CH8 Mastering
prophase
telophase prophase anaphase interphase prometaphase
anaphase II
telophase I and cytokinesis anaphase I anaphase II interphase prophase II
prophase II
telophase II and cytokinesis telophase I and cytokinesis prophase I prophase II anaphase II
remain confined to their original site
A benign tumor is a condition in which tumor cells __________. migrate from the initial site of transformation to other organs or tissues invade the circulatory system have an unusual number of chromosomes remain confined to their original site
occurs in mitosis and meiosis
Duplication of the chromosomes to produce sister chromatids _____. occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis occurs in mitosis but not in meiosis occurs in both mitosis and meiosis does not occur in either type of cell division
prophase II
During _____ a spindle forms in a haploid cell. prophase I anaphase II metaphase II prophase II telophase I and cytokinesis
the mitotic phase
During _____ both the contents of the nucleus and the cytoplasm are divided. S mitosis G1 the mitotic phase G2
Metaphase II
During _____ chromosomes align single file along the equator of a haploid cell. metaphase II anaphase I telophase I and cytokinesis prophase I metaphase I
anaphase II
During _____ sister chromatids separate. prophase I metaphase I interphase anaphase II prophase II
interphase
During _____ the cell grows and replicates both its organelles and its chromosomes. interphase mitosis S cytokinesis G1
interphase
During _____, the cell carries out its normal functions and the chromosomes are thinly spread out throughout the nucleus. metaphase telophase interphase prophase anaphase
two chromosomes and 4 chromatids
During prophase a homologous pair of chromosomes consists of _____. one chromosome and two chromatids two chromosomes and four chromatids one chromosome and four chromatids two chromosomes and two chromatids four chromosomes and two chromatids
haploid gamets.. diploid zygote
Fertilization joins _____ to produce a _____. diploid zygotes ... gamete haploid zygotes ... diploid gamete homologous chromosomes ... tetrad haploid gametes ... diploid zygote
meiosis
Gametes are produced by _____. mitosis meiosis asexual reproduction the cell cycle fertilization
anaphase I
Homologous chromosomes migrate to opposite poles during _____. metaphase II telophase II and cytokinesis metaphase I prophase II anaphase I
Sexual reproduction requires fertilization of an egg by a sperm .
How is sexual reproduction different from asexual reproduction? Asexual reproduction requires testes and ovaries. Sexual reproduction requires fertilization of an egg by a sperm . Sexual reproduction occurs with only a single parent. Asexual reproduction requires two kinds of cell division.
meiosis
If it weren't for _____, chromosome number would double with every generation of sexual reproduction. meiosis mitosis crossing over fertilization
tissue replacemetn of damaged cells Growth and development
In sexually reproducing multicellular organisms, the main functions of mitosis are _____. tissue repair/replacement of damaged cells reproduction (production of gametes) growth and development
before a cell divides
Replication of chromosomal DNA occurs __________. whenever a cell makes protein before a cell divides in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell to repair gene damage caused by mutation
meiosis...fertilization
Sexual reproduction requires the cellular process of __________ followed by __________. mitosis ... fertilization meiosis ... fertilization mitosis ... meiosis mitosis ... gamete formation
premetaphase
Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores during _____. interphase anaphase telophase metaphase prometaphase
prophase I
Synapsis occurs during _____. metaphase II prophase II telophase I and cytogenesis anaphase II prophase I
homologous chromosomes ... sister chromatids
The _____ separate in meiosis I; the _____ separate in meiosis II. homologous chromosomes ... sister chromatids sister chromatids ... homologous chromosomes centrosomes ... centromeres sister chromatids ... tetrads
G1, S, G2, mitosis, cytokinesis
The cell cycle is a series of events that occur in which order? G1, S, G2, cytokinesis, mitosis G1, S, G2, mitosis, cytokinesis G1, S, mitosis, cytokinesis, G2 G1, S, cytokinesis, mitosis, G2
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Which of the following is the correct order for the four main stages of mitosis? prophase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase metaphase, telophase, prophase, anaphase anaphase, prophase, metaphase, telophase prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
cytokinesis as it occurs in plant cells
cytokinesis as it occurs in plant cells interphase prometaphase metaphase anaphase
prometaphase
cytokinesis as it occurs in plant cells interphase prometaphase metaphase anaphase
its entire genetic legacy can remain intact
A consequence of asexual reproduction in a plant is that __________. its entire genetic legacy can remain intact gametes are produced in large numbers a partner is needed for reproduction pollen dispersal is critical to survival
16
A diploid organism whose somatic (nonsex) cells each contain 32 chromosomes produces gametes containing _____ chromosomes. 32 30 16 64 8
Somatic cell
A typical body cell with 23 pairs of chromosomes is called a __________. somatic cell gamete haploid cell sister cell
nondisjunction
Accidents can occur in meiosis wherein members of a chromosome pair fail to separate at anaphase. This is called _____. chiasma nondisjunction genetic variation genetic recombination
can produce offspring genetically identical to the one single parent
Asexual reproduction __________. leads to a loss of genetic material is limited to plants can produce offspring genetically identical to the one single parent produces offspring that always look exactly like the parent
telophase II
At the end of _____ and cytokinesis there are four haploid cells. telophase II prophase I interphase prophase II anaphase I
telophase I
At the end of _____ and cytokinesis, haploid cells contain chromosomes that each consist of two sister chromatids. telophase telophase II telophase I interphase metaphase I
?
