ch.7 adol psych
Our beliefs and attitudes about the way things should be are ou A) values .B) ethics. C) morals .D) stereotypes.
A) values
Freud believed in encouraging moral development in children by instilling A) confidence. B) fear of losing parental love. C) collaboration. D) control.
B) fear of losing parental love.
A program in which adults coach students in ethical decision making, and students have a caring experience in the classroom and community is called the
Child development project
Which of the following is NOT one of the types of moral exemplars? ) brave B) just C) caring D) honest
D) honest
The type of moral reasoning that focuses on social consensus is A) empathy reasoning. B) behavioral reasoning. C) prosocial reasoning. D) social conventional reasoning.
D) social conventional reasoning
What distinguishes Kohlberg's postconventional level of moral reasoning from earlier levels?
It is more internal.
The quality of a society can be enhanced when citizens are proactive in providing service to the community and the nation. The initial call to serve came in whose inaugural address?
John F. Kennedy
The theorist who developed a major stage theory of moral development is
Lawrence Kohlberg
What type of development involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interaction with other people?
Moral
_____ involves experiencing something beyond oneself in a transcendent manner and living in a way that benefits others and society.
Spirituality
A relatively new approach to character education that helps students to develop moral concepts emphasizes
a care perspective
The Child Development Project is an example of
an integrated approach to moral education
Carol Gilligan's theory is based on a(n) ______ perspective toward morality.
care
Research identifies schools as an important _______ for moral development.
context
An aspect of prosocial behavior that occurs when the injured person releases the injurer from possible behavioral retaliation is called _________.
forgiveness
Gilligan found that girls, ages 6-18, consistently interpreted moral dilemmas in terms of
human relationships.
Item 8 Which of the following is NOT one of the three aspects of the moral personality? moral identity moral character moral integrity moral exemplar
moral integrity
Jeff is running slightly late on the morning drive to work when he notices one of his mother's friends pulled onto the side of the road with a flat tire. She doesn't appear to have a phone, and she looks upset. Jeff pulls over and asks if he can help her. According to Kohlberg, Jeff is in which level of moral development?
postconventional reasoning
Parents who attempt to gain control over their adolescent or his or her resources are using a discipline technique known as
power assertion
An organized set of beliefs, practices, rituals, and symbols increasing a person's connection to a sacred other is a description of
religion
Moral development involves moral
thought. feelings. behavior. All of these choices are correct. -----
The highest level of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is
universal reasoning.
In a study of 11 to 18 year olds, religiosity has been found to do which of the following?
1. less likely to smoke 2. decrease truancy in school 3. less likely to drink
Prosocial behavior appears to increase in adolescents as a result of which of the following?
Increased emotional understanding Improved abstract reasoning Increased volunteer opportunities
Kohlberg argued that family processes are _______ in children's moral development.
essentially unimportant
A method of providing moral education by helping adolescents clarify what their lives are for and what is worth working for is called ________ clarification.
values
Moral exemplars are people who have moral:
virtues identity character
The use of character education is promoted within the school system through the use of which of the following?
1. class discussion of cheating 2. sanctions for inappropriate behaviors 3. rewarding positive behaviors
Kohlberg argued that which of the following factors influence an individual's movement through the moral stages?
1. cognitive conflict 2.role-taking opportunities 3. peer interaction
The basic processes of positive adolescent moral development involve which of the following?
1. punishment 2. imitation 3. reinforcement
Researchers have found religiousness has declined in the United States in adolescents from _____ to 20 years of age.
14
Fourteen-year-old Sydney has been told by her teacher that she has a high level of moral competence. This description would indicate Sydney has which of the following characteristics?
Being capable of knowing her own skills The ability to construct behaviors An awareness of moral rules
The moral domain of adolescent reasoning includes which of the following?
Cheating & Lying to someone
Which concept of moral development states that children's and adolescents' moral, social conventional, and personality knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience?
Domain theory
___________ involves responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings
Empathy
Janie has a lot of trouble with math. She sits by Rick who loves math. Janie wonders if it would be wrong to look at Rick's paper for just one answer she cannot get. This is an example of what behavior?
Ethical conduct
Religiousness in adolescents has been identified as the inclusion of which of the following?
