addresses spatial relationships, light analysis; geographic information; and quantities and properties of building components, including the processes of construction, facility operation, and maintenance

Symbols Look at all the diagrams!!!!!

-a north facing arrow, or the letter N is the standard convention for orienting the plan -when a plan is supplemented with accompanying drawings, such as an elevation or section, cross referencing is needed -place an arrow pointing toward a detail to be shown in the elevation or a component to be drawn in the section is that typical method of linking a plan to a corresponding elevation or section is this -*legend* plans generally include these, a list of symbols and their explanations

Sketching

-a rough, loose way of drawing, in which the key features of an object, space, or concept are outlined -allows the designer to test ideas and solutions in a less restricted way -hand expression is of greater value to the process

Plan Oblique

-a type of paraline drawing that is a projection from an existing plan rotated to the angle the designer selects is termed *plan oblique or axonometric* -most common choices are 30/60 degrees and 45/45 degrees= has to add up to 90/ the 30/60 degree angle is a more natural or realistic view

Basic Geometric Forms

-almost all 1 or 2 point perspective drawings can be created using 4 of the basic 3-dimensional geometric forms; cube, sphere, cone, cylinder, either separately or in some combination, with exception of the cube -*cubes* can be turned int chairs or tables in either one or two point perspective -*spheres* can be turned into vases, cups, or lighting fixtures -*cones* can be home accessories such as lamp shades -*cylinders* can be turned into columns and home furnishings

Drafting

-applies to technical drawings based on measurements, whether they are done manually of are computer generated -2 dimensional, depicting only vertical and horizontal planes -3 dimensional, incorporating the additional dimension of depth

Marker

-called a fast medium -many markers come with 2 different nibs (ends) one broad (blunt) -using a gray marker under will alter the intensity and value of that color -warm or cool grays -rendering technique is used widely for magazine and brochure layouts because it prints well -when marker is used on paper that is highly absorbent, such as bond and bristol, the color blends less easily and it more saturated and deeper

Rendering

-change line drawings into presentations of depth that clearly communicate the concept, showing how suggested selections will look when pulled together -in talking about the physical; layout during meetings with clients, for example, the proposed color schemes, pattern, and materials work hand in hand with the layout -"time is money" holds truth here -major media are pencil, ink, marker, and watercolor

Visual communication serves to

-conceptualize -present and share ideas with clients -communicate with contractors, tradespeople, and suppliers -market or promote the designer

Title Block

-contains the client's name and address, the name of the interior design firm and designer, registration information and the number of pages

3D Viz

-developed and used by engineers to create photo-realistic imagery of products and spaces

Plan Projection Method

-drawing based on a completed floor plan and elevation done to scale

Isometric Projection

-drawings also rely on the use of angles -more time-consuming -circles are drawn as ellipses or by using templates as a guide

SketchUp and SketchUp Pro

-google sketchup is considered an easy and intuitive program for accurate 3 dimensional modeling

Two point perspective

-has a horizon line positioned at eye level, but this time there are 2 vanishing points sitting on the horizon line -right vanishing point (RVP) -left vanishing point (LVP)

Sketching

-is a method of capturing, processing, validating and perhaps interpreting observations in a direct and personal way -the Thumbnail is used to describe a small and concise drawing

3ds Max Design

-is an animation and visual effects package also from autodesk

Paraline Drawing

-is regarded as the simplest, easiest, and most accurate of the 3-dimensional drawings -vertical lines are drawn parallel to one another -width and length measurements of the furnishings used on the floor plan remain the same

Mixed Media

-marker with pencil is effective in rendering wood

Drawing Equipment and Supplies Table 6.1!!!!

-minimum of 38 inches wide and 26 inches deep is recommended to accommodate large studios for drafting tables -*parallel rule*- or straightedge, is a helpful tool, bar with the same width as the table, attached with screws that slides up and down with a pulley -*light box* allows one drawing to be easily traced from another drawing, convenient when multiple versions of a drawing need to be produced or when inking a drawing based on a pencil rendering -*portfolios* are used to carry drawings, it may be as big as 23 inches by 31 inches

One Point Perspective

-named because it has only one vanishing point, which sits on the horizon line -if all three walls have equal importance, you will want to view the space as if facing the middle of the back wall -perhaps it contains only a door or an archway that is to remain as is, without renovation

Form-Z

-offers an integrated animation environment in which objects, lights, cameras, and colors can be animated and manipulated over time -ex (a general purpose, 3 dimensional modeling program that combines 2 dimensional drafting and rendering with 3 dimensional sculpting) -can aid in the design process as well as create final presentations

Perspective Drawing

-one-point, two point, and three point are all 3 dimensional representations -perspective drawings are particularly useful for client presentations because the view is more natural than an orthographic representation of space

Entourage

-or scaled elements within a space, such as people and plants, is a form of rendering -shadows on a floor plan to add detailed water drawings

Photoshop

-primarily geared toward digital photo manipulation and photo-realistic styles of computer illustration

Pictorial Drawing

-provides a more realistic view of a space through the use of a singular graphic

Ink Look at diagrams!!!!!!