Bacteria divide by: meiosis mitosis binary fission sexual reproduction
Homologous genes in bdelloid rotifers exhibit more variation (are more different from each other) than they would if this organism reproduced sexually.
Bdelloid rotifers are microscopic freshwater invertebrates. No one has ever seen a male. Thus researchers hypothesized that this species reproduces solely by asexual means. What evidence supports this hypothesis? Males cannot be distinguished from females. Homologous genes in bdelloid rotifers exhibit more variation (are more different from each other) than they would if this organism reproduced sexually. Over time, bdelloid rotifers have increased their chromosome number. Because of the evolutionary disadvantage of asexual versus sexual reproduction, bdelloid rotifers are in danger of extinction.
Anaphase
Centromeres divide and sister chromosomes become full-fledged chromosomes during _____. interphase anaphase telophase metaphase prometaphase
prophase
Chromosomes become visible during _____. metaphase interphase anaphase prophase prometaphase
the exchange of corresponding portions of homologous chromosomes
Crossing over is __________. the exchange of corresponding portions of homologous chromosomes an independent assortment of chromosomes the movement of genetic material from one chromosome to a nonhomologous chromosome the formation of tetrads
finishes mitosis by dividing the cytoplasm and organelles of the original parent cell into two separate daughter cells
Cytokinesis _____. finishes mitosis by dividing the cytoplasm and organelles of the original parent cell into two separate daughter cells duplicates the chromosomes, setting the stage for cell division produces two new nuclear envelopes lines up the paired chromatids along the center of the cell in preparation for anaphase
telophase
Cytokinesis often, but not always, accompanies _____. metaphase interphase telophase prometaphase anaphase
metaphase and mitosis
Looking through a light microscope at a cell undergoing division, you see that the condensed chromosomes have lined up along the midline of the cell. The homologous pairs are NOT joined in tetrads. Each chromosome takes its own place in line, independent of its homolog. You are witnessing _____. interphase metaphase of mitosis metaphase of meiosis I telophase of either mitosis or meiosis II
meiosis
Looking through a light microscope at a cell undergoing meiosis, you see that the chromosomes have joined into XX-shaped tetrads. These tetrads are lined up along a plane that runs through the center of the cell. This cell is in _____. interphase meiosis I meiosis II cytokinesis of meiosis II
telophase
Looking through a light microscope at a dividing cell, you see two separate groups of chromosomes on opposite ends of the cell. New nuclear envelopes are taking shape around each group. The chromosomes then begin to disappear as they unwind. You are witnessing _____. prophase telophase anaphase metaphase
two...haploid
Meiosis I produces _____ cells, each of which is _____. four ... diploid two ... haploid two... identical to the other four ... haploid two... diploid
four...haploid
Meiosis II typically produces _____ cells, each of which is _____. four ... diploid four ... identical to the other four ... haploid two ... haploid two... diploid
four haploid cells
Meiosis and cytokinesis result in the formation of __________. two haploid cells four diploid cells four haploid cells two diploid cells
three steps. All of the chromosomes are duplicated in a diploid cell, and then there are two cell divisions to produce a total of four haploid gametes.