Frequency of discussing religious teachings Frequency of moral actions for religious reasons The overall importance of religion in everyday life
In which of the following ways did Kohlberg formulate his theory of how adolescents think about right and wrong?
He interviewed individuals of different ages.
For many decades schools have taught moral development through a ________ curriculum.
Hidden
What word best describes moral reasoning processes at the postconventional level?
Internal
The social conventional domain of adolescent reasoning would include which of the following?
Interrupting others & Cutting in a line of people
The theorist who developed a theory of adolescent moral development that unfolds in a series of stages was:
Kohlberg
Research has found the universality of Kohlberg's theory in which of the following levels?
Levels 1 and 2
__________ development involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong.
Moral
Researchers have focused attention on which THREE possible components of moral personality?
Moral exemplars Moral character Moral identity
Austin is thirteen years old. His football coach has told him he demonstrates high moral performance. This description would indicate Austin has which of the following characteristics?
Motivation to act a specific moral way
Myesha has always been taught by her family and religious leaders to reject those who worship differently. After thinking about it, she realizes that she does not believe this any more. Which level of Kohlberg's model does her reasoning represent?
Postconventional
reasoning is the highest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.
Postconventional
"What's in it for me?" describes an attitude common in which level of Kohlberg's model of moral development?
Preconventional
___________ reasoning is the lowest level of moral reasoning, according to Kohlberg
Preconventional
At the preconventional level, what might motivate moral behavior?
Reward & Punishment
Schools have taught adolescents moral development with a hidden curriculum through which of the following methods?
Rules of the school and classroom Consideration of others' feelings Moral orientation of the educators
Moral character involves which of the following components?
Showing dependability, loyalty, and conscientiousness Having the integrity to stand up to pressure Overcoming distractions and disappointments
The distinction between moral development and moral competence is the description of what theory?
Social cognitive
According to domain theory, which of these types of reasoning states that rules are arbitrary and established to control behavior and maintain the social system?
Social conventional reasoning
______ focuses on rules that have been established by consensus in order to control behavior and maintain the social system.
Social conventional theory
True or false: Adolescent females view themselves as more prosocial and empathetic than males.
True
True or false: Although Kohlberg's approach does capture much of the moral reasoning voiced in various cultures around the world, his approach fails to capture important moral concepts in particular cultures.
True
True or false: Kohlberg believes that the give and take among peers gives individuals an opportunity to change their moral orientation by taking the role of another person.
True
An unselfish interest in helping others is identified as
altruism
Eighty-year-old, Mary, was struggling to put her groceries in the trunk of her car. Sixteen-year-old, Joshua, saw this as he walked by stopping to put Mary's groceries in the truck and taking her cart back to the store for her. Joshua is demonstrating the act of ______.
altruism
Social conventional reasoning asserts that conventional rules are
arbitrary and can be changes by consensus
According to the latest distinction in domain theory, some actions belong to a personal domain and _______ governed by moral strictures or social norms.
are not
Meggie volunteers every weekend at a senior living complex in her community. The ladies look forward to Meggie coming as she does their nails and visits with them about her school activities. Meggie has probably been influenced most by her
authoritative mother
Recent research has found prosocial behaviors in adolescents is promoted by ___________.
authoritative mothers
Carol Gilligan's ______ perspective is a moral perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.
care
In contrast to Kohlberg's justice perspective, Gilligan's, ______ perspective views people and their moral reasoning in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.
care
When educators promote prosocial behaviors by teaching sensitivity to others, helping others, and consideration of others feeling, they are practicing a/an _______ perspective.
care
Moral __________ involves having the willpower, desires, and integrity to stand up to pressure, overcome distractions and disappointments, and behave morally.
character
The component of the superego that involves behaviors not approved of by parents is called the __________.
conscience
___ reasoning is the second, or intermediate, level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development
conventional
Narvaez and Gleason propose postconventional moral reasoning has been
declining
In the ___________ social theory of moral development, children's and adolescents' moral, social conventional, and personal knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience.
domain
The component of the superego that involves ideal standards approved of by parents is called the _________.
ego ideal
Responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings is known as _________.
empathy
Xavier saw a lady drop a five dollar bill on the ground. He needs the money but realizes he can catch up with the lady and return the money. This decision raises a question for Xavier about his rules of _________ conduct.
