ch9

b

As early as 1901, ____ recognized the need for a control group. a. Ronald Fisher b. E.L. Thorndike c. Louis Thurstone d. John B. Watson

d

Blocking designs are classified as ____ designs. a. signal-enhancing b. signal-reducing c. noise-enhancing d. noise-reducing

d

Covariance designs are classified as ____ designs. a. signal-enhancing b. signal-reducing c. noise-enhancing d. noise-reducing

b

If a study reports performance on a measure "controlling for the effects of education" or some other variable, it is likely the design is one involving ____. a. randomized blocks b. covariance c. factorial design d. switching

c

Subgroups are to stratified random sampling as ____ is/are to the randomized block design. a. homogeneity b. randomization c. blocks d. order effects

b

The foundational randomized clinical trial, of polio vaccine, was conducted by ____. a. Edward Jenner b. Jonas Salk c. Benjamin Waterhouse d. John Snow

b

The key idea in the randomized block design is that variability within each block____. a. is greater than the variability of the entire sample b. is less than the variability of the entire sample c. can be used to estimate the variability in the entire sample d. cancels out variability in the entire sample

b

A design in which some cells or combinations in a factorial design are intentionally left empty is said to be ____. a. imperfect b. incomplete c. partial d. limited

a

A design that includes the pairing of every combination of factor levels is said to be ____. a. fully crossed b. filled out c. completed d. totaled

a

A measured variable that is correlated with the dependent variable is called a(n) ____. a. covariate b. independent variable c. signal-enhancer d. regressor

c

A(n) ____ exists when differences on one factor depend on your level on another factor. a. null case b. main effect c. interaction effect d. crossover case

b

A(n) ____ is a consistent difference between levels of a factor. a. null case b. main effect c. interaction effect d. crossover case

a

A(n) ____ is a situation in which treatments have no effect. a. null case b. main effect c. interaction effect d. crossover case

a

Factorial designs are classified as ____ designs. a. signal-enhancing b. signal-reducing c. noise-enhancing d. noise-reducing

b

In contrast to many other experimental designs, the covariance design necessarily includes ____. a. randomization b. a pre-program measure c. a control group d. blinding

b

James is a clinical researcher who is interested in methods for reducing the intrusiveness of auditory hallucinations in individuals with paranoid schizophrenia. He has three treatments: dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), medication, and deep brain stimulation (DBS). He also has three treatment settings: inpatient, day hospital, and outpatient. Although the participants in all three settings can receive DBT and medication, only those who are inpatient can receive DBS. As a result, James has a total of seven groups: DBT-Inpatient, DBT-Day Hospital, DBT-Outpatient, Medication-Inpatient, Medication-Day Hospital, Medication-Outpatient, and DBS-Inpatient. This design is best classified as a(n) ____ factorial. a. imperfect b. incomplete c. partial d. limited

a

Michelle is conducting an experiment in which she is evaluating the effects of reward magnitude and reward immediacy on classroom behavior. She has two levels of reward (Low and High) and two levels of immediacy (Daily and Weekly) with four groups: Low-Daily, Low-Weekly, High-Daily, and High-Weekly. Michelle's design is best described as ____. a. fully crossed b. filled out c. completed d. totaled

d

Sue, an instructor, wonders whether using a red pen to correct papers is really necessary, as it has always seemed rather harsh to her. When her students complete a pretest, she randomly assigns them to a "Red Pen" group and a "Gold Pen" group, corrects their papers using the corresponding colored pens, and returns the students' papers. After her students complete the real exam, Sue compares the average scores of the Red and Gold groups. This is an example of a(n) ____. a. basic analysis of covariance experiment b. randomized block with homogenous groups experiment c. 2 x 2 factorial experiment d. basic two group post-test only randomized experiment

d

The Latin-square design derives from the work of ____. a. William James b. John Watson c. Louis Thurstone d. William McCall

a

The blocks in the randomized block design are ____. a. constructed to be homogeneous b. randomly constructed c. constructed to be representative of the population d. self-selected

a

The first clinical trial was conducted by ____. a. Austin Bradford Hill b. B.F. Skinner c. Sigmund Freud d. William McCal

a

The purpose of a covariate is to ____. a. reduce the noise b. increase the signal c. reduce the signal d. increase the signal

b

The statement "If X then Y and if not X then not Y" is a statement of ____. a. causality b. covariance c. plausibility d. independence

a

The statement "If X then Y" is a statement of ____. a. causality b. covariance c. plausibility d. independence

b

The switching-replications design's strength against social threats comes from ____. a. its use of the double-blind methodology b. the fact that everyone will eventually get the treatment c. the use of random selection and random assignment d. the careful selection of covariates

c

What effect is illustrated in the accompanying figure? a. null case b. main effect c. interaction effect d. crossover case

a

What is illustrated in the accompanying figure? a. null case b. main effect c. interaction effect d. crossover case

b

What is illustrated in the accompanying figure? a. null case b. main effect c. interaction effect d. crossover case

d

What is illustrated in the accompanying figure? a. null case b. main effect c. intervention d. crossover

d

What type of design is shown above? a. basic analysis of covariance experiment b. randomized block with homogenous groups experiment c. 2 x 2 factorial experiment d. basic two group post-test only randomized experiment

d

What type of design is shown in the accompanying figure? a. basic analysis of covariance b. randomized block with homogenous groups c. 2 x 2 factorial d. incomplete factorial

c

What type of design is shown in the accompanying figure? a. basic analysis of covariance experiment b. randomized block with homogenous groups experiment c. 2 x 2 factorial experiment d. basic two group post-test only randomized experiment

a

What type of design is shown in the accompanying figure? a. fully crossed b. filled out c. completed d. totaled

a

What type of design is shown in the accompanying figure? a. randomized block b. covariance c. switching-replications d. factorial

b

What type of design is shown in the accompanying figure? a. randomized block b. covariance c. switching-replications d. factorial

c

What type of design is shown in the accompanying figure? a. randomized block b. covariance c. switching-replications d. factorial

a

What type of treatment effect is shown in the accompanying figure? a. short-term persistent b. short-term c. long-term continuing d. long-term

c

What type of treatment effect is shown in the accompanying figure? a. short-term persistent b. short-term c. long-term continuing d. long-term

a

Who is credited with the invention of experimental design? a. Ronald Fisher b. Ivan Pavlov c. Louis Thurstone d. William James