Meiosis is typically accomplished in _____. one step. A diploid cell divides to produce two haploid gametes. three steps. All of the chromosomes are duplicated in a diploid cell, and then there are two cell divisions to produce a total of four haploid gametes. two steps. A diploid cell divides to produce two haploid gametes; these are then duplicated to produce a total of four gamete cells.
diploid....haploid
Meiosis starts with _____ cells and produces _____ gametes. diploid ... haploid diploid ... diploid haploid ... haploid haploid ... diploid
somatic or body cells ... germ cells in the testes or ovaries
Mitosis occurs in _____; meiosis occurs in _____. somatic or body cells ... germ cells in the testes or ovaries germ cells in the testes or ovaries ... somatic or body cells adult organisms ... zygotes and early embryos sexually reproducing organisms ... asexually reproducing organisms
chromosomes
Most of an organism's DNA is carried by its _____. mitochondria endoplasmic reticulum nucleoli chromosomes
23
Normal human gametes carry _____ chromosomes. 23 pairs of 46 46 pairs of 5 23
interphase
Nucleoli are present during _____. interphase prometaphase metaphase prophase anaphase
DNA Replication
The first step of bacterial replication is _____. attachment of the DNA to the plasma membrane DNA replication separation of daughter cells pinching of the plasma membrane
a. reproduction (production of gametes)
The function(s) of meiosis is/are _____. a. reproduction (production of gametes) b. growth and development c. tissue repair/replacement of damaged cells b and c, but not a a, b, and c
It produces four haploid cells and allows exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.
The process of meiosis accomplishes which of the following? It provides for formation of four haploid cells and reduces the need for sister chromatids. It provides eight haploid gametes and can eliminate chromosomes. It allows genetic exchange and eliminates the formation of haploid cells. It produces four haploid cells and allows exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.
all of the above are differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA
What is different concerning the DNA in bacterial cells as opposed to eukaryotic cells? the amount of DNA present whether the DNA is housed in a nucleus or not whether the DNA is linear or circular all of the above are differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA
asexual reproduction
What name is given to this process? meiosis fertilization gametogenesis asexual reproduction sexual reproduction
Chromosomes condense and are attached to spindle fibers The nuclear envelope breaks down.
Which events occur during prophase? Check all that apply. The nuclear envelope breaks down. Chromosomes are replicated. The sister chromatids break apart and begin to separate. Chromosomes condense and are attached to spindle fibers.
cell replacement
Which of the following is a function of the cell cycle that, in eukaryotes, involves mitosis? sexual reproduction speeding up evolution production of gametes cell replacement
Meiosis results in gametes that are used in reproduction.
Which of the following statements is correct? Meiosis results in gametes that are used in reproduction. The sperm and egg have twice as many chromosomes as the parental cells. Asexual reproduction requires the production of eggs and sperm. Geneticists use the terms "son" and "daughter" to distinguish between cells resulting from cell division.
C and D
Which of these cells is (are) haploid? A and D C and D D B and C B
E
Which of these phases encompasses all of the stages of mitosis? C A E D B
XO
Which one of the following combinations of sex chromosomes results in Turner syndrome? XXY YO XO XYY
independent assortment
Which term is used to describe the way homologous pairs of chromosomes line up at random orientation during metaphase I? random fertilization independent assortment crossing over genetic variation
46
With the exception of gametes, a human cell contains __________ chromosomes. 2n 23 47 46
DNA testing confirmed that all of the DNA of the Komodo dragon babies was derived from their mother.
Zookeepers at the Chester Zoo in England reported that a Komodo dragon laid a clutch of eggs that hatched into healthy young. The zookeepers claimed that the offspring were a result of asexual reproduction. What evidence confirms this claim? DNA testing confirmed that all of the DNA of the Komodo dragon babies was derived from their mother. All of the offspring were infertile. Asexual reproduction is common in lizards. All of the offspring were male.
telophase
metaphase telophase prometaphase anaphase prophase
metaphase
metaphase telophase prophase prometaphase anaphase
Prophase I
metaphase I prophase I metaphase II telophase II and cytokinesis prophase II