ethical
Darcia Narvaez and Tracy Gleason have argued recent declines in prosocial behaviors, especially those from the Western culture are on a ___________
fast train to demise
During adolescence, ________ (males/females) see themselves as more prosocial and empathetic.
females
The description of an injured individual releasing the injuring person from possible behavioral retaliation is called
forgiveness
A feeling of thankfulness and appreciation in response to someone doing something kind or helpful is called_________
gratitude
Jasmine lost her history book, Sylvia helped her find it. Jasmine was appreciative of Sylvia's help demonstrating her ________ for the help.
gratitude
Individuals have a moral ______ when moral notions and commitments are central to their life.
identity
Austin is learning to drive. He observes his parents' safe driving and complies with this behavior himself. This behavior is an example of ________
imitation
The discipline technique in which a parent uses reason and explanation of the consequences for other's of the adolescent's actions is called _________.
induction
Behaving in a manner that violates one's moral identity places the ______ of the self at risk.
integrity
Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning has been criticized because moral reasons can sometimes hide immoral behavior and the theory of moral reasoning
is based on what people self-report rather than what they actually do.
The use of values clarification in teaching moral education is done through _________.
learning to understand the values of others identification that certain things are worth working for encouraging students to identify their own values
When a parent withholds affection from an adolescent, the style of moral development involved is called ______.
love withdrawal
According to Kohlberg, preconventional reasoning is the ___ level of moral development
lowest
According to domain theory, a rule regarding which fork to use when eating salad is an example of social conventional reasoning, but a rule about murder is an example of ______ reasoning.
moral
Albert Bandura believes individuals develop a ______ self which allows people to adopt standards of right and wrong that serve as guides and deterrents for conduct.
moral
Theorists feel parents should use induction to encourage an adolescent's _______ development.
moral
Albert Bandura's belief that individuals adopt standards of right and wrong that serve as guides and deterrents for conduct is a description of __________.
moral self
According to Kohlberg, the effect of family on moral development is
not as important as peer relations
In social cognitive theory, the enactment of behaviors in specific situations is a description of moral ________.
performance
Recently, experts have suggested the existence of a/an ______ domain subject to the individual's independent decision making and judgment. It includes issues such as control over one's body, privacy, and choice of friends and activities.
personal
Researchers have defined moral ___________ as consisting of moral identity, moral character, and moral exemplars.
personality
_______________ taking is defined as the ability to discern another's inner psychological state.
perspective
What is defined as the ability to understand or be sympathetic to another person?
perspective taking
A discipline technique a parent may use including spanking or removing privileges is called _________.
power assertion
Jonah is with his friends who have decided to write notes for their history quiz on their arms. Jonah is likely to go along with this as a result of
pressure from his friends. a slim chance of getting caught. it is his nature to do this.
With an increase in abstract, idealistic, and logical reasoning, adolescents demonstrate an increase in _______ behaviors.
prosocial
Albert Bandura believes self-_________ is the key to positive moral development.
regulation
It is the belief of Albert Bandura that self- _______ rather than abstract reasoning is the key to positive moral development.
regulation
An organized set of beliefs, practices, rituals, and symbols that increases an individual's connection to a sacred other is a description of ________.
religion
The degree of affiliation with an organized religion while participating in the practices and rituals of it's believers is a description of _________.
religiousness
The degree of affiliation with an organized religion with participation in the rituals and practices of its beliefs is a description of
religiousness
An important context involved in moral development is an adolescent's ___________ (personality/school).
school
Research has found moral behaviors and dishonesty in adolescents to be ________ specific.
situation
Experiencing beyond oneself in a transcendent manner and living in a way that benefits others and society is a description of
spirituality
The experiencing beyond oneself in a transcendent manner and living in a way that benefits others and society is a description of ________.
spirituality
According to Kohlberg, people in the conventional reasoning stage of moral development abide by
standards of others
One study of ninth to twelfth graders found those who attended church regularly in one grade were more likely to have lower levels _________ of abuse in the next grade.
substance
Kohlberg's theory has been criticized because it places too much emphasis on moral __________ and not enough on moral ____________ .
thought ; behavior
Why should moral exemplars be studied?
to be able to characterize the ideal endpoint of moral development
Beliefs and attitudes about the way thing should be is a description of _______.
values
In regard to politics, religion, money, sex, education, family, friends, and cheating we attach _______ to our beliefs and attitudes.
values