-renderings in ink are usually done in waterproof black or sepia to create graded tonal values -other techniques, such as cross-hatching, may be used for ink drawings

Revit Architecture

-revit drawings and schedules are always fully coordinated in terms of the building objects shown in drawings -an extensive library of materials, textures, and accurate artificial and natural lighting effects allows for creation of realistic lifelike renderings

Section

-sections are slices through the structure of a building or interior that show greater detail -term *detail* may be used to describe a section that depicts the design of an object, such as the lamp in figure 6.9a -exterior (darkest lines) and interior details (lighter lines) -like elevations, sections must be cross-referenced to the floor plan

Elevation

-show the heights and details of architectural features, such as moldings and furnishings such as built in cabinets, window treatments and art -derived from the floor plan -an elevation is a vertical slice through the space -elevations are 2-dimensional, therefore there is no perspective -any portion of a wall that is closer to the viewer is drawn in a bolder line -line representing the floor to be bolder than the ceiling to "ground" the drawing -details should be drawn with a lighter line -elevations are typically better understood by a client than are floor plans

Lettering

-smaller the scale used for hand lettering, the easier it is to control -larger the scale, the heavier the line weight should be -typically, there should be no slant to the vertical lines -very light pencil lines should be made to control spacing, height, and width of letters -a commonly used lettering is the *block style* which is wide and square in shape and usually done in uppercase letters -computer software programs have ,made lettering convenient and flexible, offering a vast array of typefaces, colors, fonts, and styles to choose from

Paperboard

-tends to be lightweight, inexpensive, and easy to cut -polyester core -corrugated board, a rippled version of cardboard that is typically brown in color -cut easily -environmentally friendly alternative to other things

Rendering

-term applied to the various techniques used to flesh out designs so that they ring more true to life -done at any stage of the design process, translates the interior finishes to be used, the textures, patterns, and colors, as well as the effects of light in the space and on objects in the space

Scale

-the concept of scale is essential for orthographic drawing because it allows the designer to draw actual spaces and objects at greatly reduced sizes so that their relationships may be represented on paper -as noted earlier, when scale changes the proportion does not -triangular *architectural scale* with a total of four architectural scales per side and a total of 12 architectural scales on a triangular scale is most often used for interior design -most frequently used scales for orthographic drawings are 1/4 inch and 1/8 inch scales -1/4 inch scale is often used for residential projects, whereas the 1/8 inch is often used for residential projects, whereas the 1/8 inch is usually used to depict large contract spaces, such as office complexes, airports, and hotels

Line Weight

-the general rule of thumb for all drawings is that the boldest line weight (darkest of thickest) is used to signify the components closest to the viewer, such as walls, a medium line weight is used for fixtures and furniture and the finest line weight (lightest or thinnest) is used for surface details -B is the softest and H the hardest. The softest lead produces the darkest line -interior designers use lead that are F, H, 2H, 3H, and 4H. F of H, the softer of these leads, would be used for walls to produce the darkest lines -*poche* fills in the 2 lines of the wall to create its thickness, slightly harder and lighter 2H would be used for furniture and stairs -hardest and lightest of the leads, 3H or 4H would be used for floor surfacing or details, such as rendering marble

Digital Photo Editing

-the manipulation of photographic images -supplement the drafting and modeling applications for digital drawings of interiors, exteriors, and buildings

Orthographic Drawings

-to communicate their ideas ad designs to target audiences -2-dimensional projection of a plane, like a slice through a space, and can be vertical or horizontal -orthographic drawings that interior designers most often use are plans, elevations, and sections -usually created during the schematic, design development, and contract documents phases of a project -for example (a table denoted on a plan as a 24 inch circle does not communicate the table's height in relation to the other furniture such as a nearby sofa

Plan

-used as a general term to denote any drawing in which 2 dimensions are projected in scale onto a flat surface -because height is not drawn on a plan, a *cut line* is decided upon. this line can be bought of as a horizontal slice taken through the plan at a specific height, usually 4 feet up from the floor, for a floor plan -ex (a dashed line indicated cabinets that are above the cut line)

Models

-used by the designer to explore design ideas are referred to as *study* or *sketch, models* -the addition of a person assists in the perception of scale -*presentation models* are typically prepared for large-scale commercial projects -noxious adhesives may pose health concerns -white glue is often used for paperboard -Paper (rubber) cement can be used for gluing lightweight materials, such as paper and fabric

Watercolor

-well done ones are beautiful paintings -likely to serve as finished presentation drawing for large-scale projects rather than as process tools -watercolor paints may be transparent or opaque -the transparent form is available in pans, for convenience and is more widely used for rendering interior spaces -has to be applied in layers -sable brushes are considerably more expensive than synthetic-fiber brushes -to apply a wash (thin layer of color) over large areas, use an angled 1/2 inch thick brush -applied to paper that is wet or dry, called a wet wash or dry wash -highly absorbent paper is used with wet or water-soluble media, such as watercolor -3 finishes are hot press (smooth finish) cold press (having a slight tooth, or texture) and rough (high texture) which is used less often for watercolor renderings of interiors -although cold press is only slightly absorbent, it holds watercolor because it has tooth -Gouache (and tempera) paints are more opaque than marker and watercolor and are capable of creating both softness and hardness

Prepared Grid Method

-you may create a grid and use it as a guide -grids may also be purchased in a variety of formats that feature different views with varying vanishing points, station points, and cones of vision

Visual Representation

encompasses several different techniques for communicating ideas