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__________ decisions tend to involve situations that occur often in a company.

Programmed

According to the rational decision-making approach, what is the first step of the decision-making process?

State the situational goal

A decision maker's actions should be guided by

a goal.

The behavioral approach to decision making is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT that it uses

logic

When __________ arises, a decision maker questions the decision made and searches for information to bolster it.

post-decision dissonance

When __________, the decision maker knowingly accepts less than the best possible outcome.

suboptimizing

According to the rational decision-making approach, evaluating the alternatives

involves assessing all possible alternatives.

The creative process normally begins with a period of

preparation

Managers who are cautious and try to adhere to the rational decision-making model

have a lower risk propensity than other managers.

Jim is using the rational decision-making process to decide a course of action for the marketing department. While selecting a preferred alternative, a fellow worker asks, "What if something unexpected happens during the implementation of the alternative we have selected?" This type of question is an example of

planning for contingencies.

The sales department at a local company determines that Product A will moderately boost sales and have a shorter production schedule, so it is decided that this product will be manufactured and sold without considering other options. In choosing this product, the sales department is

satisficing.

According to the rational decision-making approach, what is the fourth step of the decision-making process?

Generate alternatives

An innate belief about something without conscious consideration is called

intuition

Which of the following includes conditions conducive to groupthink?

Group cohesiveness, leader's promotion of personal preferences, insulation from expert opinions

Nonprogrammed decisions are most common at what level of the organization?

Top

If a customer voices a complaint about food taste and temperature, certain restaurants always offer a complimentary meal. This represents

a decision rule.

All of the following are symptoms of groupthink EXCEPT

a lack of idea promotion from the group leader.

Jim purchases stock in a public company and refuses to sell it even after repeated drops in the original price he paid for the stock. Jim has decided to purchase more of the stock in anticipation of making a profit, and has decided to keep the stock in the face of increasing losses. Jim is suffering from

escalation of commitment.

A person's beliefs about what constitutes right and wrong behavior are called

ethics

The decision-making conditions of certainty, uncertainty, and risk are relevant while the decision maker is

evaluating alternatives.

If a Human Resources manager can estimate the probability that a certain percentage of employees will take advantage of a proposed benefit plan, the manager is operating under a condition of

risk

According to research, the common attributes of creative individuals include which of the following?

Being raised in an environment that nurtured creativity

Contingency plans are a part of what phase of the decision-making process?

Choosing an alternative

Which of the following statements about programmed decisions is false?

Judgment and creativity are the basis of solution.

Being able to see differences between situations, phenomena, or events is a creative ability called __________ thinking.

divergent

The Delphi technique is designed for use by groups that

do not meet face to face.

All of the following are used in the nominal group technique of decision making EXCEPT

each proposed idea must be wholly original.

Which of the following represents the step of the rational decision-making approach in which the outcomes of the decision are compared to the desired goal?

Control: measure and adjust

What information condition lies between certainty and uncertainty in making decisions?

Risk

One basis for making programmed decisions is

a set of decision rules.